Nucleotide-promoted release of hMutSalpha from heteroduplex DNA is consistent with an ATP-dependent translocation mechanism.

ATP hydrolysis by bacterial and eukaryotic MutS activities is required for their function in mismatch correction, and two different models for the role of ATP in MutS function have been proposed. In the translocation model, based on study of bacterial MutS, ATP binding reduces affinity of the protein for a mismatch and activates secondary DNA binding sites that are subsequently used for movement of the protein along the helix contour in a reaction dependent on nucleotide hydrolysis (Allen, D. J., Makhov, A., Grilley, M., Taylor, J., Thresher, R., Modrich, P., and Griffith, J. D. (1997) EMBO J. 16, 4467-4476). The molecular switch model, based on study of human MutSalpha, invokes mismatch recognition by the MutSalpha.ADP complex. After recruitment of downstream repair activities to the MutSalpha.mismatch complex, ATP binding results in release of MutSalpha from the heteroduplex (Gradia, S., Acharya, S., and Fishel, R.(1997) Cell 91, 995-1005). To further clarify the function of ATP binding and hydrolysis in human MutSalpha action, we evaluated the effects of ATP, ADP, and nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs on the lifetime of protein.DNA complexes. All of these nucleotides were found to increase the rate of dissociation of MutSalpha from oligonucleotide heteroduplexes. These experiments also showed that ADP is not required for mismatch recognition by MutSalpha, but that the nucleotide alters the dynamics of formation and dissociation of specific complexes. Analysis of the mechanism of ATP-promoted dissociation of MutSalpha from a 200-base pair heteroduplex demonstrated that dissociation occurs at DNA ends in a reaction dependent on ATP hydrolysis, implying that release from this molecule involves movement of the protein along the helix contour as predicted for a translocation mechanism. In order to reconcile the relatively large rate of movement of MutS homologs along the helix with their modest rate of ATP hydrolysis, we propose a novel mechanism for protein translocation along DNA that supports directional movement over long distances with minimal energy input.

Digital quasi-phase-matched two-color nonvolatile holographic storage.

Unwanted erasure during readout of holographic data can be reduced or eliminated by use of a different wavelength for reading than that which was used for writing. To prevent distortion and Bragg mismatch that would be unacceptable for digital data storage, one can format data to account for the wavelength difference. Techniques to format data and the results of this formatting are presented. Varying the formatting parameters is investigated to optimize diffraction efficiency.