[Typology of wounds treated in primary care: Multicenter cross-sectional study]. / Tipología de las heridas atendidas en atención primaria: estudio transversal multicéntrico.

BACKGROUND: The care of people with skin wounds is an important health problem, that affect the quality of life of patients and their families, and has a great socioeconomic impact. Knowing the situation of the problem is the first step for different health approaches. In our territory since 2010 no type of follow-up has been carried out on the wounds that we are treating, we propose to know the typology and characteristics of active wounds in the population assisted by Primary Care. METHODS: Multicenter cross-sectional descriptive study carried out in a metropolitan area of Catalonia in Primary Care Teams and residences. Participants were all patients with active wounds. A record made by the patient's referring nurses was used. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed. RESULTS: About 1,978 people participated, presenting 2,471 injuries. The overall prevalence was 0.22%. At home patients, the prevalence was 3.58% and in nursing homes, 6.56%. Of all the lesions, 46.5% were acute and 53.4% chronic, the mean size was 3.13cm. Of the chronic wounds, 345 (26.2%) had an evolution of more than 1year. The most prevalent injuries were venous ulcers in Primary Care Teams and categoryII pressure injuries in residential centers. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study present an objective reality about the injuries that are treated in primary care, both in Primary Care Centers, homes or residences, as well as their description.

Simulation of feed restriction and fasting: Effects on animal recovery and gastrointestinal permeability in unweaned Angus-Holstein calves.

Feed restriction and fasting experienced during commercial production negatively affect unweaned calves' behavior and health status. Transportation and stays at assembly centers are the main factors generating these disorders. For this study, 20 unweaned Angus-Holstein bull calves [44.1 ± 2.04 kg of body weight (BW) and 14.7 ± 0.63 d of age (± standard error)] were used to evaluate the effects of feed restriction and fasting on performance, energy status [serum concentration of glucose, ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), and nonesterified fatty acids], and gastrointestinal permeability [serum concentration of citrulline, chromium (Cr)-EDTA, lactulose, and d-mannitol]. Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments that simulated the feed restrictions of an assembly center situation on one hand, and the fasting hours during transportation on the other. Treatments were as follows. Control (CT): from d -4 to -1, calves were fed 2.5 L of milk replacer (MR) twice daily; concentrate and straw were offered ad libitum. Mild (MD): calves were fed only MR (d -4 to -1) as described for CT, and on d -1 calves were subjected to a 9-h feed withdrawal. Moderate (MO): calves were fed only MR (d -4 to -1) as described for CT and on d -1 subjected to a 19-h feed withdrawal. Severe (SV): calves were fed only 2.5 L of a rehydrating solution twice daily (d -4 to -1) and on d -1 subjected to a 19-h feed withdrawal. From d 0 to d 42 (weaning) all calves were fed the same feeding program (MR, concentrate, and straw ad libitum). Results showed that BW was greater for the CT treatment compared with the others from d 0 to d 7, whereas BW of SV was lesser compared with the others from d -1 to d 7. No differences among treatments were observed at weaning. At d 2 concentrate intakes of MD, MO, and SV were lesser compared with CT. By d 4, concentrate intake of SV was similar to that for CT and greater than MD and MO. Similarly to BW, no differences in concentrate intake among treatments were observed at weaning on d 42 of the study. At d -1 for SV and d 0 in all restricted calves, serum glucose concentration was lesser compared with CT. At d -1 and 0, nonesterified fatty acids and BHB serum concentrations were greater in the SV calves compared with the other treatments. By d 2, serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, BHB, and glucose were restored to CT levels. At d -1 serum citrulline concentration was lesser in SV and greater in MD calves. The CT calves had lower serum concentrations of Cr-EDTA (d -1 and d 0), lactulose (d 0), and d-mannitol (d 0) compared with the other restricted calves. Results showed that degree of dietary restriction, type of liquid diet (MR or rehydrating solution), and fasting hours (9 vs. 19 h) affected calves' BW, concentrate intake, and serum concentration of markers indicative of energy status and gastrointestinal permeability.

Response of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with a bioactive olive pomace extract from Olea europaea to an experimental coccidial vaccine challenge.

This study aimed to investigate an experimental procedure of coccidial challenge in battery cages and the anticoccidial effect of a bioactive olive pomace extract from Olea europaea (OE) in broiler chickens. To this end, four hundred 1-day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 5 experimental treatments (10 cages/treatment; 8 birds/cage). One group was fed the control diet without any additives and not challenged (NCU). The other 4 groups were challenged and fed the control diet with no additives (NCC) or supplemented with 500 ppm of coccidiostat or with 500 or 1,500 ppm of OE. At 0, 7, and 14 d, all challenged birds, except the NCC group, were orally gavaged with a live Eimeria spp. oocyst vaccine at 1x, 4x, and 16x of the manufacturer's recommended dose, respectively. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined at 7, 14, 20, and 28 d. At 20 d of age, 1 bird per cage was euthanized to analyze duodenum and jejunum morphology, ileal mucosa gene expression, and plasma cytokine, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and carotenoid (CAR) concentrations. Coccidial vaccine challenge lowered BW (P < 0.05) throughout the trial, and reduced FI and BWG, except from 20 to 28d, and increased FCR from 0 to 7, 0 to 14, and 0 to 20 d. Birds in the NCC group had higher (P < 0.05) oocyst counts and lower (P < 0.05) CAR and villus height to crypt depth ratios compared with NCU birds. Overall, coccidia challenge caused the expected reductions in growth performance and gut integrity. While the coccidiostat reduced oocysts excretion, dietary OE or coccidiostat had no effects on performance or gut integrity. The attenuated inflammatory response observed for all the treatments following the third infection can be attributed to the adaptation or immunization to the repetitive exposure to Eimeria spp.

Effects of a bioactive olive pomace extract from Olea europaea on growth performance, gut function, and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens.

The present study aims to investigate the effects of supplementing broiler diets with a bioactive olive pomace extract (OE) from Olea europaea on growth performance, digestibility, gut microbiota, bile acid composition, and immune response. To this end, three hundred and six 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were housed in floor pens (6 pens/treatment, with 17 birds/pen). Animals were fed with a standard non-medicated starter diet for 21 D, and from 22 to 42 D of age with their respective experimental diet: a negative control with no additives (Control), a positive control with 100 ppm of monensin (Monensin) and the basal diet supplemented with 750 ppm of an OE (Lucta S.A., Spain). Feed intake and growth rate were monitored weekly throughout the trial. From 21 to 42 D of age, no significant differences in feed intake were observed among dietary treatments; however, lower average daily gain and higher feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) was observed in birds fed the Control compared to Monensin and OE groups. Performance of birds fed OE or Monensin was similar throughout the trial. The apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in birds fed Monensin than Control treatment (P < 0.05). No significant changes on bacterial composition at a family level were observed in the caeca of birds fed the experimental diets. Moreover, no significant differences on plasma and intestinal bile acid composition were observed among treatments. Birds fed the OE showed a significant decrease of IL-8 expression in the ileum (P < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of TGF-ß4, and Bu-1 was significantly upregulated (P < 0.01) in broilers fed the OE and Monensin diets compared to those fed the Control. In conclusion, the inclusion of 750 ppm of a bioactive olive pomace extract from Olea europaea in broiler chicken diets improved animal growth likely as result of its anti-inflammatory properties.

Omalizumab use during pregnancy for CIU: a tertiary care experience.

The treatment of antihistamine and steroid resistant Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria (CIU) during pregnancy poses a challenge due to teratogenicity of immunosuppressants. Omalizumab is a recently FDA approved therapy for CIU and is classified as pregnancy category B. We present an initial series of subjects treated at a tertiary care center for antihistamine and steroid resistant CIU with omalizumab who became pregnant during therapy.

Consumers' segmentation based on the acceptability of meat from entire male pigs with different boar taint levels in four European countries: France, Italy, Spain and United Kingdom.

Two consumer studies were conducted to know the acceptability of pork with different boar taint levels: test 1 performed in Spain (n=126) and United Kingdom (n=146), and test 2 performed in France (n=139) and Italy (n=140). Each test had 3 types of pork: 'Female meat', 'Low boar tainted meat', and a third type was 'Medium boar tainted meat' or 'High boar tainted meat'. Three main clusters were identified on the basis of 'How delicious do you find this meat?': 1-Pork lovers, 2-Boar meat lovers, 3-Reject boar tainted meat. Additionally, in test 2, a fourth cluster was identified: 'Reject low tainted meat'. A group of 16.2-38.2% of consumers rejected meat from boars, and another group of 12.4-21.7% rated the meat with medium or high levels of boar taint better than the meat from females, identifying a niche for meat from medium and high levels of boar taint, and suggesting the need to select carcasses on the basis of boar taint.

Mashed potatoes enriched with soy protein isolate and inulin: chemical, rheological and structural basis.

Soy protein isolate is typical vegetable protein with health-enhancing activities. Inulin, a prebiotic no digestible carbohydrate, has functional properties. A mashed potato serving of 200 g with added soy protein isolate and/or inulin concentrations of 15-60 g/kg provides from 3 to 12 g of soy protein isolate and/or inulin, respectively. Currently, no information is available about the possible texture-modifying effect of this non-ionizable polar carbohydrate in different soy-based food systems. In this study, the effect of the addition of soy protein isolate and inulin blends at different soy protein isolate: inulin ratios on the degree of inulin polymerization and the rheological and structural properties of fresh mashed and frozen/thawed mashed potatoes were evaluated. The inulin chemical structure remained intact throughout the various treatments, and soy protein isolate did not affect inulin composition being a protein compatible with this fructan. Small-strain rheology showed that both ingredients behaved like soft fillers. In the frozen/thawed mashed potatoes samples, addition of 30 : 30 and 15 : 60 blend ratios significantly increased elasticity (G' value) compared with 0 : 0 control, consequently reducing the freeze/thaw stability conferred by the cryoprotectants. Inulin crystallites caused a significant strengthening effect on soy protein isolate gel. Micrographs revealed that soy protein isolate supports the inulin structure by building up a second fine-stranded network. Thereby, possibility of using soy protein isolate and inulin in combination with mashed potatoes to provide a highly nutritious and healthy product is promising.

Impact of consumer's sensitivity to androstenone on acceptability of meat from entire male pigs in three European countries: France, Spain and United Kingdom.

The aim of this work was to study consumers' acceptance of pork with different levels of boar taint according to their androstenone (AND) sensitivity in France (FR, N=144), Spain (ES, N=101) and United Kingdom (UK, N=147). Samples were classified as 'females', 'detection minus' males (low levels of AND and skatole - SKA) and 'detection plus' males (high levels of AND and SKA). Globally, 22.7% of consumers were high sensitive, 28.3% middle and 49.0% low sensitive or insensitive to AND. Sixty-five percent dislike AND odour. AND disliking was lower in UK than ES and FR. The percentage of consumers that may reject tainted meat was 14.3-41.0%; the risk was lower in UK than ES and FR. The description of AND odour varied according to the degree of sensitivity of the consumers. High AND levels reduced the acceptability of boar meat; medium AND levels could even improve its acceptability compared with low levels, resulting in meat which is as positive as that from females.

[Evaluation of an educational group intervention in the control of patients with cardiovascular risk]. / Evaluación de una intervención educativa grupal en el control de pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular.

OBJECTIVE: To compare an educational group intervention with individual care to improve clinical and management variables among patients with cardiovascular risk (CVR) in community health care (PC). METHODS: A randomised controlled experimental study was developed in 7 PC centres of Barcelona (Spain). A total of 2,127 patients included in the chronic diseases protocol of the centres were selected. The intervention group (IG) attended four educative workshops led by their nurses during one year. Clinical and management variables (number of visits, pharmaceutical expenditure, nurse time consumption) were measured at baseline and 3 months after the intervention in the IG and in the control group (CG). Pre-post-intervention and IG vs. CG differences were analysed. RESULTS: Among the 672 patients belonging to the IG, 144 were lost due to failing to attend the workshops. CG (n=824) had no withdrawals. At the end of follow-up there were no significant differences between their clinical variables. The number of visits and pharmaceutical expenditure increased in the IG. However, the annual dedication of nurses per patient per year was 39.59 minutes in the IG and 60 minutes in the CG. CONCLUSIONS: Nurse group control of patients with CVR in PC saves nurse-time compared with the usual individual visits. However, further studies are needed to better define what type of patient that is more susceptible to follow cardiovascular control through group workshops and whether this time-saving is related to the use of other health resources.

Performance, ruminal changes, behaviour and welfare of growing heifers fed a concentrate diet with or without barley straw.

Two experiments were conducted to ascertain the effects of feeding an all-concentrate diet to growing heifers on performance, ruminal fermentation, behaviour and welfare. In experiment 1, eight tethered rumen fistulated Holstein heifers (143 ± 8.7 kg, initial BW) were used to study the effects of treatment on intake, ruminal changes and behaviour. In experiment 2, 48 Friesian female calves (initial BW = 84.5 ± 1.37 kg) were used to study the effects of treatment on performance, behaviour and welfare in feedlot conditions. In both experiments, treatments consisted of concentrate with barley straw (BS) or without barley straw (NBS) and feed was offered at 0830 h on an ad libitum basis. Experiment 1 was performed in four 42-day periods, and sampling was carried out in the last week of each period. Ruminal samples were collected over 3 days at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h post-feeding to measure pH, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH(3)-N concentrations. Maintenance behaviour was video-recorded for 24 h over three consecutive days of each experimental period and feed intake pattern was studied by means of feed bunks mounted on digital platform scales. There were no statistical differences in average daily gain (ADG), concentrate dry matter (DM) intake or CP intake. In contrast, NDF intake and ADF intake were greater in heifers fed BS than NBS. Average ruminal pH was lower, whereas total VFA was greater, in heifers fed NBS diet. There were no differences in NH(3)-N, and in D- and L-lactate concentrations. Time spent in ruminating was shorter, and stereotypies were more frequent in heifers fed diet NBS compared with those fed BS. In experiment 2, nine 28-day periods were established, in which DM intake and ADG were measured, blood and faecal samples were taken for haptoglobin and glucocorticoid metabolites determination, respectively, as welfare indicators, and behaviour was monitored by video recording. Concentrate intake was similar in both treatments, but total feed intake was greater in heifers fed BS diet. As there were no differences in ADG between treatments, gain efficiency was lower in those fed BS than those fed NBS. Blood haptoglobin and faecal glucocorticoids metabolites were not different between treatments. In these competitive conditions, rumination was also reduced and stereotypic behaviour increased by straw exclusion. In conclusion, performance was either not affected or improved by straw exclusion, but animal behaviour was affected, suggesting a negative effect on animal welfare.

Effects of treatment with a prostaglandin analogue on developmental dynamics and functionality of induced corpora lutea in goats.

The aim of this study was to compare morphological and functional features of spontaneous and induced corpora lutea (CLs) in goats. Fourteen adult and cycling Anglo Nubian goats (Argentina) were randomly allocated to two groups: Group N (n=7) included goats with natural spontaneous oestrus and Group PG (n=7) included does in which oestrus was synchronized by the administration of two i.m. cloprostenol doses, 10 days apart. In both groups, oestrous behaviour was checked twice daily (Day of oestrus=Day 0) and daily transrectal ultrasonographies were performed for evaluating CLs and follicles dynamics through the complete subsequent oestrous cycle; the luteal activity was determined directly, in terms of progesterone (P4) secretion, and indirectly, by assessing effects of CL on follicular dynamics. All goats exhibited oestrous behaviour and ovulation without differences in ovulation rate (N: 1.67+/-0.2, PG: 2.0+/-0.1). The total luteal tissue area showed linear growth from Day 4 to Day 15 of oestrous cycle in all goats, but the developmental dynamics differed between groups, treated goats had larger area (P<0.01). Plasma P4 concentrations also increased from Day 0 to Day 15 in all the does; however, from Day 5 to Day 15, treated does had a lower concentrations than the untreated group (P<0.001). There were differences in the development of follicular waves between groups; assessment of size-distribution showed that treated group had a higher number of small and larger follicles (P<0.05). The largest follicles recorded in treated goats had a higher maximum diameter both at the first (PG: 7.6+/-0.8mm; N: 4.9+/-0.7 mm, P<0.05) and second follicular waves (PG: 6.3+/-1.4mm; N: 5.0+/-0.4mm, P<0.05) and a longer growth phase during the second wave (PG: 6.5+/-1.7 days; N: 4.6+/-0.7 days, P<0.05), coincident with the period of maximal luteal secretion. In conclusion, synchronization of oestrus and ovulation by the administration of a prostaglandin analogue causes differences in developmental dynamics and functionality of induced corpora lutea when compared to natural spontaneous ovulation.

[PET/CT with (11)C-choline and (18)F-FDG in patients with elevated PSA after radical treatment of a prostate cancer]. / PET/TAC con (11)C-colina y (18)F-FDG en pacientes con elevación de PSA tras tratamiento radical de un cáncer de próstata.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT with (18)F-FDG and (11)C-choline for early detection and localization of recurrent prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with increased PSA levels (0.8-9.5 ng/ml) after radical treatment for prostate cancer (surgery n = 20/radiation therapy n = 18) were included. Ten patients were on hormone therapy. All patients underwent a PET/CT with (11)C-choline and (18)F-FDG, respectively, on the same day. The PET imaging findings were compared with histopathology (n = 10); PSA monitoring (n = 21) and/ or other methods (n = 7). RESULTS: Focal uptake of (11)C-choline was detected in 26 patients (68%), and focal uptake of (18)F-FDG was detected in 13 patients (34%). The (11)C-choline uptake in 14 patients was suggested local recurrence, whereas this was true in only 4 patients (48%) with (18)F-FDG. Pelvic lymph nodes were detected with (11)C-choline PET/CT in 8 patients and only in 4 patients (50%) with (18)F-FDG. Mediastinal involvement was detected in 5 patients with (11)C-choline and 3 patients (60%) with (18)F-FDG. Focal bone involvement was detected in 3 patients with (11)C-choline and (18)F-FDG. (11)C-choline was able to detect 40% of recurrences in patients with PSA < 1 ng/ml, 50% of recurrences in patients with PSA 1-4 ng/ml and 87% of recurrences with PSA > 4 ng/ml. Sensitivity of (11)C-choline was higher for surgically treated patients, with no significant differences found between patients with and without hormone therapy. CONCLUSIONS: (11)C-choline PET/CT was useful for the detection of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer, with higher yielding as compared to (18)F-FDG. (11)C-choline sensitivity was clearly related to PSA levels, was higher in patients with surgery and did not seem to be modified by hormonal therapy. Disease staging with (11)C-choline showed direct impact for the selection of the most appropriate therapeutic approach.

Effects of dietary changes and yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on rumen microbial fermentation of Holstein heifers.

The effects of a dietary challenge to induce digestive upsets and supplementation with yeast culture on rumen microbial fermentation were studied using 12 Holstein heifers (277 +/- 28 kg of BW) fitted with a ruminal cannula, in a crossover design with 2 periods of 5 wk. In each period, after 3 wk of adaptation to a 100% forage diet, the dietary challenge consisted of increasing the amount of grain at a rate of 2.5 kg/d (as-fed basis) over a period of 4 d, until a 10:90 forage:concentrate diet was reached, and then it was maintained for 10 d. Between periods, animals were fed again the 100% forage diet without any treatment for 1 wk as a wash-out period. Treatments started the first day of each period, and they were a control diet (CL) or the same diet with addition of yeast culture (YC, Diamond V XPCLS). Digestive upsets were determined by visual observation of bloat or by a reduction in feed intake (as-fed basis) of 50% or more compared with intake on the previous day. Feed intake was determined daily at 24-h intervals during the adaptation period and daily at 2, 6, and 12 h postfeeding during the dietary challenge. Ruminal liquid samples were collected daily during the dietary challenge to determine ruminal pH at 0, 3, 6, and 12 h postfeeding, and total and individual VFA, lactic acid, ammonia-N, and rumen fluid viscosity at 0 and 6 h postfeeding. The 16s rRNA gene copies of Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii were determined by quantitative PCR. Foam height and strength of the rumen fluid were also determined the day after the digestive upset to evaluate potential foam production. A total of 20 cases (83.3%) of digestive upsets were recorded in both periods during the dietary challenge, all diagnosed due to a reduction in feed intake. Rumen fermentation profile at 0 h on the digestive upset day was characterized by low ruminal pH, which remained under 6.0 for 18 h, accompanied by elevated total VFA concentration and, in some cases, by elevated lactate concentration. Addition of YC during the dietary challenge did not affect the incidence (10 cases per treatment) or time (7.00 +/- 0.62 d) to digestive upset. However, YC reduced (P < 0.05) the foam strength on the day after digestive upset, suggesting potential benefits of reducing the risk of developing bloat. The proposed dietary challenge model was successful in causing a digestive upset as indicated by reduced feed intake, but the YC addition had no significant impact on rumen fermentation.

Physiological changes in rumen fermentation during acidosis induction and its control using a multivalent polyclonal antibody preparation in heifers.

Physiological changes in rumen fermentation during acidosis induction and its control using a multivalent polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) were studied in a completely randomized experiment using 12 crossbred heifers (452 +/- 20 kg of BW). Treatments were control (CTR) or PAP. The acidosis induction protocol consisted of 3 periods: 3 mo of 100% fescue hay fed for ad libitum intake, 10 d (from d 1 to 10 of the experiment) of adaptation to the treatment (100% forage feeding + 10 mL/d of PAP top-dressed to the treatment group), and 5 d (from d 11 to 15 of the experiment) of transition, which consisted of increasing the concentrate (16.5% CP) 2.5 kg/d up to 12.5 kg/d while maintaining ad libitum intake of fescue and providing 10 mL/d of PAP to the treated heifers. Concentrate feeding of 12.5 kg/d was maintained until heifers developed acidosis (from d 16 to 22 of the experiment). When an animal was considered acidotic, it was changed to a 50:50 forage:concentrate diet, monitored for 4 d, and removed from the experiment. Samples of ruminal fluid were collected before and 6 h after feeding to determine pH, VFA, lactate, protozoa counts, and DNA extraction for quantitative real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses. Only samples collected during adaptation to the treatment, at 3 and 1 d before acidosis, on the acidosis day, and at 1 and 4 d after acidosis were analyzed. Differences were declared at P < 0.05. Heifers (83% for CTR, and 50% for PAP) entered into acidosis 5.25 +/- 0.17 d after the beginning of the transition. The fermentation profile of animals with acidosis was similar between treatments. From 3 d before acidosis to acidosis day, decreases in pH and in acetate-to-propionate ratio and increases in total VFA, butyrate, and entodiniomorph counts were observed. However, the greatest concentrations of Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii (79 +/- 54 and 104 +/- 73 ng of DNA/mL of ruminal fluid, respectively) and a decrease in DMI (10.6 vs. 6.46 kg, respectively) were recorded 1 d after acidosis. Compared with CTR heifers, heifers fed PAP had greater pH before feeding on d 6 (6.70 vs. 6.11), 8 (6.54 vs. 5.95), and 9 (7.26 vs. 6.59) after the beginning of the feeding challenge. Heifers fed PAP tended to have greater total VFA concentrations than CTR (124 and 114 +/- 4.0 mM, respectively). These results indicate that PAP may be effective in controlling acidosis of heifers during a rapid transition to a high-concentrate diet.

An association analysis between a silent C558T polymorphism at the pig vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 locus and sow reproduction and piglet survivability traits.

The vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) has a strong influence on embryonic development and on the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta. These developmental processes are crucial to ensure the success of pregnancy. In this work, we have identified two T306A and C558T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at exons 2 and 3 of the pig VCAM1 locus, respectively. The T306A substitution involves a non conservative Asn to Lys replacement at amino acid position 102, whereas the C558T polymorphism is synonymous. An in silico prediction of the consequences of the Asn(102)-->Lys(102) mutation with the PolyPhen software revealed that it is not deleterious. The T306A SNP segregated in the Iberian, Piétrain, Duroc, Large White and Landrace breeds as well as in European wild boars. The C558T SNP also segregated and most of commercial standard breeds. The genotyping of the C558T SNP in an Iberian x Meishan intercross allowed to find a suggestive association (Bonferroni threshold, p < 0.004) between C558T genotype and time the newborn piglet needs to reach the udder (p = 0.013) as well as a significant one with time to make the first ingestion of colostrum (p = 0.003). The biological basis of these associations remains unclear and they should be interpreted with caution.

[Prevalence of falls in the elderly living in the community]. / Prevalencia de caídas en ancianos que viven en la comunidad.

OBJECTIVE: To calculate the prevalence of falls, linked factors and their consequences in elderly people >=70 in two communities, prior to an intervention study. DESIGNç Descriptive cross-sectional study. SETTING: 2 mixed urban-rural communities. PARTICIPANTS: Sample of people >=70, 329 in the intervention group (IG) and 372 in the control group (CG). Randomised and systematic sampling. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: With a 95% confidence interval, we observed the differences between the IG (first) and the CG (second): men, 38.9% (33.6-44.4) and 41.6% (36.6-46.9); mean age, 80.11 (79.49-80.73) and 78.42 (77.77-79.07) years old; over 80, 41.9% (37.4-46.4) and 32.8% (29.5-36); high level of dependence on Katz index, 10.3% (9.2-11.4) and 13.2% (11.9-14.5); 28.9% (25.8-31.9) and 32% (28.8-35.2) had fallen in the preceding year; recurrent falls in people who had already fallen, 34.7% (25.2-45.2) and 37% (28.3-46.3); total number of falls, 166 and 218. Of the total number of falls, 45.4% (37.1-54) and 30.3% (24.3-36.8) required medical care; 7.3% (3.8-12.3) and 5% (2.5-8.8) needed hospital admission; and 10.4% (6-16.3) and 6.9% (3.9-11.2) presented fractures. Falls mainly occurred at home (61% and 56.5%); for reasons of their environment (40% and 54%) and mobility problems (37.5% and 36%). The most common lesions were cuts and bruises (86.1% and 77.9%). CONCLUSION: In both groups the prevalence of people who had fallen coincided with most other studies. Nor were there relevant differences concerning the main features of the falls and the lesions occasioned.

[Effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention to prevent falls among elderly people in a community]. / Efectividad de una intervención multifactorial para la prevención de las caídas en ancianos de una comunidad.

INTRODUCTION: The falls of old people are a common problem that will increase as the population ages and which are accompanied by high morbidity and mortality. Multifactorial intervention has proved effective in reducing the number of falls. OBJECTIVE: To reduce the number of falls and their complications in the population >= 70 years old of a health district through a multifactorial community intervention programme. METHOD: Multi-centred community intervention quasi-experimental study with no randomised allocation. It will be run in two communities, viz Salt and Girona-4, both of which are health districts in the province of Girona. In both an initial study will seek to establish the prevalence of falls and their consequences in people >= 70 years old. Data will be obtained from several randomised samples, using a questionnaire drawn up for the purpose. A multifactorial community intervention lasting two years (intervention group) will be made in the Salt Health District. There will be no specific intervention in the other community (control group). Later, effectiveness will be evaluated through randomised samples given the same questionnaire. DISCUSSION: Possible limitations of the study are the effect of contamination between the two communities, the existence of factors external to the intervention programme, losses due to people moving and deaths, and difficulty in assessing community activity. This programme can be applied to other communities as part of care and health education activities undertaken by primary care teams.

Production of phenolics by immobilized cells of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea: the role of epiphytic bacteria.

Immobilized lichen cells from the thalli of the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea, supplied with acetate as the only source of carbon, continuously produced phenolic substances, atranorin and physodic acid, over 23 days. Epiphytic bacteria associated with the lichen thallus grew actively, probably using both acetate and reduced compounds supplied by lichen cells, since their active growth was avoided by including 10 microM 3,3'-dichlorophenyl-1,1'dimethylurea in the bath solution. Penicillin largely impeded the growth of epiphytic bacteria and decreased phenolic production, which was recovered only at the end of the experimental period, just when the bacteria started a slow, but active growth. We suggest the cooperation of epiphytic bacteria in the biosynthesis of both atranotrin and physodic acid.

Síndrome pulmonar por Hantavirus: a propósito de un caso / Pulmonary syndrome by Hantavirus: a case report

La infección por Hantavirus es una patología transmitida por los roedores al ser humano y constituye una rareza dentro de las enfermedades infecciosas. Para su diagnóstico se requiere de alta sospecha clínica y noción de foco positivo para el contagio. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 27 años que ingresó al Servicio de Clínica Médica por fiebre, mareos y mioartralgias de 5 días de duración. Los análisis de laboratorio eran normales y la radiografía de tórax no tenía alteraciones significativas. A las 36 horas presentó hipotensión, taquicardia y disnea creciente. La gasometría demostró una marcada hipoxemia sugerente de disfunción alveolo-capilar y la radiografía de tórax evidenciaba infiltrados densos intersticio alveolares bilaterales. La paciente fue trasladada a UTI donde se colocó en ARM. Monitoreo hemodinámico: PCP 12 mm Hg, IC 5,6 L/m/m², RVS 658 din/seg/cm. Se realizaron medidas de soporte habituales, tratamiento con ceftriaxone, clarittomicina y T + S pero la paciente falleció 63 horas después de su ingreso. A posteriori se recibió el resultado serológico positivo para Hantavirus realizado en el Centro de Virología de Pergamino. En éste caso se destaca la ausencia de antecedentes nosológicos de importancia, de una fuente de contagio evidente y de índice cardíaco bajo resistencia vascular sistémica elevada señalada por otros autores. Conclusiones: la afección pulmonar por Hantavirus debe considerarse en todo caso de distrés respiratorio del adulto aún en ausencia de antecedentes epidemiológicos evidentes