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Background: Despite efforts to prevent dating violence among adolescents, it remains a major problem with multiple negative consequences. Sexist beliefs, empathy, and assertiveness influence teen dating violence (TDV) with potential gender differences. Objectives: (1) Determine gender disparities in TDV perpetration and victimization, including relational, verbal-emotional, and physical aspects, as well as roles; (2) Analyze gender variations in sexism, empathy, assertiveness, and their relationship with TDV; (3) Establish a predictive model of sexism in TDV with empathy and assertiveness as mediators for both genders. Participants and setting: A sample of 862 secondary school students (50.2% females, 49.8% males; mean age: 14.1 years) from diverse regions in Spain participated. Methods: TDV was measured using the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory (CADRI) in a cross-sectional study. Sexism, empathy, and assertiveness were assessed using the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and Assertiveness Inventory for Students Questionnaire (AISQ), respectively. Results: Females exhibited higher TDV perpetration, specifically verbal-emotional TDV. Males showed more relational TDV and hostile sexism, while no benevolent sexism differences were observed. Mediation models demonstrated sexism, assertiveness, and empathy as individual predictors of TDV, with varying mediation effects. Personal distress partially mediates the link between sexism and TDV perpetration or victimization in males, while practical personal ability mediates between sexism and TDV perpetration in females. Conclusion: Sexism predicts both perpetration and victimization in TDV, linked to empathy and assertiveness. Notably, specific dimensions of empathy and assertiveness mediate the connection between sexism and TDV, displaying gender-specific patterns. Preventive measures should consider personal distress in male perpetrators/victims and practical personal ability in female perpetrators.
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The school environment is of great relevance in the prevention of drug use in students because it is where they spend most of their time and, since education is compulsory until upper secondary school in Spain, interventions in this area can reach the majority of children up to that stage. The objective of this systematic review is to determine the level of efficacy of the school preventive programs that have been implemented in Spain. Following the PRISMA recommendations, a systematic literature search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. The search yielded 274 studies, of which 29 studies were selected. It was found that 48 drug addiction prevention programs have been implemented in Spanish school context, of which only 18 (37.5%) had an evaluation of their effectiveness following the criteria and standards of effective prevention. Conversely, the programs that were not evaluated are far from these standards in their design. It is concluded that there are two models of school prevention of drug addiction in Spain: a model that meets this description; and another model classified as "pseudo-prevention", since its design does not meet the standards of effective prevention nor has its preventive efficacy been demonstrated.
El ámbito escolar adquiere una gran relevancia en la prevención del consumo de drogas en estudiantes, ya que es donde pasan una mayor parte del tiempo y, puesto que en España la enseñanza es obligatoria hasta los 16 años, las intervenciones en este ámbito pueden alcanzar a la mayoría de niños en esa etapa. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue determinar qué nivel de eficacia presentan los programas preventivos escolares que se han implementado en España. Siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica sistemática en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus y Cochrane Library. La búsqueda arrojó 274 estudios, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 29 estudios. Se ha identificado que en España se han implementado 48 programas preventivos en drogodependencias en el contexto escolar, de los cuales tan solo 18 (37,5%) cuentan con evaluación de su eficacia siguiendo los criterios y estándares de una prevención eficaz. Por el contrario, los programas que no han sido evaluados distan en su diseño de estos estándares. Se concluye que en España conviven dos modelos de prevención escolar de las drogodependencias: un modelo que responde a esta denominación; y otro modelo calificado como "pseudo-prevención", dado que su diseño no se ajusta a los estándares de la prevención eficaz ni su eficacia preventiva ha sido demostrada.
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The present systematic review aims to identify electronic interventions for addressing substance use and understand their effectiveness in primary care settings. A systematic search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. The search included the keywords "electronic intervention", "substance use", "primary care" and synonyms. To determine the quality and recommendation of the analyzed interventions, the efficacy results reported by the studies were considered, as well as the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) assessment and the GRADE Evidence Assessment. Twenty-one electronic interventions in Primary Care were identified: internet, mobile or tablet applications, text messages, emails, automated telephone calls, or electronic self-reports. These interventions had diverse components, incorporating theories that have proven effective in face-to-face interventions as their theoretical frameworks. Some of them were complementary to in-person treatment, while others replaced it. Six interventions (28.5 %) displayed high quality: HealthCall, AB-CASI, Quit Genius, eCHECKUP-TOGO, CBI, and TES. Another nine interventions (42.8 %) were found to have moderate-high quality: Alcohol y Salud, IVR-BI, Program of Wallace et al., Let's Talk About Smoking, SMSalud, ESCAPE, AAC-ASPIRE, iQuit, and Programa VIH. One intervention (4.7 %) had moderate-low quality: Vive sin tabaco ¡Decídete! The remaining five interventions (23.8 %) were found to have very low quality: Connection to health, cSBI, Teen Well Check, the program of Helzer et al. (2008), and Down your drink. The programs with the highest recommendation for addressing alcohol-related issues are HealthCall and AB-CASI; for tobacco use, it is Quit Genius; for cannabis use, it is eCHECKUP-TOGO; for addressing both legal and illegal substances, it is CBI and TES. Finally, for specific illicit drug use, the only recommended program is CBI. This last intervention, CBI, is of the highest quality and, therefore, can be considered a model intervention for dissemination in the primary care setting.
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Atenção Primária à Saúde , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapia , Envio de Mensagens de Texto , Telemedicina , Internet , Aplicativos Móveis , Correio EletrônicoRESUMO
Introduction: Problematic behavior and drug use are behaviors of social concern, especially in adolescence. There are school factors that can contribute to their development or prevent them. The objective was to establish explanatory models of the relationship between various school variables with the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis; determining its direct and/or indirect relationship with problematic behaviors. Materials and methods: The study was cross-sectional with a sample of 346 students (Main Age=14.81; 54% women) from secondary education. Structural Equation Model (SEM) were carried to analyze the relationship between the dimensions of the Scale of perception of aspects of school life and alcohol, tobacco and cannabis consume with the presence of Problematic Behavior. Results: Problem behavior was predicted by alcohol, tobacco and cannabis consume, and binge drinking. Different aspects of school life differentially predicted problem behavior and drug use. Sense of challenge was observed as having a reciprocal predictive relationship with problem behavior. Perception of oneself at school predicts both alcohol and tobacco use; while the value given to school predicts binge drinking. Discussion: These findings suggests that, when addressing problem behavior and drug use that affect minors in school and have repercussions on class dynamics and academic outcomes, we should not focus exclusively on these problem areas, but rather take a more integrated approach that includes modifying different school-related aspects that act as risk factors for these types of problems.
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Family dynamics influence adolescents' use of alcohol and other substances, such as cannabis. The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between family variables and alcohol use, dual use of alcohol and cannabis, and non-use in adolescents according to sex. A cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample comprised 879 adolescents (56.4 % boys; M(SD)age = 14.25 (1.88) years). Multinomial regression analysis showed that for boys, the presence of family conflict increased the likelihood of being an alcohol (OR = 1.19) and dual (OR = 1.23) user rather than a non-user. For girls, communication reduced the probability of being an alcohol user (OR = 0.88), and the presence of consequences for breaking rules reduced the probability of being a dual user rather than a non-user (OR = 0.83) or an alcohol user (OR = 0.84). These findings highlight the importance of family prevention of adolescents' substance use, bearing in mind the participants' sex.
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Cannabis , Alucinógenos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Estudos Transversais , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , EtanolRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00991-y.].
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Epidemiological studies on problematic Internet use and problematic gaming conducted so far have mainly been carried out with unrepresentative and self-selected convenience samples, resulting in unreliable prevalence rates. This study estimates the prevalence of problematic Internet use and problematic gaming in a large sample of Spanish adolescents (N = 41,507) and identifies risk and protective factors for these risky behaviours. Data were collected online using the Adolescent Problem Internet Use Scale and the Adolescent Gaming Addiction Scale. Using a cut-off approach with measurement instruments inspired by the DSM-5 framework, we found a prevalence of 33% for problematic Internet use and 3.1% for problematic gaming. With a more conservative approach inspired by the ICD-11 framework, prevalence rates decreased to 2.98% for problematic Internet use and 1.8% for problematic gaming. Female gender, higher parents' education, elevated Internet connection time, reporting being online after midnight and using the mobile phone in class predicted problematic Internet use; whereas male gender, "living situation" where families do not have a traditional structure or stable environment, elevated Internet connection time and reporting using the mobile phone in class predicted problematic gaming. A cut-off approach involving scales that recycle substance use criteria (as in the DSM-5) over-pathologize Internet use and gaming behaviours. In contrast, the ICD-11 approach seems to provide more realistic and reliable prevalence rates.
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Comportamento Aditivo , Jogos de Vídeo , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Feminino , Prevalência , Uso da Internet , Inquéritos e Questionários , Comportamento Aditivo/epidemiologia , InternetRESUMO
Healthcare professionals are exposed to stressful situations that may favor substance use vulnerability. This systematic review aims to synthesize the risk and protective factors associated with use, abuse, and dependence of alcohol, tobacco, psychoactive drugs, and cannabis in healthcare professionals. Following PRISMA recommendations, a systematic search was performed in PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. The search yielded 1523 studies, of which 19 were selected. The identified risk factors were demographic factors (i.e. male gender, and single/divorced marital status), psychopathological factors, social factors, positive attitudes toward drugs, unhealthy lifestyle habits, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the coexistence of the use of several substances. The protective factors were demographic factors (i.e. ethnicity and having dependent children), healthy lifestyle habits, and workplace anti-drug policies (i.e. restriction of tobacco use). These findings highlight the need for preventive actions against drug use in healthcare professionals to improve their health and reduce the possible negative impact on their healthcare practice. Knowledge of modifiable risk and protective factors allows their incorporation as components in preventive actions, and non-modifiable factors (e.g. demographic variables) may contribute to the detection of groups of greater vulnerability to propose selective prevention actions in this population.
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The objective was to analyze the changes in cannabis use during lockdown considering sex, age, living situation and level of addiction. This descriptive and non-probabilistic study used a convenience sample of 208 participants with ages between 18-57 years (64.3% men; mean age = 31.39 years), that reported consuming cannabis. The frequency of distinct typologies of cannabis use was analyzed and the level of addiction with the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST). An online survey was used to collect the variables under study. A total of 25% consumers increased their spliff (marijuana mixed with tobacco) consumption, 11.9% increased their joint (marijuana cigarette) consumption and 11.8% increased their hashish spliff consumption. Men had higher levels of cannabis addiction, however, during lockdown they reduced their marijuana spliff consumption while both men and women increased their joint consumption. Marijuana spliff consumption showed a greater increase in the 25-29 age group, in those living with people other than relatives or a partner, alone, or with a partner and was reduced mainly in those living with parents or other relatives. The living alone 18-24 years old group, and the living with parents 35-44 years old group showed higher levels of cannabis addiction (CAST). The rate of dependent consumers who increased their marijuana spliff consumption (49%) doubled compared to consumers with no addiction and moderate addiction. Regarding joints, consumption was 1.5 times higher than for moderate addiction consumers and three times higher than those with no addiction. The risk of cannabis addiction increased in certain groups during lockdown.
El objetivo fue analizar el consumo de cannabis durante el confinamiento según sexo, edad, situación de convivencia y nivel de adicción. Estudio descriptivo no probabilístico con una muestra de conveniencia de 208 participantes con edades entre 18-57 años (64,3% hombres; edad media = 31,39 años) que reportaron consumir cannabis. Se analizó la frecuencia de distintas tipologías de consumo de cannabis y el nivel de adicción con el Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST). La recogida de datos se realizó mediante encuesta online. El 25% de consumidores aumentó su consumo de porros de marihuana mezclada con tabaco; el 11,9% de cigarros de marihuana; y el 11,8% de porros de hachís mezclado con tabaco. Los hombres presentaron mayor nivel de adicción al cannabis. Sin embargo, redujeron su consumo de porros durante el confinamiento. Hombres y mujeres incrementaron su consumo de cigarros de marihuana. El consumo de porros se incrementó mayormente en el grupo de 25-29 años, entre quienes convivían con personas distintas a familiares y pareja, vivían solas, o en pareja; y se redujo entre quienes vivían con progenitores o familiares. Mostraron mayor nivel de adicción al cannabis (CAST) el grupo entre 18-24 años que vive solo y el grupo entre 35-44 años que convive con sus progenitores. Los consumidores con dependencia que incrementan su consumo de porros (49%) fue dos veces superior respecto a los grupos sin adicción y con adicción moderada. El consumo de cigarros de marihuana (20,8%) fue 1,5 veces superior que para adicción moderada y más del triple que para sin adicción. El riesgo de adicción a cannabis aumentó en ciertos grupos durante el confinamiento.
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The relevance of cognitive performance during adolescence requires further studies that analyze potential associated factors. This study aimed to analyze inductive reasoning, reading comprehension, and mathematical thinking (problem-solving and number and calculation) in relation to sleep and depression in 244 students aged 12-17 years (47.6% boys and 52.4% girls). Daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, dysthymia, and euthymia (state and trait) were assessed by self-reported questionnaires. Moreover, correlations between these variables and cognitive performance, and differences depending on sociodemographic variables (sex, age, or academic year) were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Robust regression models were also conducted to evaluate the predictive role of significant variables on cognitive performance. The results showed significant bidirectional relationships between sleep- and depression-related variables, and between the latter ones and cognitive performance. Depression-trait was more related to cognitive performance than depression-state, and euthymia more than dysthymia, but neither daytime sleepiness nor sleep quality significantly correlated with it. As for sociodemographic variables, girls reported worse sleep and more depressive symptoms than boys did, and younger students reported better sleep but performed worse than the older ones. Although these findings should be further explored in forthcoming studies adding other promising variables, they highlight the importance of promoting euthymia to improve cognitive performance in adolescents.
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INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to determine the changes in tobacco consumption in Spanish university students during the lockdown in 2020, and to identify vulnerable groups based on gender, age, and living situation. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. From a sample of 1540 Spanish university students, 19.9% (n=306; 77.6% women; mean age=30.9 years; SD=8.3) reported having consumed tobacco. The frequency and average daily consumption of cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) before the pandemic and during lockdown were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 97.1% of students consumed only cigarettes, 2.9% only ENDS, and 3.3% were dual consumers. During lockdown, cigarette consumption was significantly reduced (5.3 before; 4.0 during; t(71)=3.6255; p<0.001) in the youngest group (aged 18-24 years). However, women daily users significantly increased their consumption (t(149)= -2.5461; p<0.05) and so did the 35-44 years age group (t(32)= -2.2285; p<0.05). Cigarette consumption significantly increased in those who were living alone (5.6 to 7.2; Z= -2.351; p<0.05) and with a partner (7.2 to 8.0; t(97)= -2.3771; p<0.05), but decreased in those who were living with their parents or other relatives (6.2 to 4.5; t(101)=3.4298; p<0.001). A total of 17.0% ceased consumption during lockdown, mainly women, younger students (aged 18-24 years), and those who lived with their parents. None of the people who used cigarettes daily during the pre-pandemic period stopped smoking during lockdown. CONCLUSIONS: Younger university students and those living with their parents decreased their tobacco use during the lockdown. Potentially vulnerable groups at risk of increasing their consumption were women who consumed tobacco daily before the pandemic and students aged 35-44 years who lived alone or with their partner.
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Teen dating violence (TDV) refers to a wide range of partner-directed harmful behaviors among adolescents. Since it was first documented in the 1980s, there is a growing interest in TDV due to its potentially devastating mid- and long-term consequences. Aiming at the early detection of TDV onset with prevention purposes, research has focused on the detection of typologies of perpetrators and/or victims as well as on identifying risk and protective factors for its occurrence. Research with Spanish adolescents, however, is very limited. To fill this gap, we recruited a total of 2,319 adolescents from different regions in Spain, out of which, 1,079 reported having had a romantic partner during the last year. These filled out measures of TDV (perpetration and victimization), school aggression, hostile and benevolent sexism, empathy, assertiveness, psychological inflexibility (general measures), and psychological inflexibility with prejudice thoughts. A cluster analysis revealed that adolescents could be divided into two clusters as a function of their TDV profile: Cluster 1, including close to 76% of the sample (boys and girls), presented low TDV perpetration and victimization; Cluster 2, including 24% of the sample (boys and girls), presented higher TDV perpetration and victimization. Regression analyses revealed that, as compared to those in Cluster 1, adolescents in Cluster 2 were more likely to be older boys who scored high in benevolent sexism, overt and relational school aggression, and personal distress, and low in behavior regulation skills, perspective taking, and practical personal ability. We discuss the implications of these findings for the design of evidence-based TDV prevention campaigns.
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Comportamento do Adolescente , Vítimas de Crime , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Espanha , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Neurokinin B (NKB) and its cognate receptor, NK3R, play a key role in the regulation of reproduction. NKB belongs to the family of tachykinins, which also includes substance P and neurokinin A, both encoded by the by the gene TAC1, and hemokinin-1, encoded by the TAC4 gene. In addition to NK3R, tachykinin effects are mediated by NK1R and NK2R, encoded by the genes TACR1 and TACR2, respectively. The role of these other tachykinins and receptors in the regulation of women infertility is mainly unknown. We have analyzed the expression profile of TAC1, TAC4, TACR1, and TACR2 in mural granulosa and cumulus cells from women presenting different infertility etiologies, including polycystic ovarian syndrome, advanced maternal age, low ovarian response, and endometriosis. We also studied the expression of MME, the gene encoding neprilysin, the most important enzyme involved in tachykinin degradation. Our data show that TAC1, TAC4, TACR1, TACR2, and MME expression is dysregulated in a different manner depending on the etiology of women infertility. The abnormal expression of these tachykinins and their receptors might be involved in the decreased fertility of these patients, offering a new insight regarding the diagnosis and treatment of women infertility.
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Células da Granulosa , Infertilidade Feminina , Taquicininas , Feminino , Humanos , Células da Granulosa/metabolismo , Infertilidade Feminina/genética , Infertilidade Feminina/metabolismo , Neprilisina , Receptores da Neurocinina-1/metabolismo , Substância P/metabolismo , Taquicininas/genética , Taquicininas/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective was to analyze the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation and psychotropic drugs use during COVID-19 lockdown in adult population considering gender and age. The method used is a descriptive and non-probabilistic study, with a convenience sampling of 3780 participants (70.1% female), aged 18-64 years (M = 37.8). 18.3% participants presented depression and 5.1% exhibited suicidal ideation. The depression rate for female was double (21.4%) than male and 5 times higher (30.2%) for the youngest participants (18-24 years old) compared to oldest (55-64 years old), being this rate triple in suicidal ideation (9%). Depression correlated positively with tranquilizers and sleeping pills' consumption; and suicidal ideation did so with tranquilizers and sedatives. The rate of tranquilizer users was 8 times higher for severe depression compared to those who did not present depression, 5 times higher for sleeping pills, and 6 times higher for sedatives. The rate of tranquilizer users exhibiting suicidal ideation was more than triple than those who did not present suicidal ideation, between 3 and 4 times higher for sleeping pills, and almost 7 times higher for sedatives. The higher the level of depression and suicidal ideation during lockdown, the greater the consumption of psychotropic drugs. The consumption of psychotropic drugs should be monitored in people with depression and suicidal ideation during periods of crisis.
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The objectives were: (a) to establish cannabis use prevalence in university students; (b) to determine the changes in consumption of cannabis between prior to and during lockdown. Problematic consumption, gender, and age were taken into account to establish risk groups. Of 1,472 participants between 18-54 years (M = 27.51), 8.01% reported using cannabis before and/or during lockdown (56.6% male). The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) was used to detect cannabis abuse. The main form of consumption was spliffs (89.9%). The mean of spliffs consumed per day decreased during lockdown, but was only significant in male and in the 18-24 group. This decrease was also significant for all three levels of CAST problematic use. Users with moderate addiction and dependence reduced their average number of spliffs consumed per day during lockdown to a greater extent than those without addiction. These findings establish target groups of prevention interventions in the university.
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OBJECTIVE: Cannabis is an illegal drug whose use has increased in recent years, especially among adolescents. Despite its popularity, its use and abuse brings with it health consequences, being greater if consumption occurs in the adolescent stage, since the brain is in full development. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the effects of cannabis use on cognitive functions of attention and memory in adolescent population. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out in the main search portals (Pubmed, Web of Science, SciELO, Cochrane) referring to the last 10 years, following the PRISMA criteria. The systematic search strategy was carried out in the period from March to May 2021, applying the PICO method and the PEDro scale to guarantee the methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS: Both attention and memory are affected by cannabis use; however, memory functions improve with abstinence, not being so for attention. Memory deficits are an indicator of therapeutic abandonment of addiction treatment. In relation to psychosocial interventions aimed at improving memory, the contingency management, educational interventions and motivational interviewing have not been shown to be effective on the effects of substances. Working memory training offers positive results, although not clinically significant. Finally, memory deficits are an indicator of therapeutic abandonment of pharmacological treatment for cannabis addiction. Therefore, research is needed aimed both at reducing the side effects of drugs on memory processes and at establishing to what extent memory deficits associated with cannabis use can facilitate therapeutic abandonment. CONCLUSIONS: More research is necessary, considering the dual consumption of cannabis-tobacco and the effects that both substances may have jointly and separately on attention and memory processes.
OBJETIVO: El cannabis es una droga ilegal cuyo consumo se ha visto incrementado en los últimos años, especialmente en población adolescente. A pesar de su popularidad, su uso y abuso trae consigo consecuencias para la salud, siendo mayores si el consumo se produce en la etapa adolescente, ya que el cerebro se encuentra en pleno desarrollo. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue determinar los efectos del consumo de cannabis en las funciones cognitivas de atención y memoria en población adolescente. METODOS: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura en los principales portales de búsqueda (Pubmed, Web of Science, SciELO, Cochrane) referida a los últimos diez años, siguiendo los criterios PRISMA. La estrategia de búsqueda sistemática se realizó en el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre los meses de marzo a mayo de 2021, aplicándose el método PICO y la escala PEDro para garantizar la calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos. RESULTADOS: Tanto la atención como la memoria se ven afectadas por el consumo de cannabis; sin embargo, la memoria mejora su funcionamiento con la abstinencia, no ocurriendo lo mismo con la atención. Los déficits de memoria son un indicador de abandono terapéutico del tratamiento para la adicción. En relación con las intervenciones psicosociales orientadas a la mejora de la memoria, tanto el manejo de contingencias como las intervenciones educativas y la entrevista motivacional no se han mostrado efectivas sobre los efectos de las sustancias. El entrenamiento en la memoria de trabajo ofrece resultados positivos, aunque clínicamente no significativos. Finalmente, los déficits de memoria son un indicador de abandono terapéutico del tratamiento farmacológico para la adicción al cannabis, por lo que se precisa investigación orientada tanto a reducir los efectos secundarios de los fármacos sobre los procesos mnésicos como a establecer en qué medida los déficits de memoria asociados al consumo de cannabis pueden facilitar el abandono terapéutico. CONCLUSIONES: Se precisa mayor investigación, considerando el consumo dual de cannabis-tabaco y los efectos que ambas sustancias pueden tener, conjuntamente y por separado, sobre los procesos de atención y memoria.
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Cannabis , Drogas Ilícitas , Abuso de Maconha , Adolescente , Humanos , Cannabis/efeitos adversos , Abuso de Maconha/complicações , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia , Espanha , Transtornos da Memória/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim was to estimate the rate of PIU in Spanish university students during the lockdown, taking sex and age into account, and to analyze its relationship with depression and suicidal ideation. METHOD: 921 university students (55% women) from 18 to 30 years old (M = 24.8 years; SD = 3) participated. RESULTS: The results showed that 21% of the participants presented PIU, 25.1% moderate depression, 2.1% severe depression, and 6.6% suicidal ideation. The 18 to 21-year-old age group presented the highest rate of PIU (37.8%). A positive correlation was observed between PIU and depression (r = .38; p (241.813) = -8.21; < d = .78) in university students with PIU (M = 9.8; SD = 5.1) than those without it (M = 6.4; SD = 4.1). The rate of severe depression was six times greater (χ2 (3) = 73.25; p < .001) in undergraduates with PIU (6.2%) than those without PIU (0.8%). Moreover, 3.6% of university students with PIU presented suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings establish the association between PIU and depression and suicidal ideation in the university population, providing novel contributions for prevention policies.
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COVID-19 , Ideação Suicida , Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Masculino , Universidades , Uso da Internet , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis , Estudantes , Internet , Depressão/epidemiologiaRESUMO
New synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are emerging rapidly and continuously. Biological matrices are key for their precise detection to link toxicity and symptoms to each compound and concentration and ascertain consumption trends. The objective of this study was to determine the best human biological matrices to detect the risk-assessed compounds provided by The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction: AB-CHMINACA, ADB-CHMNACA, MDMB-CHMICA, and 5F-MDMB-PINACA. We carried out a systematic review covering 2015 up to the present date, including original articles assessing detection in antemortem human biological matrices with detailed validation information of the technique. In oral fluid and blood, SC parent compounds were found in oral fluid and blood at low concentrations and usually with other substances; thus, the correlation between SCs concentrations and severity of symptoms could rarely be established. When hair is used as the biological matrix, there are difficulties in excluding passive contamination when evaluating chronic consumption. Detection of metabolites in urine is complex because it requires prior identification studies. LC-MS/MS assays were the most widely used approaches for the selective identification of SCs, although the lack of standard references and the need for revalidation with the continuous emergence of new SCs are limiting factors of this technique. A potential solution is high-resolution mass spectrometry screening, which allows for non-targeted detection and retrospective data interrogation.
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Background: Among the risks of the critically ill patient, one of the aspects to be taken into account is the high probability of occurrence of malnutrition risk (40-50%). This process leads to increased morbimortality and worsening. The use of assessment tools allows the individualization of care. Objective: To analyze the different nutritional assessment tools used during the admission of critically ill patients. Methods: Systematic review of the scientific literature related to the nutritional assessment of critically ill patients. Between January 2017 and February 2022, articles were rescued from the electronic databases "Pubmed," "Scopus," "CINAHL" and "The Cochrane Library"; which will analyze which instruments are used during nutritional assessment in the ICU, as well as their impact on mortality and comorbidity of patients. Results: The systematic review was made up of 14 scientific articles that met the selection criteria, obtained from seven different countries. The instruments described were: mNUTRIC, NRS 2002, NUTRIC, SGA, MUST and the ASPEN and ASPEN criteria. All the included studies demonstrated beneficial effects after nutritional risk assessment. mNUTRIC was the most widely used assessment instrument, with the best predictive validity for mortality and adverse outcomes. Conclusion: The use of nutritional assessment tools makes it possible to know the real situation of patients, and by objectifying situations, to allow different interventions to improve the nutritional level of patients. The best effectiveness has been achieved using tools such as mNUTRIC, NRS 2002 and SGA.
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(1) The aim of the present study was to evaluate and characterize changes in alcohol use during the COVID-19 confinement in a sample of Spanish adults, analyzing their age and living situation as defining life cycle variables. (2) Method: Data from 3779 individuals were collected through a set of online surveys. AUDIT-C was used to measure the frequency of consumption, the average daily consumption, intensive consumption, risky consumption, and Standard Drink Units. (3) Results: Although alcohol consumption during confinement showed a significant general decline, age revealed important differences, with the decline being more pronounced in adults from 18 to 29 years old. The living situation also showed significant differences. The largest decreases in alcohol consumption were found in those who lived with their parents or other relatives, whereas those who lived alone or with a partner even increased their level of consumption. In addition, the data show a significant interaction between these two variables and gender. (4) Conclusions: Age and cohabitation processes are key factors in understanding the life situation of each individual during confinement and, consequently, in explaining consumption patterns. The results obtained provide interesting recommendations for designing prevention policies in both normal and crisis circumstances, emphasizing the need to understand alcohol use from a psychosocial perspective.