Child-eating behaviour as predictor of anthropometric status of preschool children aged 2-4 years in Umuahia South LGA Abia State, Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Eating behaviour at the childhood level plays a vital role in the outcome of the nutritional status and the overall health of an individual. The study was focused on the association between anthropometric status and child eating behaviour. METHODOLOGY: A community-based cross-sectional survey purposively enrolled consenting participants from 256 households with preschool children aged 2-4 years. The parents/legal guardians were interviewed on the eating behaviour of their children using a validated semi-structured child-eating behaviour scale, and anthropometric measurement of the children were taken. WHO Anthro-software for child growth standards was used to categorize anthropometric status of the preschool children. Paired sample t-test was performed to compare child-eating behaviour by gender, while regression and correlation analysis was performed to determine the extent to which child-eating behaviour predicted anthropometric status at 5% level of significance. RESULTS: Mean comparison of child eating behaviour by gender showed significant difference (P < 0.05) between male and female children in their eating behaviour with respect to enjoyment of food and satiety responsiveness. Some of the children were wasted (26.6%), stunted (20.7%) and underweight (16.4%). A significant association (P < 0.05) was observed between body mass index-for-age and food fussiness behaviour of the children. There was also a significant difference (P < 0.05) between weight-for-age and food fussiness behaviour of the children. CONCLUSION: The study showed that child eating behaviour may have contributed to the anthropometric status of the children, however, differences in their eating behaviours by gender was observed.

Consultative engagement of stakeholders toward a roadmap for African language technologies.

There has been a rise in natural language processing (NLP) communities across the African continent (Masakhane, AfricaNLP workshops). With this momentum noted, and given the existing power asymmetries that plague the African continent, there is an urgent need to ensure that these technologies move toward shared goals between organizations and stakeholders, not only to improve the representation of African languages in cutting-edge NLP research but also to ensure that NLP research enables technological advances toward human dignity, well-being, and equity for those who speak African languages. This study investigates the motivations, focus, and challenges faced by various stakeholders who are at the core of the NLP process. We perform structured stakeholder identification to identify core stakeholders in the NLP process. Interviews with representatives of these stakeholder groups are performed and are collated into relevant themes. Finally, a set of recommendations are proposed for use by policy and artificial intelligence (AI) researchers.

Rising prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its associated risk factors in Makurdi, North-Central Region of Nigeria.

Background: The disease burden of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in sub-Saharan African region have been on the rise. Proper assessment of current prevalence of GDM may inform policy changes and management approach for improved care delivery. Objective: To determine the current prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and evaluate its major risk factors amongst pregnant women in Makurdi, North-Central Nigeria. Method: This was a multi-center hospital-based prospective observational study. Maternal characteristics and clinical risk factors for GDM in a cohort of 281 pregnant women at 9 to 16 weeks gestational age was evaluated. The one-step 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out at 24 to 28 weeks of gestation. Result: Of the 356 women recruited, 281 (79.8%) completed the study. The GDM prevalence in the cohort was 16.7%. Increased early pregnancy BMI (adjusted OR = 1.154, 95% CI = 1.080 - 1.233, p<0.001) and presence of family history of diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR = 0.482, 95% CI = 0.233 - 0.997, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for GDM in the cohort. Conclusion: Increasing maternal age and early pregnancy BMI amongst other possible reasons, may account for the rising prevalence of GDM in the region.

Can the examination time in CT and conventional x-ray be reduced in an emergency department with integrated radiology unit? A retrospective study.

Quick radiological diagnosis is often needed in order to allow the clinicians to make a diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to measure examination time for radiology procedures before and after physical integration of a radiology unit in the ED. We retrospectively acquired data from the radiology information system and compared time from referral to end of radiological examination before and after physical integration of the radiology unit in the ED for 19,897 X-ray and 6,940 CT examinations. After integration examination time for X-ray examinations was reduced by 5 to 14 minutes (p<0.001). For CT head and chest examination time was reduced by 7 to 15 minutes (p<0.003) while examination time for CT abdomen was prolonged by 4 minutes (p=0.78).

Novel oral multifunctional antioxidant prevents noise-induced hearing loss and hair cell loss.

Oxidative stress is a major contributor to noise-induced hearing loss, the most common cause of hearing loss among military personnel and young adults. HK-2 is a potent, orally-active, multifunctional, redox-modulating drug that has been shown to protect against a wide range of neurological disorders with no observed side effects. HK-2 protected cochlear HEI-OC1 cells against various forms of experimentally-induced oxidative stressors similar to those observed during and after intense noise exposure. The mechanisms by which HK-2 protects cells is twofold, first by its ability to reduce oxidative stress generated by free radicals, and second, by its ability to complex biologically active transition metals such as Fe+2, thus reducing their availability to participate in the Fenton reaction where highly toxic hydroxyl radicals are generated. For the rat in vivo studies, HK-2 provided significant protection against noise-induced hearing loss and hair cell loss. Noise-induced hearing loss was induced by an 8-16 kHz octave band noises presented for 8 h/d for 21 days at an intensity of 95 dB SPL. In the Prevention study, HK-2 was administered orally beginning 5 days before the start of the noise and ending 10 days after the noise. Treatment with HK-2 dose-dependently reduced the amount of noise-induced hearing impairment, reflected in the cochlear compound action potential, and noise-induced hair cell loss. In a subsequent Rescue experiment in which HK-2 was administered for 10 days starting after the noise was turned off, HK-2 also significantly reduced the amount of hearing impairment, but the effect size was substantially less than in the Prevention studies. HK-2 alone did not adversely affect HEI-OC1 cell viability, nor did it cause any adverse changes in rat body weight, behavior, cochlear function or hair cell integrity. Thus, HK-2 is a novel, safe, orally-deliverable and highly effective otoprotective compound with considerable potential for preventing hearing loss from noise and other hearing disorders linked to excessive oxidative stress.

Performance of a novel microarray multiplex PCR for the detection of 23 respiratory pathogens (SYMP-ARI study).

Symptoms of acute febrile respiratory tract infection are often unspecific, but the rapid identification of pathogens allows optimised patient management. The objective of this study was to evaluate a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) suspension microarray which detects 19 viral and four atypical bacterial targets. A comprehensive set of sensitive monoplex real-time PCR assays was used for each pathogen as the gold standard. A panel of archived as well as 300 prospectively collected clinical samples was analysed by both methods. At least one target was detected in 165/300 (55 %) samples by monoplex PCR and in 140/300 (46 %) samples by multiplex PCR, respectively. The positivity rate was significantly higher in paediatric patients compared to adults [126/154 (82 %) vs. 39/146 (27 %) by monoplex and 114/154 (74 %) vs. 26/146 (18 %) by multiplex PCR, respectively]. Among all samples, 17/300 (5.6 %) were positive for atypical bacteria by monoplex and 8/300 (2.6 %) by multiplex PCR, respectively. Multiple detections were recorded in 35/300 (11.6 %) samples by monoplex and 26/300 (8.7 %) by multiplex PCR. For the most common pathogens, the sensitivity ranged from 57 to 93 % and the specificity ranged from 95 to 100 %. The overall concordance between both methods was 77 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 72-81 %]. False-negative results by multiplex PCR were mainly due to the low target concentration. Compared to monoplex PCR, the novel microarray assay proved its principle but displayed overall lower sensitivities, potentially restricting its use to paediatric patients. For some targets, only small numbers of positive samples were available, requiring larger studies to firmly assess the sensitivity and specificity.

Coexistent granulomatous vasculitis and leukaemia cutis in a patient with resolving herpes zoster.

An 80-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of indurated tender purple papules. These had coalesced to form plaques with some central scarring and a dermatomal distribution on the left arm, immediately following herpes zoster (HZ) infection at this site. The patient had a 5-year history of small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), which was being managed conservatively under a 'watch and wait' protocol. On histological examination of a skin biopsy, marked interstitial granulomas and prominent granulomatous vasculitis were seen, supporting the clinical impression of a post-HZ granulomatous reaction. In addition, there was a dense monoclonal small B-cell lymphocytic infiltrate indicating koebnerization by SLL (a finding that has not been reported previously with concurrent postherpetic granulomatous vasculitis). Although benign pseudolymphomas occur in postherpetic cases, this case shows that even in association with benign vasculitic features true lymphomas can occur. Furthermore, this case highlights the importance of immunocytochemistry, molecular studies and clinicopathological correlation.

Cutaneous actinomycosis presenting as chronic mastitis.

Actinomycosis is a chronic granulomatous suppurative infection caused by anaerobic actinomyces. Primary cutaneous involvement is uncommon because of the exclusively endogenous habitat of the organism. We describe a very unusual presentation mimicking chronic mastitis. A 35-year-old woman presented 7 months post-partum with tenderness and induration in the right breast. She was pyrexial and felt systemically unwell. An initial diagnosis of mastitis was made. Treatment with penicillin, imipenem, co-amoxiclav and metronidazole had no effect. Skin biopsy revealed the characteristic 'sulphur granules' of actinomycoses in the deep dermis. Long term oral clindamycin (> 12 months) has produced a very good response clinically, with a concomitant decrease in inflammatory markers. Cutaneous actinomycosis has been described by haematogenous spread from visceral organs or after trauma. The organism is difficult to culture and is often diagnosed histologically by the presence of 'sulphur granules'. It is very sensitive to penicillin but prolonged treatment is needed.

Small cell malignant melanoma: a variant of naevoid melanoma. Clinicopathological features and histological differential diagnosis.

AIMS: To describe the clinical and histopathological features of a rare variant of naevoid melanoma, small cell melanoma, and discuss the histological differential diagnoses. METHODS: The clinical and histological features of cases of malignant melanoma with the histological features of small (non-Merkel like) melanoma were reviewed and documented. In addition, five cases had available material for immunohistochemistry and this was performed using antibodies to the S100 protein and melan-A, and the HMB-45 antibody. RESULTS: There were 15 cases of small cell melanoma from 14 (10 female, four male) patients, aged between 30 and 77 (mean, 48.6) years. The trunk was the most common location. In more than half the cases, the provisional diagnosis was melanoma/borderline lesion. All shared similar histological appearances of an intraepidermal component of in situ melanoma and a dermal component of nests of cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm, usually in tightly packed nests. All components (junctional and intradermal) of the lesions investigated by immunohistochemistry were positive both for S100 protein and melan-A. All junctional components were positive with HMB-45, but with variable staining of the dermal components with this antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Small cell malignant melanoma is postulated to be a distinct histopathological entity and a rare variant of naevoid melanoma. Such lesions can be difficult to interpret and easily missed at scanning magnification because the cells of the dermal component mimic benign naevus cells.

Problematic pigmented lesions: approach to diagnosis.

A number of pigmented lesions are difficult to classify and raise the possibility of a melanoma diagnosis. Care should be exercised to exclude non-melanocytic lesions, and benign melanocytic entities, both of which can mimic melanoma histologically. In addition, the possibility of the lesion being a melanoma variant or epidermotropic metastasis should be considered. There will still be some cases that are difficult to resolve. These usually fall into one of three categories: atypical junctional melanocytic lesion versus early melanoma; naevus versus naevoid melanoma; and atypical Spitz, cellular blue, and deep penetrating naevi versus thick melanoma. These will pose problems even for experts. The atypical Spitz lesions are perhaps the most important category because they tend to be from younger individuals, the differential diagnosis is thick melanoma, and there is no single discriminating histological feature.

Relative importance of aldose reductase versus nonenzymatic glycosylation on sugar cataract formation in diabetic rats.

The relative importance of sorbitol formation versus nonenzymatic glycosylation and advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs) on sugar cataract formation was examined in diabetic rats. Diabetes was experimentally induced in young, 50 g rats with streptozotocin, and aldose reductase inhibitors were administered in the diet for up to 8 weeks at concentrations of 0.06% for tolrestat or ponalrestat and 0.0125% for AL-1576. Cataract formation was monitored by hand-held slit lamp for up to 11 weeks. Lens polyol levels were monitored by GLC, glycosylated protein levels were spectrophotometrically determined, and AGE products were estimated by fluorescence measurements and ELISA. Sugar cataract formation was observed in all untreated diabetic rats while cataract formation was inhibited in all diabetic rats treated with the AR inhibitors. Lens sorbitol levels were reduced in all ARI-treated rats. Glycosylated lens protein levels were elevated in the diabetic rats, and these levels were not significantly lower in the non-cataractous lenses from ARI-treated diabetic rats. Fluorescence measurements of the lens proteins revealed increased lens AGE levels in all diabetic rats, and these were slightly reduced in the aldose reductase inhibitor treated diabetics. With ELISA, immunoreactive AGEs were only detected in cataractous lenses from the untreated diabetic rats. Immunoreactive AGEs were not detected in the clear lenses of the aldose reductase inhibitor treated diabetics or in the non-diabetic controls. These results support the concept that sugar cataract formation is initiated by the aldose reductase catalyzed intracellular accumulation of polyols and that these sugar cataracts can be prevented through inhibition of aldose reductase.

Expression of Melan-A in Spitz, pigmented spindle cell nevi, and congenital nevi: comparative immunohistochemical study.

The expression of the antibody Melan-A in 27 benign melanocytic skin lesions (10 congenital nevi, 10 Spitz nevi, and 7 pigmented spindle cell nevi) was compared to that of S100 protein and HMB-45. To evaluate the role of Melan-A in differentiating melanocytic and nonmelanocytic lesions we assessed a number of benign nonmelanocytic skin lesions including neurofibromas, granular cell tumors, and dermatofibromas. Melan-A had an identical staining pattern to S100 protein in the melanocyte population of all lesions, but had the advantage of only staining cells of melanocytic lineage and no other cell types. HMB-45, although staining the junctional components of all lesions with a junctional component, showed varied intensity and distribution in the dermal components. Melan-A is much cleaner than S100 protein, having no background staining, and in skin appears to be specific for melanocytes. The nonmelanocytic lesions did not express Melan-A.

Benign atypical naevi: diagnostic difficulties and continued controversy.

Benign melanocytic naevi exhibit a wide spectrum of histological appearances. Some share significant clinical and histological features and are recognized as entities. Included among these are pagetoid/junctional Spitz naevus, pigmented spindle cell naevus, halo naevus, recurrent and traumatized naevus, ultraviolet (UV) irradiated naevus, naevus in infants, acral naevus, genital naevus and naevi from other specific anatomic locations. However, there still remains a diagnostic grey area of acquired predominantly junctional naevi with architectural and cytological atypia. Only a small percentage of these will fulfil the criteria for dysplastic naevus if criteria are strictly applied. Therefore, there exists a group of otherwise ordinary acquired naevi with atypical junctional activity, mostly mild, whose biological significance is unclear. In older individuals, although junctional activity in otherwise benign naevi does occur, extra care should be exercised in order to prevent the diagnosis of melanoma in situ being overlooked.

Alterations in cadherin and catenin expression during the biological progression of melanocytic tumours.

AIMS: Compelling evidence from cell culture studies implicates cadherins in the neoplastic progression of melanocytic tumours but few reports describe the expression of cadherins and the related transmembrane proteins, catenins, in a full range of benign and malignant excised melanocytic tumours. METHODS: Using immunohistochemistry and western blotting after tissue fractionation, the pattern of expression of cadherins/catenins was studied in a range of surgically excised melanocytic tumours, from dysplastic naevi to stage III cutaneous metastatic malignant melanoma. RESULTS: Appropriate membranous expression of E-cadherins and P-cadherins is seen in dysplastic naevocytes with an epithelioid phenotype and is largely maintained with malignant transformation to radial growth phase melanoma and primary vertical growth phase malignant melanoma. Loss of membranous E-cadherin is seen in a small number of vertical growth phase melanomas only when metastasis has occurred. However, there is a concomitant dramatic loss of membranous P-cadherin expression in all melanomas at the same stage. A minority of metastatic melanomas show de novo membranous N-cadherin expression in comparison with dysplastic naevi and primary melanoma. Membranous expression of the desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein, was not seen in any tumour studied. Frequently, beta catenin is aberrantly produced in the cytoplasm of cells in dysplastic naevi and metastatic malignant melanoma, with an implied compromise to adhesive function. Furthermore, membranous gamma catenin expression was not seen in any of the 70 melanocytic tumours studied, implying obligatory transmembrane binding of cadherins to beta catenin for maintenance of adhesive function. CONCLUSIONS: The most important alterations in membranous cadherin and catenin expression are seen late in the biological progression of melanocytic tumours at the stage of "in transit" or regional lymph node metastasis, with implications for tumour growth, invasion, and dissemination.

Histopathological features of acral melanocytic nevi in children: study of 21 cases.

Benign melanocytic lesions in children may give cause for some concern histologically. This is because they represent a specific entity, or they reflect the state of evolution of the lesion or the anatomical location. This latter phenomenon has been poorly documented in children. In this study, we address the problem of atypical features frequently seen in benign nevi from acral sites in a group of patients aged 18 years or less. Twenty-one cases (12 female, 9 male) were identified from the Department of Pathology files during the years 1975-1988. All were Caucasian. Histological examination revealed that 6 cases were congenital and 15 were acquired; of these, 19 cases (90%) had a junctional component and all of these exhibited architecture atypia in the form of either lentiginous proliferation (84%) or confluence of junctional nests (84%). Forty-two percent (8/19) showed a mixture of both. Thirty-seven percent (7/19) exhibited transepidermal elimination of melanocytic nests, with 13/19 (68%) showing single cell infiltration of the epidermis. Atypical size, shape, and location of the junctional nests were present in 10/19 cases (53%). Within this group there appears to be no relationship between the age of the patient and the degree of architectural atypia. Mild cytological atypia was common. This report stresses the importance of anatomic subsite in the assessment of melanocytic lesions in children as well as in adults.

Effect of sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibition on sugar cataract formation in galactose-fed and diabetic rats.

Several recent studies with the sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors 4-[4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)-piperazino]-2-methylpyrimidine, SDH-1, and its active metabolite 4-[4-(N, N-dimethylsulfamoyl)piperazino]-2-hydroxymethylpyrimidine , SDH-2, suggest that inhibition of sorbitol dehydrogenase may be beneficial in delaying the onset of diabetic complications due to their ability to ameliorate redox changes associated with polyol metabolism. To compare the relative importance of sorbitol dehydrogenase versus aldose reductase inhibition on sugar cataract formation, cataract formation was monitored in 50% galactose-fed and diabetic rats treated with/without the sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors SDH-1 or SDH-2 or the aldose reductase inhibitors AL 1576 or Ponalrestat. For these studies, diabetes was induced in young 50 g rats with streptozotocin while galactosemia was produced by feeding a diet containing 50% galactose. Inhibitors were administered in the diet with the diet containing 0.06% (w/w) of the sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors or Ponalrestat, and 0.0125% (w/w) of AL 1576. Cataract formation was monitored by hand-held slit lamp and polyol levels were measured by gas chromatography. Sugar cataract formation was accelerated in diabetic rats treated with sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors while no difference in cataract formation was observed in galactose-fed rats treated with/without SDH inhibitors. Cataract formation was inhibited in both diabetic and galactosemic rats by either Ponalrestat or AL 1576. These results support the concept that sugar cataract formation is initiated by the aldose reductase catalysed intracellular accumulation of polyols and that these sugar cataracts can be prevented through inhibition of aldose reductase.

Comparison of immunohistochemical staining of the novel antibody melan-A with S100 protein and HMB-45 in malignant melanoma and melanoma variants.

AIMS: The staining pattern of the recently described antibody melan-A was compared with those of S100 protein and HMB-45 in a variety of melanocytic lesions to assess the specificity and sensitivity of these antibodies. METHODS AND RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections of a range of melanocytic lesions was carried out following a high temperature antigen retrieval technique. The pattern and intensity of staining was semiquantitatively scored. S100 remains the most sensitive marker of melanocytic differentiation being diffusely positive in all benign and all primary and secondary malignant lesions including naevoid melanomas, and in most desmoplastic/spindle cell melanomas. Of the two more specific melanocytic markers melan-A stains the majority of benign and malignant lesions diffusely but with occasional patchy positivity only in some secondary melanoma deposits and with little staining of desmoplastic/spindle cell melanomas. HMB-45 is the least sensitive of the three showing little positivity of benign mature naevus cells, only variable patchy positivity of primary and secondary melanoma cells and limited positivity in naevoid, desmoplastic and metastatic melanomas. CONCLUSIONS: Melan-A is a useful addition to antibody panels as it is apparently specific for melanocytic lesions and is more sensitive than HMB-45; however, it has less value than S100 in the detection of spindle cell and desmoplastic melanomas.

Malignant melanoma in stasis dermatitis.

Two cases of malignant melanoma arising in established stasis dermatitis are described. One case was clinically thought to be melanocytic whereas the other was not. Histologically, both showed similar features with background varicose change of epidermal atrophy, sloughing of the epidermis, intense proliferation of small thick walled blood vessels, lymphocytic infiltrate and dermal fibrosis. In the superficial aspects of the biopsies there was little clue to the diagnosis of melanoma. In the deeper aspects of case 1, groups of melanocytes were present in the reticular dermis which mimicked benign naevus cells. S-100 protein staining confirmed the melanocytic nature of these lesions, their extent and the epidermal involvement. The latter features supported a malignant diagnosis. These lesions can be overlooked clinically as well as histologically.