Corneal Nerve Assessment by Aesthesiometry: History, Advancements, and Future Directions.

The measurement of corneal sensation allows clinicians to assess the status of corneal innervation and serves as a crucial indicator of corneal disease and eye health. Many devices are available to assess corneal sensation, including the Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer, the Belmonte Aesthesiometer, the Swiss Liquid Jet Aesthesiometer, and the newly introduced Corneal Esthesiometer Brill. Increasing the clinical use of in vivo confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography will allow for greater insight into the diagnosis, classification, and monitoring of ocular surface diseases such as neurotrophic keratopathy; however, formal esthesiometric measurement remains necessary to assess the functional status of corneal nerves. These aesthesiometers vary widely in their mode of corneal stimulus generation and their relative accessibility, precision, and ease of clinical use. The development of future devices to optimize these characteristics, as well as further comparative studies between device types should enable more accurate and precise diagnosis and treatment of corneal innervation deficits. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the advancements in the use of aesthesiometers since their introduction to clinical practice, compare currently available devices for assessing corneal innervation and their relative limitations, and discuss how the assessment of corneal innervation is crucial to understanding and treating pathologies of the ocular surface.

Comparing reactivation and retreatment for three doses of bevacizumab in type 1 retinopathy of prematurity.

PURPOSE: To determine timing and rates of reactivation and retreatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after treatment with either 0.125 mg, 0.250 mg, or 0.500 mg of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). METHODS: Retrospective data, including demographic information, past medical history, and ROP characteristics were analyzed for babies with type 1 ROP treated with IVB at Riley Hospital for Children for the perioed 2014-2021. RESULTS: A total of 84 patients met inclusion criteria: 29 patients received 0.125 mg of IVB; 39, 0.250 mg; and 16, 0.500 mg. Of the 84, 67 (80%) had additional laser treatment because of late reactivation (n = 52) or persistent avascular retina (PAR) (n = 15). Subsequent laser treatment was more common with lower doses: 0.125 mg (n = 27 [93%]); 0.250 mg (n = 31 [80%]); 0.500 mg (n = 9 [57%]) (P = 0.012). There was no difference between groups with regard to reason for subsequent laser treatment (reactivation vs PAR). The 0.125 mg group required retreatment because of reactivation 3.8 weeks sooner than the other dosing groups (P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes comparing three doses of IVB for severe ROP showed a difference in the timing of secondary treatment, with the lower dosing group requiring laser for reactivation earlier.

Corneal Neurotization: Essentials for The Facial Paralysis Surgeon.

Deficits in corneal innervation lead to neurotrophic keratopathy (NK). NK is frequently associated with facial palsy, and corneal damage can be accelerated by facial palsy deficits. Corneal nerves are important regulators of limbal stem cells, which play a critical role in epithelial maintenance and healing. Nonsurgical treatments of NK have undergone recent innovation, and growth factors implicated in corneal epithelial renewal are a promising therapeutic avenue. However, surgical intervention with corneal neurotization (CN) remains the only definitive treatment of NK. CN involves the transfer of unaffected sensory donor nerve branches to the affected cornea, and a variety of donor nerves and approaches have been described. CN can be performed in a direct or indirect manner; employ the supraorbital, supratrochlear, infraorbital, or great auricular nerves; and utilize autograft, allograft, or nerve transfer alone. Unfortunately, comparative studies of these factors are limited due to the procedure's novelty and varied recovery timelines after CN. Regardless of the chosen approach, CN has been shown to be a safe and effective procedure to restore corneal sensation and improve visual acuity in patients with NK.

Bilateral Corneal Neurotization for Ramos-Arroyo Syndrome and Developmental Neurotrophic Keratopathy: Case Report and Literature Review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report the use of bilateral corneal neurotization for neurotrophic keratitis in the setting of Ramos-Arroyo syndrome. METHODS: The case report and surgical technique are described in detail in this article, as well as a review of the literature on corneal neurotization for congenital corneal anesthesia. RESULTS: We report a 17-year-old patient who underwent bilateral corneal neurotization for neurotrophic keratitis secondary to corneal anesthesia in Ramos-Arroyo syndrome. Corneal neurotization was performed with great auricular nerve transfers extended by sural nerve autografts. CONCLUSIONS: We present the treatment of neurotrophic keratopathy with corneal neurotization in a patient with Ramos-Arroyo syndrome. We describe how bilateral corneal neurotization using the great auricular nerve technique is a safe and effective procedure for patients with congenital/developmental corneal anesthesia.

Minimally-Invasive Corneal Neurotization (MICN): 10 Year Update in Technique and Lessons Learned Including Novel Donor Transfer of the Great Auricular Nerve.

VIDEO PLUS SUBMISSION SUMMARY: Corneal anesthesia, caused by lack of corneal innervation, is a rare but devastating condition that can lead to neurotrophic keratopathy 1, corneal ulceration, scarring, and blindness. Minimally-Invasive Corneal Neurotization (MICN) enables transfer of regional donor sensory nerves to the cornea to provide sensation and ocular protection. Here, we provide an update on technical advances and modifications that have arisen over ten years that have refined the surgery. We provide intraoperative step by step videos of corneal neurotization, noting its critical steps, pitfalls, and caveats. This video submission will focus on the novel technique of utilizing the greater auricular nerve with a sural nerve graft extension as the donor nerve for the procedure. The steps and considerations depicted will allow surgeons to carry out corneal neurotization efficiently, safely, and effectively.

Association Between Parental Leave and Ophthalmology Resident Physician Performance.

Importance: Although parental leave is essential in enhancing resident wellness and fostering inclusive workplace environments, residents may often feel discouraged from using parental leave owing to perceived stigma and concerns about possible negative effects on their training. Objective: To examine parental leave usage across multiple institutions and compare residency performance metrics between residents who took parental leave vs their peers who did not take leave. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis conducted from April 1, 2020, to July 28, 2022, of educational records. Multicenter data were obtained from 10 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited ophthalmology programs across the US. Included ophthalmology residents graduated between 2015 and 2019. Data were analyzed from August 15, 2021, to July 25, 2022. Exposures: Performance metrics of residents who used parental leave during residency were compared with those of residents who did not take parental leave. Main Outcomes and Measures: Measures of performance included the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) scores, ACGME milestones scores, board examination pass rates, research activity, and surgical volumes. Results: Of the 283 ophthalmology residents (149 male [52.7%]) included in the study, 44 (15.5%) took a median (IQR) parental leave of 4.5 (2-6) weeks. There were no differences in average OKAP percentiles, research activity, average ACGME milestones scores, or surgical volume between residents who took parental leave and those who did not. Residents who pursued fellowship were less likely to have taken parental leave (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27-0.68; P < .001), and residents who practiced in private settings after residency were more likely to have taken parental leave (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.79-7.08; P < .001). When stratified by sex, no differences were identified in performance between female residents who took parental leave compared with residents who did not take leave, except a mild surgical number difference in 1 subspecialty category of keratorefractive procedures (difference in median values, -2; 95% CI, -3.7 to -0.3; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance: In this multicenter cross-sectional study, no differences in performance metrics were identified between residents taking parental leave compared with their peers. These findings may provide reassurance to trainees and program directors regarding the unlikelihood, on average, that taking adequate parental leave will affect performance metrics adversely.

Low- and Very Low-Dose Bevacizumab for Retinopathy of Prematurity: Reactivations, Additional Treatments, and 12-Month Outcomes.

PURPOSE: Low-dose and very low-dose intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) have been reported to be successful in short-term treatment of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), down to an initial dose of 0.004 mg. We now report 12-month outcomes for these infants. DESIGN: Masked, multicenter, dose de-escalation study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty prematurely born infants with type 1 ROP. METHODS: A cohort of 120 infants with type 1 ROP in at least 1 eye from 2 sequential dose de-escalation studies of low-dose IVB (0.25 mg, 0.125 mg, 0.063 mg, and 0.031 mg) or very low-dose IVB (0.016 mg, 0.008 mg, 0.004 mg, and 0.002 mg) to the study eye; the fellow eye (if also type 1) received 1 dose level higher of IVB. After primary success or failure at 4 weeks, clinical management was at investigator discretion, including all additional treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reactivation of severe ROP by 6 months corrected age, additional treatments, retinal and other ocular structural outcomes, and refractive error at 12 months corrected age. RESULTS: Sixty-two of 113 study eyes (55%) and 55 of 98 fellow eyes (56%) received additional treatment. Of the study eyes, 31 (27%) received additional ROP treatment, and 31 (27%) received prophylactic laser therapy for persistent avascular retina. No trend toward a higher risk of additional ROP treatment related to initial IVB doses was found. However, time to reactivation among study eyes was shorter in eyes that received very low-dose IVB (mean, 76.4 days) than in those that received low-dose IVB (mean, 85.7 days). At 12 months, poor retinal outcomes and anterior segment abnormalities both were uncommon (3% and 5%, respectively), optic atrophy was noted in 10%, median refraction was mildly myopic (-0.31 diopter), and strabismus was present in 29% of infants. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal structural outcomes were very good after low- and very low-dose IVB as initial treatment for type 1 ROP, although many eyes received additional treatment. The rate of reactivation of severe ROP was not associated with dose; however, a post hoc data-driven analysis suggested that reactivation was sooner with very low doses.

Plasma Levels of Bevacizumab and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor After Low-Dose Bevacizumab Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity in Infants.

Importance: Intravitreal bevacizumab effectively treats severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), but it enters the bloodstream and may reduce serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), potentially causing detrimental effects on developing organs in the premature infant. Objective: To evaluate the association of intravitreal bevacizumab with plasma bevacizumab and VEGF concentrations at 2 and 4 weeks after predefined, de-escalating doses of intravitreal bevacizumab were administered to infants with severe ROP. Design, Setting, and Participants: This phase 1 dose de-escalation case series study was conducted at 10 US hospitals of ophthalmology institutions from May 21, 2015, to May 7, 2019. Blood samples were collected 2 and 4 weeks after intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Participants included 83 premature infants with type 1 ROP in 1 or both eyes and no previous ROP treatment. Data were analyzed from April 2017 to August 2021. Interventions: Study eyes received a single bevacizumab injection of 0.250 mg, 0.125 mg, 0.063 mg, 0.031 mg, 0.016 mg, 0.008 mg, 0.004 mg, or 0.002 mg. When the fellow eye required treatment, one dose higher was administered. Total dose administered at baseline was defined as the sum of doses given to each eye within 3 days of initial study-eye injection. Main Outcomes and Measures: Plasma bevacizumab concentration at 2 and 4 weeks after injection and the percentage change in plasma VEGF concentrations from pretreatment levels. Results: A total of 83 infants (mean [SD] age, 25 [2] weeks; 48 boys [58%]) were included in this study. Higher doses of bevacizumab administered at baseline were associated with higher plasma bevacizumab concentrations at 2 weeks (ρ, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31-0.70) and 4 weeks (ρ, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.18-0.64). Plasma VEGF concentrations decreased by 50% or more from pretreatment levels in 40 of 66 infants (61%) at 2 weeks and 31 of 61 infants (51%) at 4 weeks, but no association was observed between the total dose of bevacizumab administered at baseline and percentage change in plasma VEGF concentrations 2 weeks (ρ, -0.04; 95% CI, -0.28 to 0.20) or 4 weeks (ρ, -0.17; 95% CI, -0.41 to 0.08) after injection. Conclusions and Relevance: Results of this phase 1 dose de-escalation case series study revealed that bevacizumab doses as low as 0.002 mg were associated with reduced plasma VEGF levels for most infants at 2 and 4 weeks after intravitreal administration; however, no association was observed between total bevacizumab dose administered and reductions in plasma VEGF levels from preinjection to 2 weeks or 4 weeks. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of low-dose bevacizumab on neurodevelopment and retinal structure.

The Impact of Away Rotations on the Ophthalmology Residency Match.

Background The ophthalmology residency match is highly competitive, and fourth-year medical students frequently complete away rotations at other institutions hoping to increase their chances of matching. Objective The study aimed to determine the impact of away rotations on the ophthalmology residency selection process and to provide recommendations to faculty for counseling fourth-year medical students as they prepare for the ophthalmology match. Methods A survey was sent in June 2020 to program directors (PDs), medical student educators (MSEs), and residents at 119 accredited ophthalmology residency programs via the Association of University Professors of Ophthalmology e-mail listserv. The 43 PDs and 38 MSEs who responded were asked questions about their views regarding away rotations and visiting students during the residency selection process. The 83 resident respondents were asked about their interview and match success after completing away rotations. Categorical variables were analyzed by Chi-square test. Results The majority of PDs and MSEs typically recommend that fourth-year medical students complete away rotations ( p = 0.022 and p = 0.194, respectively). The majority believe that an away rotation will increase the chance of the applicant matching with the host institution ( p = 0.004 and p = 0.001, respectively). The vast majority of PDs were more likely to offer an interview to a visiting student compared with another equally qualified applicant ( p < 0.001). However, only one-third of PDs were typically more likely to rank an away rotator higher on their rank list ( p = 0.047). Two-thirds of residents completed at least one away rotation in medical school (mean = 1.7 rotations). The majority received interview invitations from at least some of their host institutions ( p < 0.001). Approximately one-fifth ultimately matched at a host residency program ( p < 0.001). Conclusion The majority of ophthalmology PDs and MSEs surveyed recommend that fourth-year medical students complete away rotations and believe that these rotations will increase the chance of the applicant matching at a host institution. The PDs are more likely to offer an interview to a visiting student compared with another equally qualified applicant. For some programs, visiting students may also receive special consideration by being ranked higher on a program's rank list and being more likely to match.

Ophthalmology in Critical Care.

Ophthalmic disease encountered in the intensive care unit (ICU) has a wide spectrum of prevalence and severity. Prolonged exposure of the cornea is common and preventable. Trauma, glaucoma, infection, vascular disease, and burns are among the potential causes of vision loss. Patients are predisposed to ocular complications by the ICU environment and critical illness itself. Critically ill patients require prioritization of life-sustaining interventions, and less emphasis is placed on ophthalmic disease, leading to missed opportunities for vision-saving intervention. It is therefore imperative for intensivists, nurses, and other providers to have an increased awareness and understanding of the broad range of ocular conditions potentially seen in the ICU.

Immediate Postoperative Alignment Measurements as a Predictor of Alignment Stability in Fixed Suture Strabismus Surgery.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of immediate postoperative alignment measurements as a predictor of future alignment stability in fixed suture strabismus surgery. METHODS: Forty-seven patients were prospectively evaluated after undergoing horizontal or vertical rectus muscle surgery using a fixed suture technique. Alignment measurements were taken approximately 1 hour, 1 to 3 weeks, and 2 to 3 months postoperatively. A Spearman correlation coefficient was used to compare measurements from the immediate postoperative period to the 2- to 3-month postoperative period. Patients with dissociated strabismus, only oblique muscle surgery, or poor vision in one or both eyes precluding precise alternate cover test were excluded. RESULTS: Mean age of all patients was 46.7 years (range: 12 to 86 years). Twenty-two patients underwent surgery for exotropia: 19 for esotropia and 6 for hypertropia. Mean alignment for all surgeries was 2 prism diopters (PD) undercorrection in the immediate postoperative period, which was similar to the mean of 4.6 PD undercorrection at 2 to 3 months postoperatively. However, the Spearman correlation between the immediate postoperative and 2- to 3-month postoperative measurements was 0.18 for all surgeries, 0.03 for exotropia, 0.56 for esotropia, and 0.40 for hypertropia. The overall success rate, defined as 8 PD or less of horizontal deviation and 4 PD or less of vertical deviation, was 77% at 2 to 3 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between immediate postoperative alignment and future alignment stability in fixed suture strabismus surgery has not been previously defined. The current study demonstrated that although the surgical success rate was reasonably good, poor correlation occurred between the alignment immediately postoperatively and 2 to 3 months postoperatively. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018;55(4):240-244.].

The lacrimal system.

The lacrimal system comprises of a series of anatomical structures with specific physiologic properties. Tearing from a nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) is the most common lacrimal system abnormality encountered by pediatric ophthalmologists. Most NLDOs spontaneously improve with conservative management by 12 months of age, but persistent or atypical cases may be treated with a procedure consisting of probing and irrigation of the lacrimal system. Other less common but significant lacrimal system abnormalities are also discussed.