RESUMO
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is involved in gastric smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation, and gastric secretions. It is also associated with appetite regulation, eliciting an anorexigenic response in mammals, birds, and fish; however, the molecular mechanism mediating this response is not well understood. The aim of the present study was thus to investigate hypothalamic mechanisms mediating VIP-induced satiety in 7-d old Japanese quail. In experiment 1, chicks that received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of VIP had reduced food intake for up to 180 min after injection and reduced water intake for 90 min. In experiment 2, VIP-treated chicks that were food restricted did not reduce water intake. In experiment 3, there was increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the arcuate (ARC) and dorsomedial (DMN) nuclei of the hypothalamus in VIP-injected quail. In experiment 4, ICV VIP was associated with decreased neuropeptide Y mRNA in the ARC and DMN and an increase in corticotropin releasing factor mRNA in the DMN. In experiment 5, VIP-treated chicks displayed fewer feed pecks and locomotor behaviors. These results demonstrate that central VIP causes anorexigenic effects that are likely associated with reductions in orexigenic tone involving the ARC and DMN.
Assuntos
Núcleo Arqueado do Hipotálamo/efeitos dos fármacos , Coturnix , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Dorsomedial/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/farmacologia , Animais , Núcleo Arqueado do Hipotálamo/fisiologia , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Hipotalâmico Dorsomedial/fisiologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ingestão de Líquidos/efeitos dos fármacos , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Peptídeo Intestinal Vasoativo/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Ozone transforms various organic compounds that absorb light within the UV and visible spectra. UV absorbance can therefore be used to detect the transformation of chemicals during ozonation. In wastewater, decolourisation can be observed after ozonation. This study investigates the correlation of the UV absorbance difference between the ozonation inlet and outlet and the removal efficiency of micropollutants in wastewater. The absorbance at 254 and 366 nm was measured at the ozonation inlet and outlet, as was the concentration of 24 representative micropollutants and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The results clearly showed that the relative decrease of absorbance (ΔAbs) is positively correlated with the relative removal efficiency of micropollutants. We therefore suggest that UV absorbance can be used as a feedback control parameter to achieve optimal ozone dosage in wastewater treatment plants and to gain a fast insight into the process efficiency and stability of the ozonation.
Assuntos
Ozônio/química , Raios Ultravioleta , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , Águas Residuárias/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Suíça , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
Reliable and efficient operation of membrane bioreactors (MBR) for centralized municipal wastewater treatment strongly depends on a good monitoring of the membrane permeability, a value often used to quantify the transmissibility (i.e. the inverse of the flow resistance) of the membrane. By directly or indirectly evaluating this parameter the operator normally plans on the necessity and effectivity of maintenance activities. To allow the operator monitoring the membrane performance closely, the present paper proposes a method for online permeability based on the measurements of permeate flow, transmembrane pressure and water temperature. The theoretical background of the method is discussed and a data set of 250 days of continuous pilot operation of a municipal MBR equipped with three different standard membrane modules is used for testing. The method is numerically simple enough to allow being implemented on any programmable logical controller.
Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Purificação da Água/métodos , Desenho de Equipamento , Resíduos Industriais , Membranas Artificiais , Modelos Estatísticos , Permeabilidade , Pressão , Eliminação de Resíduos/métodos , Análise de Regressão , Software , Fatores de Tempo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
This study is based on 25 well documented reports of cases which responded well to treatment with Petroleum. Materia medica data were compared with results in contemporary clinical practice. Many patients had characteristic skin problems; children often had recurrent or chronic upper respiratory tract problems. The most prominent mental feature is a quiet, withdrawn or stubborn disposition. The mental symptoms may be difficult to recognise. Detailed documentation in daily practice can be helpful for preserving data of the effect of a medicine; confirmation of statements given in materia medica; improving understanding of homeopathic medicines and differentiating the indications for medicines.
Assuntos
Eczema/terapia , Homeopatia/métodos , Otite Média/terapia , Petróleo , Infecções Respiratórias/terapia , Ansiedade/etiologia , Ansiedade/terapia , Criança , Eczema/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Otite Média/complicações , Projetos de Pesquisa , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
SETTING: The Sudan National Tuberculosis Programme serves internally displaced and settled populations in Khartoum, Sudan. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether treatment in the camps is satisfactory compared to the settled population and to World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and to map certain characteristics of the clinics that may explain differences in treatment outcome. DESIGN: A register analysis was done on sputum smear-positive and retreatment tuberculosis patients registered consecutively in the first and second quarters of 2000. The nine health facilities from which the patients were selected were investigated using a questionnaire. State tuberculosis officers were interviewed about regional treatment policies. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-five internally displaced and 154 settled patients from respectively five and four clinics were included. The cure and completion rates among new sputum smear-positive cases were significantly higher among displaced (65% and 9.3%) than among settled persons (43.5% and 21%). Displaced groups had better adherence to 5 and 8 month smear examinations, and the quantity of health education was higher in the camps than among the settled population. CONCLUSION: Tuberculosis treatment among the displaced population in Khartoum compares favourably with the neighbouring settled population, but both groups still face serious challenges to fulfil the WHO goals.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Refugiados , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Adulto , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Cooperação do Paciente , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Escarro/microbiologia , Sudão , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Disposal of sewage sludge is forbidden and agricultural use of stabilized sludge will be banned in 2005 in Switzerland. The sludge has to be dewatered, dried, incinerated and the ashes disposed in landfills. These processes are cost intensive and lead also to the loss of valuable phosphate resources incorporated in the sludge ash. The implementation of processes that could reduce excess sludge production and recycle phosphate is therefore recommended. Partial ozonation of the return sludge of an activated sludge system reduces significantly excess sludge production, improves settling properties of the sludge and reduces bulking and scumming. The solubilized COD will also improve denitrification if the treated sludge is recycled to the anoxic zone. But ozonation will partly inhibit and kill nitrifiers and might therefore lead to a decrease of the effective solid retention time of the nitrifier, which reduces the safety of the nitrification. This paper discusses the effect of ozonation on sludge reduction, the operation stability of nitrification, improvement of denitrification and gives also an energy and cost evaluation.
Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Nitritos/química , Ozônio/química , Esgotos/química , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Purificação da Água/métodos , Agricultura , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Controle de Custos , Fosfatos/química , Suíça , Fatores de Tempo , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/instrumentação , Purificação da Água/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
We revised seven alumina-blasted cementless hip prostheses (Ti-alloy stems, cp Ti threaded sockets) with low- or high-carbon Co-alloy bearings at a mean of 20.1 months after implantation because of pain and loosening. Histological examination of the retrieved periprosthetic tissues from two cases in which the implant was stable and three in which the socket was loose showed macrophages with basophilic granules containing metal and alumina wear particles and lymph-cell infiltrates. In one of the two cases of stem loosening the thickened neocapsule also contained definite lymphatic follicles and gross lymphocyte/plasma-cell infiltrates. Spectrometric determination of the concentration of elements in periprosthetic tissues from six cases was compared with that of joint capsules from five control patients undergoing primary hip surgery. In the revisions the mean concentration of implant-relevant elements was 693.85 microg/g dry tissue. In addition to Cr (15.2%), Co (4.3%), and Ti (10.3%), Al was predominant (68.1%) and all concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in the control tissues. The annual rates of linear wear were calculated for six implants. The mean value was 11.1 microm (heads 6.25 microm, inserts 4.82 microm). SEM/EDXA showed numerous fine scratches and deep furrows containing alumina particles in loosened sockets, and stems showed contamination with adhering or impacted alumina particles of between 2 and 50 microm in size.
Assuntos
Artroplastia de Quadril , Idoso , Ligas , Cobre , Feminino , Humanos , Cápsula Articular/patologia , Macrófagos/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Falha de Prótese , ReoperaçãoRESUMO
We compared wear particles from two different designs of total hip arthroplasty with polycrystalline alumina-ceramic bearings of different production periods (group 1, before ISO 6474: group 2, according to ISO 6474). The neocapsules and interfacial connective tissue membranes were retrieved after mean implantation times of 131 months and 38 months, respectively. Specimen blocks were freed from embedding media, either methylmethacrylate or paraffin and digested in concentrated nitric acid. Particles were then counted and their sizes and composition determined by SEM and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA). The mean numbers and sizes of most alumina wear particles did not differ for both production periods, but the larger sizes of particle in group 1 point to more severe surface destruction. The increased metal wear in group 2 was apparently due to alumina-induced abrasion of the stems. In this study the concentrations of particles in the periprosthetic tissues were 2 to 22 times lower than those observed previously with polyethylene and alumina/polyethylene wear couples.
Assuntos
Óxido de Alumínio/efeitos adversos , Artroplastia de Quadril/instrumentação , Cerâmica/efeitos adversos , Tecido Conjuntivo/patologia , Prótese de Quadril/efeitos adversos , Falha de Prótese , Adulto , Idoso , Biópsia , Microanálise por Sonda Eletrônica , Análise de Falha de Equipamento , Prótese de Quadril/provisão & distribuição , Humanos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tamanho da Partícula , Desenho de Prótese , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
ISSUE: Is a one stage procedures with open synovectomy and implantation of cemented knee endoprostheses in patients with empyemas of the knee and concomitant osteoarthritis suitable to reduce morbidity and increase early mobility? METHOD: Three female patients (age [symbol: see text] 88 yrs.) with acute empyema of arthritic knee joints (Pathogen: Staph. aureus) were treated with open synovectomies and implantations of cemented TKA's in a one stage procedure at mean 3 days (1-6) after admission. After 4.6 months (3-6) we carried out the last clinical and radiographic examination and after 15 months (11-21) a telephone questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean operation time was 2.4 hrs. (2-3), the perioperative blood loss at mean 1040 cc (800-1180 cc) and patients received 4 units blood (4-5). Parenteral antibiotics were administered for at mean 21 days (18-25 d). 33 days (27-39) after surgery the patients could be discharged, all of them ambulated with a walker, the operated joints had no signs of infection and blood parameters i.e. leucocyte count, crp and ESR dropped. At the time of the latest follow up examination there were neither clinical nor radiographic any signs that infections recurred. Two patients ambulated with crutches, one still with a walker. The HSS-Score increased from preop. 54 pts. up to 80 pts. at the follow up. CONCLUSION: Due to our results, a one stage procedure with open synovectomy and implantation of cemented total knee endoprostheses seems to be a considerable alternative for the treatment of geriatric patients suffering from knee empyema and severe osteoarthritis.
Assuntos
Artrite Infecciosa/cirurgia , Artroplastia do Joelho , Empiema/cirurgia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/cirurgia , Sinovectomia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cimentos Ósseos , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , RadiografiaRESUMO
This study compared migration in 73 cementless total hip arthroplasties (THAs) with either alumina ceramic (n = 23) or polyethylene (n = 50) inlays; prosthesis sockets and stems were identical except for the inlays. After 7 years of follow-up, 5 sockets (4 with ceramic and 1 with polyethylene inlays) had been revised an average of 63.3 months (range: 49-81 months) after implantation, and survival analysis showed a significantly higher revision rate for sockets with ceramic inlays (89 +/- 6%) versus polyethylene inlays (98.2 +/- 1.7%) (P = .032). Migration analysis of the first three postoperative years revealed significantly higher vertical migration in sockets with ceramic inlays (P = .047), in patients aged <60 years (P = .02), and in osteoporotic type C bone (A versus C, P = .0071 and B versus C, P = .0004).
Assuntos
Cerâmica , Migração de Corpo Estranho , Prótese de Quadril , Teste de Materiais , Polietileno , Seguimentos , Humanos , Desenho de Prótese , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
In 12 human cadaver tibiae, osteotomies were carried out at two levels (2 and 3 cm from the distal joint line) with three different wedges (5 degrees, 10 degrees, 15 degrees) to evaluate the influence of displacement of the osteotomy fragments on areas of cortical contact. In undisplaced osteotomies (medical cortical edges superposed) cortical contact areas formed 28% (level 2 cm) and 40.5% (level 3 cm) of the cortical circumference of the proximal fragments (NS). Wedge angles and levels of osteotomy displayed no statistical differences. In displaced osteotomies cortical contact decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Displacing the distal fragment laterally, medial cortical contact is lost, and weight-bearing leads to revarisation as cancellous bone sustains only 3 MPa, and the measured compressive stresses at the medial edge amounted to 6 MPa on average. Displacing the distal fragment medially leads to a decrease of total cortical contact, too, but at the medial edge of the osteotomy cortical contact areas are still present. As a result of the study, postoperative weight-bearing without additional plaster cast fixation is recommended only in cases with undisplaced fragments.
Assuntos
Osteotomia/métodos , Tíbia/cirurgia , Cadáver , HumanosRESUMO
41 draining sinuses after THR were treated by debridement without exchanging the implants. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained in 23 patients-the ilio tibial tract was found open in 19 cases (82%). The bacterial cultures were negative in 18 patients-the ilio tibial tract was found open in 7 cases (38%). Revisions took place 21 days (9-43) after primary implantation. At the time of the follow up (0 72 months postoperatively) 7 patients had been revised (8-97) because of recurrence of infection. The results of debridements of contaminated sinuses depend on the ilio tibial tract. Revisions were successful in three out of four paces with an intact, and only in eight out of nineteen cases with an open ilio tibial tract. Besides proper bacterial investigation preoperative sinograms give useful information about the prognosis of revision. In cases with positive bacterial cultures debridements should be done very early to eradicate infection without removing the implants.
Assuntos
Prótese de Quadril , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/cirurgia , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/cirurgia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Infecções Bacterianas/etiologia , Infecções Bacterianas/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Prognóstico , Falha de Prótese , Reoperação , Infecção da Ferida Cirúrgica/etiologiaRESUMO
The first 100 consecutive cemented Weller-type total hip arthroplasties carried out between 1976 and 1977 were reexamined. Clinical analysis of 43 implants with more than 10 years follow-up showed that results were excellent in 21 patients (49%), good in 13 (30%), fair in 7 (16%) and poor in 2 (5%). Radiographic analysis revealed 33 (87%) stable femoral and 31 (81%) stable acetabular components. Statistical survivorship analysis of all 100 implants produced a probability of reoperation of 6.2%, a probability of radiographic implant loosening of 28.2% and a probability of radiographic loosening with clinical symptoms of 7.6%. The definition of failure should be "radiographic loosening of the prosthesis with clinical symptoms" because this evaluation seems to have the best clinical relevance. Concerning the fact that the cement fixation was not performed to today's standard, the results after more than 10 years with this total hip system (Weller long stem) are sufficient.
Assuntos
Prótese de Quadril , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cimentos Ósseos , Feminino , Humanos , Artropatias/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Falha de Prótese , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) manifests as a predisposition to infection as a result of defective function of the NADPH oxidase of phagocytic cells. Proteins identified as part of this system include two subunits of a cytochrome b (cytochrome b-245) and two cytosolic factors. The affected oxidase component was determined in 63 CGD patients from 57 families, by Western blotting of extracts of their neutrophils with antibodies to those proteins. 38 (67%) of the families were X-linked with a defect of the beta subunit of the cytochrome. 13 (23%) lacked p47-phox, 3 (5%) p67-phox, and 3 (5%) the alpha subunit of the cytochrome.
Assuntos
Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/enzimologia , NADH NADPH Oxirredutases/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Western Blotting , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , NADPH OxidasesRESUMO
Thirty-three patients were operated for septic (n = 20) and aseptic (n = 13) loosening of their hip prostheses using Girdlestone's operation over 10 years. An average of 46.6 months later, 22 of these patients were given a follow-up examination. Clinical evaluation according to Harris showed an improvement in mean values from 25 to 53 points, which can be attributed mainly to a marked reduction in pain, as function remained poor and the patients still depended on walking aids. The infection ceased in 92% of the patients with septic prosthesis loosening.
Assuntos
Artroplastia/métodos , Prótese de Quadril , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Articulação do Quadril/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação do Quadril/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteíte/cirurgia , Falha de Prótese , Radiografia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular , ReoperaçãoRESUMO
The clinical, biochemical, and molecular analysis of a patient with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and McLeod phenotype and of his parents demonstrated the X-linked transmission of these three traits in this family and a deletion of the entire X-CGD gene of the patient DNA. All but one other DNA markers tested, including those in Xp21, were present. These findings strongly suggest that the McLeod locus and at least one XL RP gene are closely linked to the X-CGD locus in the Xp21 region of the human X chromosome.
Assuntos
Deleção Cromossômica , DNA/genética , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/genética , Retinose Pigmentar/genética , Cromossomo X , Pré-Escolar , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/complicações , Humanos , Cariotipagem , Masculino , Fenótipo , Retinose Pigmentar/complicações , Aberrações dos Cromossomos SexuaisRESUMO
The acetabular socket "Model Gersthof" is a spheric polyethylene component which can be anchored cement-free by means of three symmetrically arranged pegs at the outside. Between July 1979 and October 1986, 1316 implants of cement-free sockets were performed at our own department. The evaluation of the socket was based on the criterium of radiological instability (= aseptic loosening). After five years of observation, this design-oriented evaluation of success shows a survival of 92% +/- 2.9%.
Assuntos
Articulação do Quadril/cirurgia , Prótese de Quadril , Osteoartrite/cirurgia , Polietilenos , Acetábulo/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/patologia , Desenho de Prótese , Falha de Prótese , ReoperaçãoRESUMO
Follow-up examinations of 67 implants of cement-free ceramic sockets show the need for an exact definition of failure, to warrant comparable evaluations of results. Statistical survival analysis offers the possibility of presenting both the incidence of failures and the dates of their occurrence. If only revision surgery with removal of the socket is considered to be a failure, our material shows the "survival quota" of the ceramic socket after 8 years to be 96.7% +/- 2.2%. If radiological signs of loosening are included in the evaluation of failures, the "survival quota" of the stable implants is reduced to 81.9% +/- 6.9%.
Assuntos
Cerâmica , Prótese de Quadril/normas , Acetábulo , Humanos , Falha de PróteseRESUMO
Twenty-five patients suffering from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and their families were investigated. Defects in the superoxide generating system were characterized at the level of the heme-containing cytochrome b and of the FAD-containing flavoprotein, both localized in the plasma membrane of granulocytes. It was confirmed that in most of the typical cases (18 of 22), the complete inability of superoxide generation was associated with the absence of detectable cytochrome b. Mothers but not fathers of such male patients were characterized by a diminished content of cytochrome b, confirming that the affected gene is localized on the X chromosome. In contrast, the granulocytes of four other typical patients (two female and two male) contained normal amounts of cytochrome b, whereas oxidative activity was absent. Since no abnormality of oxidative activity as well as of cytochrome b was found in granulocytes of the mothers and fathers of these patients, an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of the disease is probable. The flavoprotein deficiency found in the granulocytes of four male patients was always associated with an absence of detectable cytochrome b. This could indicate a structural relationship between flavoprotein and cytochrome b (e.g., a flavocytochrome). Three further patients with mild X-linked CGD contrasted with the patients with severe or classic X-linked disease; the oxidative activity of their phagocytes was diminished but not absent, and the cytochrome b present, albeit in small amounts.
Assuntos
Grupo dos Citocromos b/sangue , Flavoproteínas/sangue , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/classificação , Adolescente , Pré-Escolar , Grupo dos Citocromos b/deficiência , Feminino , Flavina-Adenina Dinucleotídeo/sangue , Flavoproteínas/deficiência , Genes Recessivos , Ligação Genética , Granulócitos/metabolismo , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/sangue , Doença Granulomatosa Crônica/genética , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Nitroazul de Tetrazólio/metabolismo , Superóxidos/sangue , Cromossomo XRESUMO
Membrane and intracellular processing of the LFA-1 macromolecular complex, known to be involved in cytolytic function of T lymphocytes, was investigated in a child with recurrent bacterial infections, impaired natural killer activity, T cell-mediated lymphocytolysis and absent adhesion and migration of phagocytic cells. Monoclonal antibodies to the LFA-1 alpha and beta subunits, able to precipitate the LFA-1 alpha, 180-kDa chain, the p151 chain and beta 94-kDa chain (shared by both alpha chains), were used in immunoprecipitation studies of patient and control phytohemagglutinin-blasts. Neither of the alpha chains nor the beta chain were found in precipitates obtained from 125I-surface-labeled patient cells in contrast to controls. However, the precursor of the LFA-1 alpha chain, a 170-kDa polypeptide, was identified in lysates of biosynthetically labeled patients' cells. These results suggest that the defective membrane expression of the LFA-1 complex may be secondary to the absence of the mature beta chain.