Alloying effects on deformation induced microstructure evolution in copper.

In this work, we investigated the effects of alloying elements on plastic deformation and microstructure evolution in polycrystalline copper (Cu) and Cu alloyed with 1 wt. % lead (Cu-1 % Pb). These materials were selected due to the size mismatch between Cu and Pb, with the latter forming precipitates at grain boundaries. Multi-modal characterization techniques, including neutron diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with finite element simulations were employed to study the deformation behavior across multiple length scales. While both Cu and Cu-1 % Pb exhibited similar macroscale response and final deformation textures, both dislocation line profile analysis and TEM revealed increased dislocation density in deformed Cu-1 % Pb specimens. The presence of lead precipitates also significantly affected local plastic deformation during compression, with their influence diminishing with increasing strain. These results demonstrate the complex relationships between alloying elements, plastic deformation, microstructural evolution, and material behavior under load. The insights gained from this multi-scale and multi-technique approach contribute to the fundamental understanding of microstructural evolution in immiscible alloys and are valuable for tailoring the properties of structural materials for specific engineering applications.

Influence of anterior capsulorhexis shape, centration, size, and location on intraocular lens position: finite element model.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of anterior capsulorhexis shape, dimension, and eccentricity on intraocular lens (IOL) position. SETTING: Laboratory investigation. DESIGN: Computational model. METHODS: A finite element model of the human crystalline lens capsule and zonule was created and the anterior capsule opened to simulate centered and decentered circular and elliptic rhexis. The model calculated capsular bag stress, IOL rotation, tilt, decentration, and vaulting, related to both capsular landmarks (absolute) and a reference IOL position defined as that obtained with a 5.0 mm circular and centered rhexis. RESULTS: Mean von Mises stress along the IOL major z-axis was significantly higher than that along the perpendicular x-axis in all cases (P < .001), both at the equator and at the rhexis edge. Stress at the equator was always greater than that at the rhexis edge (P < .001) regardless of the rhexis shape and position. As rhexis eccentricity increased, the stress difference between the z- and x-axes increased. Absolute IOL tilt (range 10-1 to 10-7 degrees), decentration (10-3 to 10-7 mm), rotation (10-2 to 10-3 degrees), and vaulting (10-1 mm) were negligible from an optical standpoint, but all of them were significantly greater for decentered rhexis (both round and elliptic) compared with centered (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Anterior capsulorhexis irregularity and/or eccentricity increase IOL tilt, decentration, rotation, and vaulting in a numerically significant but optically negligible way. Von Mises stress is much greater at the capsular bag equator compared with the rhexis edge and highly asymmetrically distributed in all cases. Stress asymmetry may influence postoperative biologic processes of capsular bag shrinking and further IOL tilting or decentration.

Firecracker eye exposure: experimental study and simulation.

Understanding the mechanisms of traumatic ocular injury is helpful to make accurate diagnoses before the symptoms emerge and to develop specific eye protection. The comprehension of the dynamics of primary blast injury mechanisms is a challenging issue. The question is whether the pressure wave propagation and reflection alone could cause ocular damage. To date, there are dissenting opinions and no conclusive evidence thereupon. A previous numerical investigation of blast trauma highlighted the dynamic effect of pressure propagation and its amplification by the geometry of the bony orbit, inducing a resonance cavity effect and a standing wave hazardous for eye tissues. The objective of the current work is to find experimental evidence of the numerically identified phenomenon. Therefore, tests aimed at evaluating the response of porcine eyes to blast overpressure generated by firecrackers explosion were performed. The orbital cavity effect was considered mounting the enucleated eyes inside a dummy orbit. The experimental measurements obtained during the explosion tests presented in this paper corroborate the numerical evidence of a high-frequency pressure amplification, enhancing the loading on the ocular tissues, attributable to the orbital bony walls surrounding the eye.

Primary blast injury to the eye and orbit: finite element modeling.

PURPOSE: Primary blast injury (PBI) mostly affects air-filled organs, although it is sporadically reported in fluid-filled organs, including the eye. The purpose of the present paper is to explain orbit blast injury mechanisms through finite element modeling (FEM). METHODS: FEM meshes of the eye, orbit, and skull were generated. Pressure, strain, and strain rates were calculated at the cornea, vitreous base, equator, macula, and orbit apex for pressures known to cause tympanic rupture, lung damage, and 50% chance of mortality. RESULTS: Pressures within the orbit ranged between +0.25 and -1.4 MegaPascal (MPa) for tympanic rupture, +3 and -1 MPa for lung damage, and +20 and -6 MPa for 50% mortality. Higher trinitrotoluene (TNT) quantity and closer explosion caused significantly higher pressures, and the impact angle significantly influenced pressure at all locations. Pressure waves reflected and amplified to create steady waves resonating within the orbit. Strain reached 20% along multiple axes, and strain rates exceeded 30,000 s(-1) at all locations even for the smallest amount of TNT. CONCLUSIONS: The orbit's pyramidlike shape with bony walls and the mechanical impedance mismatch between fluidlike content and anterior air-tissue interface determine pressure wave reflection and amplification. The resulting steady wave resonates within the orbit and can explain both macular holes and optic nerve damage after ocular PBI.

The pathogenesis of retinal damage in blunt eye trauma: finite element modeling.

PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that blunt trauma shockwave propagation may cause macular and peripheral retinal lesions, regardless of the presence of vitreous. The study was prompted by the observation of macular hole after an inadvertent BB shot in a previously vitrectomized eye. METHODS: The computational model was generated from generic eye geometry. Numeric simulations were performed with explicit finite element code. Simple constitutive modeling for soft tissues was used, and model parameters were calibrated on available experimental data by means of a reverse-engineering approach. Pressure, strain, and strain rates were calculated in vitreous- and aqueous-filled eyes. The paired t-test was used for statistical analysis with a 0.05 significance level. RESULTS: Pressure at the retinal surface ranged between -1 and +1.8 MPa at the macula. Vitreous-filled eyes showed significantly lower pressures at the macula during the compression phase (P < 0.0001) and at the vitreous base during the rebound phase (P = 0.04). Multiaxial strain reached 20% and 25% at the macula and vitreous base, whereas the strain rate reached 40,000 and 50,000 seconds(-1), respectively. Both strain and strain rates at the macula, vitreous base, and equator reached lower values in the vitreous- compared with the aqueous-filled eyes (P < 0.001). Calculated pressures, strain, and strain rate levels were several orders of magnitude higher than the retina tensile strength and load-carrying capability reported in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: Vitreous traction may not be responsible for blunt trauma-associated retinal lesions and can actually damp shockwaves significantly. Negative pressures associated with multiaxial strain and high strain rates can tear and detach the retina. Differential retinal elasticity may explain the higher tendency toward tearing the macula and vitreous base.