[Breastfeeding assessment in children up to 2 years of age assisted in primary health care of Recife in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil]. / Avaliação do aleitamento materno em crianças até dois anos assistidas na atenção básica do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil.

The scope of this study was to evaluate exclusive and total breastfeeding in children up to 2 years of age treated in Basic Health Units (BHU) of Recife in the state of Pernambuco. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Basic Health Units of Mustardinha, Jardim Uchôa, Fernandes Figueira and Upinha Novo Prado. The study population consisted of children of 0 to 24 months of age. One hundred and forty-one children from 0 to 24 months of age were evaluated, of which 56.4% were female, 22% were ≤ 6 months old, 21.3% were between 7 and 12 months of age and 56.7% were between 13 and 24 months of age. Analysis of the prevalence of exclusive and total breastfeeding revealed an average of 60.84 and 182.52 days, respectively. Male children, the use of pacifiers and bottle-feeding was associated with shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration.

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e total em crianças até 2 anos de idade atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Recife-PE. Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Mustardinha, Jardim Uchôa, Fernandes Figueira e Upinha Novo Prado. A população foi composta por crianças de 0 a 24 meses de idade. Foram avaliadas 141 crianças, das quais 54,6% eram do sexo feminino, 22% tinham idade ≤ 6 meses, 21,3% entre 7 a 12 meses e 56,7% entre 13 e 24 meses. Ao analisar a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo e total, verificou-se a mediana de 60,84 e 182,52 dias, respectivamente. Crianças do sexo masculino, uso de chupeta e mamadeira foram associados ao menor tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo.

Avaliação do aleitamento materno em crianças até dois anos assistidas na atenção básica do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil / Breastfeeding assessment in children up to 2 years of age assisted in primary health care of Recife in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil

Resumo O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e total em crianças até 2 anos de idade atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Recife-PE. Estudo descritivo transversal, realizado nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Mustardinha, Jardim Uchôa, Fernandes Figueira e Upinha Novo Prado. A população foi composta por crianças de 0 a 24 meses de idade. Foram avaliadas 141 crianças, das quais 54,6% eram do sexo feminino, 22% tinham idade ≤ 6 meses, 21,3% entre 7 a 12 meses e 56,7% entre 13 e 24 meses. Ao analisar a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo e total, verificou-se a mediana de 60,84 e 182,52 dias, respectivamente. Crianças do sexo masculino, uso de chupeta e mamadeira foram associados ao menor tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo.

Abstract The scope of this study was to evaluate exclusive and total breastfeeding in children up to 2 years of age treated in Basic Health Units (BHU) of Recife in the state of Pernambuco. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Basic Health Units of Mustardinha, Jardim Uchôa, Fernandes Figueira and Upinha Novo Prado. The study population consisted of children of 0 to 24 months of age. One hundred and forty-one children from 0 to 24 months of age were evaluated, of which 56.4% were female, 22% were ≤ 6 months old, 21.3% were between 7 and 12 months of age and 56.7% were between 13 and 24 months of age. Analysis of the prevalence of exclusive and total breastfeeding revealed an average of 60.84 and 182.52 days, respectively. Male children, the use of pacifiers and bottle-feeding was associated with shorter exclusive breastfeeding duration.

Estado nutricional, hábitos alimentares e saúde bucal em um grupo de escolares / Nutritional condition, food habits and oral health in a group of school children

Objetivo: Investigar o estado nutricional, hábitos alimentares, experiência de cárie e práticas de higiene bucal em um grupo de escolares. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 171 crianças de 4 a 8 anos de idade, matriculadasem uma escola municipal do Recife/PE. Na avaliação antropométrica foi utilizado o registro do sexo, idade, peso e estatura, tendo como critério para o diagnóstico o Z-escore na classificação do índice de massa corporal/idade. Por meio de um questionário, foi veri-ficado a frequência de alguns alimentos e as práticas de higiene bucal. Os exames bucais foram realizados no ambiente escolar utilizando-se o índice ceo-d (OMS), como critério diagnóstico para a experiência de cárie. Os dados foram avaliados por meio de análise descritiva. Resultados:Das crianças avaliadas, 25% apresentaram excesso de peso e 3,5% baixo peso. Quanto ao consumo de alimentos, observou-se alta a frequência (3 a 6 vezes/dia) de: biscoito recheado (28,8%), refrigerantes (19,9%), balas/pirulito (27,8%) e de açúcar adicionado aos alimentos/bebidas (42,5%). A prevalência de cárie foi de 46,4%, com média de 1,47 dentes decíduos cariados e ceo-d médio de 1,8. A maioria das crianças realizava a escovação sem supervisão (60,3%), e 56,2% usavam escova e creme dental fluoretado. Do total de crianças, 39,2% nunca visitaram o dentista e 60,2% das crianças necessitavam de tratamento odontológico. Conclusão:O estado nutricional bem como a saúde bucal das crianças não apresentou resultados satisfatórios, estando em desacordo com as diretrizes e recomendações atuais da Organização Mundial de Saúde. (AU)

Objective: Investigate nutritional status, dietary habits, caries experience and oral hygiene practices in a group of school-children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 171 children aged four to eight years at a public school in the city of Recife, Brazil. The anthropometric evaluation involved recording sex, age, weight and height, using the z-score of body mass index/age as the criterion for the diagnosis. A questionnaire was used to collect information on the intake frequency of foods and beverages and oral hygiene practices. Oral examinations were performed in the school setting using the dmft index (World Health Organization) as the diagnostic criterion for caries experience. The data were evaluated using descriptive analysis. Results: Among the children evaluated, 25% were classified as overweight and 3.5% were classified as underweight. Regarding diet, high intake frequencies (three to six times a day) were found for cookies (28.8%), soft drinks (19.9%), candy/suckers (27.8%) and sugar added to foods/beverages (42.5%). The prevalence of caries was 46.4%, with a mean of 1.47 carious primary teeth and mean dmft index of 1.8. The majority of children performed tooth brushing with no supervision (60.3%) with a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste (56.2%); 39.2% had never been to a dentist and 60.2% were in need of dental treatment. Conclusion: Considering the current guidelines of the World Health Organization, the nutritional sta-tus and oral health of the children analyzed were not satisfactory. (AU)

Nutritional restriction of omega-3 fatty acids alters topographical fine tuning and leads to a delay in the critical period in the rodent visual system.

The development and maturation of sensory systems depends on the correct pattern of connections which occurs during a critical period when axonal elimination and synaptic plasticity are involved in the formation of topographical maps. Among the mechanisms involved in synaptic stabilization, essential fatty acids (EFAs), available only through diet, appear as precursors of signaling molecules involved in modulation of gene expression and neurotransmitter release. Omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are considered EFAs and are accumulated in the brain during fetal period and neonatal development. In this study, we demonstrated the effect of omega-3/DHA nutritional restriction in the long-term stabilization of connections in the visual system. Female rats were fed 5 weeks before mating with either a control (soy oil) or a restricted (coconut oil) diet. Litters were fed until postnatal day 13 (PND13), PND28 or PND42 with the same diets when they received an intraocular injection of HRP. Another group received a single retinal lesion at the temporal periphery at PND21. Omega-3 restriction induced an increase in the optical density in the superficial layers of the SC, as a result of axonal sprouting outside the main terminal zones. This effect was observed throughout the SGS, including the ventral and intermediate sub-layers at PND13 and also at PND28 and PND42. The quantification of optical densities strongly suggests a delay in axonal elimination in the omega3(-) groups. The supplementation with fish oil (DHA) was able to completely reverse the abnormal expansion of the retinocollicular projection. The same pattern of expanded terminal fields was also observed in the ipsilateral retinogeniculate pathway. The critical period window was studied in lesion experiments in either control or omega-3/DHA restricted groups. DHA restriction induced an increased sprouting of intact, ipsilateral axons at the deafferented region of the superior colliculus compared to the control group, revealing an abnormal extension of the critical period. Finally, in omega-3 restricted group we observed in the collicular visual layers normal levels of GAP-43 with decreased levels of its phosphorylated form, p-GAP-43, consistent with a reduction in synaptic stabilization. The data indicate, therefore, that chronic dietary restriction of omega-3 results in a reduction in DHA levels which delays axonal elimination and critical period closure, interfering with the maintenance of terminal fields in the visual system.

Essential fatty acid deficiency reduces cortical spreading depression propagation in rats: a two-generation study.

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) propagation was investigated in rats under dietary essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency over two generations (F1 and F2). Wistar rat dams received diets containing 5% fat either from coconut-oil (EFA-deficient) or soybean-oil (control). F1-pups received their dams' diets until the day of CSD recording (30-40 days or 90-100 days). F2-pups were kept on their F1 dams' diet until 30-40 days. Compared to the controls, the EFA-deficient group had reduced (P < 0.05) body weights in both F1 and F2 conditions. This effect was more conspicuous (P < 0.001) in the F2-animals where brain weight was also reduced (P < 0.05). All EFA-deficient groups displayed lower CSD velocities (P < 0.001) than the corresponding controls. Within the same dietary group and generation, F1 young rats showed higher CSD velocities (P < 0.001) than adults. Data show that EFA deficiency reduces CSD propagation, and this effect is long lasting as it persists up to the second generation.

NADPH-diaphorase histochemical labeling patterns in the hippocampal neuropil and visual cortical neurons in weaned rats reared during lactation on different litter sizes.

Tissue distribution of nitric oxide-synthases was investigated in the rat hippocampus and visual cortex under nutritional changes induced by modification of the litter size. Young (30-45-days-old) rats, suckled in litters formed by 3,6 or 12 pups (called small, medium and large litters, respectively), were studied by using nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry (shortly, diaphorase), a simple and robust procedure to characterize tissue distribution of nitric oxide-synthases. We assessed morphometric features of the diaphorase-positive cells in visual cortex, and the neuropil histochemical activity in hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus using densitometry analysis. In the large-litter group, the labeled-cell density in white matter of area 17 was higher, as compared to the small-litter group. There was a clear trend, in the large-litter group, to lower values of soma area, dendritic field and branches per neuron, but the differences were not significant. Densitometry analysis of hippocampus revealed a significant increase in the relative neuropil histochemical activity of the dentate gyrus molecular layer in the larger litters, which may be associated to increased compensatory blood flow in the hippocampus. The pathophysiological mechanisms of the observed changes remain to be investigated.