Surgical site infection in severe trauma patients in intensive care: epidemiology and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Severe trauma is the leading cause of disability and mortality in the patients under 35 years of age. Surgical site infections (SSI) represent a significant complication in this patient population. However, they are often inadequately investigated, potentially impacting the quality of patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of SSI and risk factors in severe trauma patients. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study screening the severe trauma patients (STP) admitted to two intensive care units of an academic institution in Marseille between years2018 and 2019. Those who underwent orthopedic or spinal surgery within 5 days after admission were included and classified into two groups according to the occurrence of SSI (defined by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) international diagnostic criteria) or not. Our secondary goal was to evaluate STP survival at 48 months, risk factors for SSI and microbiological features of SSI. RESULTS: Forty-seven (23%) out of 207 STP developed an SSI. Mortality at 48-months did not differ between SSI and non-SSI patients (12.7% vs. 10.0%; p = 0.59). The fractures of 22 (47%) severe trauma patients with SSI were classified as Cauchoix 3 grade and 18 (38%) SSI were associated with the need for external fixators. Thirty (64%) severe trauma patients with SSI had polymicrobial infection, including 34 (72%) due to Gram-positive cocci. Empirical antibiotic therapy was effective in 31 (66%) cases. Multivariate analysis revealed that risk factors such as low hemoglobin, arterial oxygenation levels, hyperlactatemia, high serum creatinine and glycemia, and Cauchoix 3 grade on the day of surgery were associated with SSI in severe trauma patients. The generated predictive model showed a good prognosis performance with an AUC of 0.80 [0.73-0.88] and a high NPV of 95.9 [88.6-98.5] %. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found a high rate of SSI in severe trauma patients, although SSI was not associated with 48-month mortality. Several modifiable risk factors for SSI may be effectively managed through enhanced perioperative monitoring and the implementation of a patient blood management strategy.

Comparison of scales for the evaluation of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) is a life-threatening event with major complications. Delayed cerebral infarct (DCI) occurs most frequently 7 days after aSAH and can last for a prolonged period. To determine the most predictive radiological scales in grading subarachnoid or ventricular haemorrhage or both for functional outcome at 3 months in a large aSAH population, we conducted a single-centre retrospective study. METHODS: A 3-year single-centre retrospective cohort study of 230 patients hospitalised for aSAH was analysed. Initial computed tomography (CT) scans in patients hospitalised for aSAH were blindly assessed using eight grading systems: the Fisher grade, modified Fisher grade, Barrow Neurological Institute scale, Hijdra scale, Intraventricular Haemorrhage (IVH) score, Graeb score and LeRoux score. RESULTS: Of 200 patients with aSAH who survived to day 7 and were included for DCI analysis, 39% of cases were complicated with DCI. The Hijdra scale was the best predictor for DCI, with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROCAUC) of 0.80 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.74-0.85). The IVH score was the most effective grading system for predicting acute hydrocephalus, with a ROCAUC of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.89). In multivariate analysis, the Hijdra scale was the best predictor of the occurrence of DCI (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.10-1.25). CONCLUSIONS: Although these results have yet to be prospectively confirmed, our findings suggest that the Hijdra scale may be a good predictor of DCI and could be useful in daily clinical practice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Better assessment of subarachnoid haemorrhage patients would allow for better prognostication and management of expectations, as well as referral for appropriate services and helping to appropriate use limited critical care resources. KEY POINTS: Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage is a life-threatening event that causes severe disability and leads to major complications such as delayed cerebral infarction. Accurate assessment of the amount of blood in the subarachnoid spaces on computed tomography with the Hijdra scale can better predict the risk of delayed cerebral infarct. The Hijdra scale could be a good triage tool for subarachnoid haemorrhage patients.

Health mediation does not reduce the readmission rate of frequent users of emergency departments living in precarious conditions: what lessons can be learned from this randomised controlled trial?

BACKGROUND: Severe overcrowding of emergency departments (EDs) affects the quality of healthcare. One factor of overcrowding is precariousness, but it has rarely been considered a key factor in designing interventions to improve ED care. Health mediation (HM) aims to facilitate access to rights, prevention, and care for the most vulnerable persons and to raise awareness among healthcare providers about obstacles in accessing healthcare. The primary aim was to determine whether HM intervention for frequent users of EDs (FUED) living in precarious conditions could reduce the readmission rate at 90 days. METHODS: Between February 2019 and May 2022, we enrolled and interviewed 726 FUED in four EDs of southeastern France in this randomised controlled trial. The HM intervention started in the ED and lasted 90 days. In addition to the primary endpoint (first readmission at 90 days), secondary endpoints (readmission at 30 and 180 days, number of hospitalisations at 30, 90, 180 days, admissions for the same reasons as the first admission) were also studied. The outcomes were measured in the ED information systems. Statistical methods included an intention-to-treat analysis and a per-protocol analysis. Comparisons were adjusted for gender, age, ED, and health mediator. RESULTS: 46% of patients reported attending the ED because they felt their life was in danger, and 42% had been referred to the ED by the emergency medical dispatch centre or their GP; 40% of patients were considered to be in a serious condition by ED physicians. The proportion of patients who were readmitted at 90 days was high but did not differ between the control and the HM intervention groups (31.7% vs. 36.3%, p = 0.23). There was no significant difference in any of the secondary outcome measures between the control and HM intervention groups. Per-protocol analysis also showed no significant difference for the primary and secondary endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: This randomised controlled trial did not show that our health mediation intervention was effective in reducing the use of emergency services by FUED living in precarious conditions. Some limitations are discussed: the duration of the intervention (90 days), the long-term effects (> 6 months), the involvement of the ED staff. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered on clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03660215 on 4th September 2018.

Could the motor unit number index be an early prognostic biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the associations between motor unit number index (MUNIX) and disease progression and prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in a large-scale longitudinal study. METHODS: MUNIX was performed at the patient's first visit, at 3, 6, and 12 months in 4 muscles. MUNIX data from the patients were compared with those from 38 age-matched healthy controls. Clinical data included the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R), the forced vital capacity (FVC), and the survival of the patients. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients were included at baseline, 62 were evaluated at three months, 48 at six months, and 33 at twelve months. MUNIX score was lower in ALS patients compared to controls. At baseline, MUNIX was correlated with ALSFRS-R and FVC. Motor unit size index (MUSIX) was correlated with patient survival. Longitudinal analyses showed that MUNIX decline was greater than ALSFRS-R decline at each evaluation. A baseline MUNIX score greater than 378 predicted survival over the 12-month period with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 56%. CONCLUSIONS: This longitudinal study suggests that MUNIX could be an early quantitative marker of disease progression and prognosis in ALS. SIGNIFICANCE: MUNIX might be considered as potential indicator for monitoring disease progression.

Prevalence and factors associated with high-risk gastric contents in women admitted to the maternity unit for childbirth: a prospective multicentre cohort study.

BACKGROUND: This multicentre prospective observational study sought to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with high-risk gastric contents in women admitted to the maternity unit for childbirth, and to identify the clinical situations in which ultrasound assessment of gastric contents would be most helpful (i.e. when the prevalence of high-risk gastric contents is close to 50%). METHODS: Ultrasound assessments of gastric contents were performed within the first hour after admission to the maternity unit. The prevalence of high-risk gastric contents was calculated and variables associated with high-risk gastric contents were identified using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1003 parturients were analysed. The prevalence of high-risk gastric contents was 70% (379/544; 95% confidence interval: 66-74%) in women admitted in spontaneous labour and 65% (646/1003; 95% confidence interval: 61-67%) in the whole cohort. Lower gestational age, increased fasting duration for solids, and elective Caesarean delivery were independently associated with reduced likelihood of high-risk gastric contents. In women admitted in spontaneous labour and in the whole cohort, the prevalence of high-risk gastric contents ranged from 85% to 86% for fasting duration for solids <6 h, 63%-68% for fasting 6-8 h, 54%-55% for fasting 8-12 h, and 47%-51% for fasting ≥12 h. CONCLUSIONS: Around two-thirds of parturients had high-risk gastric contents within the first hour after admission to the maternity unit. Our results suggest that gastric emptying for solids continues in labouring women, and that gastric ultrasound would be most helpful when fasting duration is ≥8 h.

Gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy versus botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of refractory gastroparesis: results of a double-blind randomized controlled study.

INTRODUCTION: Gastric peroral endoscopic myotomy (G-POEM) is a promising technique for treating refractory gastroparesis. We present the first double-blind randomized study comparing the clinical efficacy of G-POEM versus pyloric botulinum toxin injection (BTI). METHODS: This randomized study, conducted in two expert centers, enrolled patients with refractory gastroparesis, medically managed for >6 months and confirmed by gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES), into two groups, G-POEM versus BTI, with follow-up of 1 year. The primary end point was the 3-month clinical efficacy, defined as a >1-point decrease in the mean Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) score. Secondary end points were: 1-year efficacy, GES evolution, adverse events, and quality of life. RESULTS: 40 patients (22 women; mean age 48.1 [SD 17.4]), with mean symptom duration of 5.8 (SD 5.7) years, were randomized. Etiologies included idiopathic (n=18), diabetes (n=11), postoperative (n=6), and mixed (n=4). G-POEM showed a higher 3-month clinical success than BTI (65% vs. 40%, respectively; P=0.10), along with non-significantly higher 1-year clinical success (60% vs. 40%, respectively) on intention-to-treat analysis. The GCSI decreased in both groups at 3 months and 1 year. Only three minor adverse events occurred in the G-POEM group. The GES improvement rate was 72% in the G-POEM group versus 50% in the BTI group (non-significant). CONCLUSION: G-POEM seems to have a higher clinically relevant success rate than BTI, but this was not statistically demonstrated. This study confirms the interest in treatments targeting the pylorus, either mechanically or chemically, for managing refractory gastroparesis.

Cognitive Training for Visuospatial Processing in Children Aged 5½ to 6 Years Born Very Preterm With Working Memory Dysfunction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Compared with term-born peers, children born very preterm generally perform poorly in executive functions, particularly in working memory and inhibition. By taking advantage of neuroplasticity, computerized cognitive training of working memory in those children could improve visuospatial processing by boosting visual inhibition via working memory. Objective: To evaluate the long-term effect of cognitive working memory training on visuospatial processing in children aged 5½ to 6 years born very preterm who have working memory impairment. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter (18 French university hospitals), open-label randomized clinical trial with 2 parallel groups (EPIREMED) was conducted from November 2016 to April 2018, with the last follow-up during August 2019. Eligible children from the EPIPAGE 2 cohort were aged 5½ to 6 years, were born between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation, and had a global intelligence quotient greater than 70 and a working memory index less than 85. Data were analyzed from February to December 2020. Intervention: Children were randomized 1:1 to standard care management and a working memory cognitive training program (Cogmed software) for 8 weeks (25 sessions) (intervention) or to standard management (control). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the visuospatial index score from the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 4th Edition. Secondary outcomes were working memory, intellectual functioning, executive and attention processes, language skills, behavior, quality of life, and schooling. Neurobehavioral assessments were performed at inclusion and after finishing training at 6 months (intermeditate assessment; secondary outcomes) and at 16 months (final assessment; primary outcome). Results: There were 169 children randomized, with a mean (SD) age of 5 years 11 months (2 months); 91 (54%) were female. Of the participants, 84 were in the intervention group (57 of whom [68%] completed at least 15 cognitive training sessions) and 85 were in the control group. The posttraining visuospatial index score was not different between groups at a mean (SD) of 3.0 (1.8) months (difference, -0.6 points; 95% CI, -4.7 to 3.5 points) or 12.9 (2.6) months (difference, 0.1 points; 95% CI, -5.4 to 5.1 points). The working memory index score in the intervention group significantly improved from baseline at the intermediate time point (difference, 4.7 points; 95% CI, 1.2-8.1 points), but this improvement was not maintained at the final assessment. Conclusions and Relevance: This randomized clinical trial found no lasting effect of a cognitive training program on visuospatial processing in children aged 5½ to 6 years with working memory disorders who were born very preterm. The findings suggest that this training has limited long-term benefits for improving executive function. Transient benefits seemed to be associated with the developmental state of executive functions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02757794.

Determinants of adherence and consequences of the transition from adolescence to adulthood among young people with severe haemophilia (TRANSHEMO): A multicentric French national observational cross-sectional study based on the FranceCoag registry.

INTRODUCTION: It is necessary to gain insights into adherence to healthcare in people with severe haemophilia (PwSH), especially during the transition from paediatric to adult care, which is an important phase in lives of young people with childhood chronic disease. This adherence can be considered as a marker of successful transition. OBJECTIVES: The main objective of the quantitative phase of the TRANSHEMO project was to compare the adherence to healthcare between adolescents and young adults (YAs) with severe haemophilia. The secondary objective was to identify the determinants (facilitators and barriers) of this adherence and associations between these determinants. METHODS: A multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017-2019 on PwSH aged between 14 and 17 years (adolescents) or between 20 and 29 years (YAs), included in the FranceCoag registry and having completed the questionnaires. The adherence to healthcare (treatment regimens and clinical follow-up) was compared between adolescents and YAs using the chi-squared test. The determinants of this adherence were analysed by structural equation modelling. RESULTS: There were 277 participants, 107 adolescents, and 170 YAs. The rate of adolescents adhering to healthcare was 82.2%, while the rate of YAs was 61.2% (p < .001). The barriers to the adherence to healthcare were being YA, having repeated at least one school grade and presenting mental health concerns. CONCLUSION: Adolescents had better adherence to healthcare than YAs. According to the determinants enlightened in this project, targeted supportive strategies and adapted therapeutic education programs can be developed for young PwSH to facilitate their adherence to healthcare.

Impact of Graft Function on Health Status and Quality of Life in Very Long-Term Survivors Who Received an HSCT for Inborn Errors of Immunity, a Prospective Study of the CEREDIH.

The overall survival rate after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for inborn errors of immunity (IEI) has improved considerably, and its indications have broadened. As a consequence, addressing the issue of long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has become crucial. Our study focuses on the health and HRQoL of post-HSCT survivors. We conducted a multicenter prospective follow-up study enrolling IEI patients who underwent transplantation in childhood before 2009. Self-reported data from the French Childhood Immune Deficiency Long-term Cohort and the 36-item Short Form questionnaires were compiled. One hundred twelve survivors were included with a median duration period from HSCT of 15 years (range 5-37), of whom 55 underwent transplantation for a combined immunodeficiency. We show that in patients evaluated at least 5 years after HSCT, 55% are still affected by a poor or very poor health status. Poor and very poor health status correlated with an abnormal graft function, defined as host or mixed chimerism, abnormal CD3+ count, or diagnosis of chronic graft-versus-host disease (poor health: odds ratio [OR] = 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-5.9, P = .028; very poor health: OR = 3.6, 95% CI, 1.1-13, P = .049). Poor health was directly linked to a poorer HRQoL. Significant improvements in graft procedures have translated into better survival rates, but we show here that about half of the transplanted patients remain affected by an altered health status with a correlation to both abnormal graft function and impaired HRQoL. Additional studies are needed to confirm the impact of those improvements on long-term health status and HRQoL.

Changes in Body Temperature Patterns Are Predictive of Mortality in Septic Shock: An Observational Study.

Biological rhythms are important regulators of immune functions. In intensive care unit (ICU), sepsis is known to be associated with rhythm disruption. Our objectives were to determine factors associated with rhythm disruption of the body temperature and to assess the relationship between temperature and mortality in septic shock patients; In a cohort of septic shock, we recorded body temperature over a 24-h period on day 2 after ICU admission. For each patient, the temperature rhythmicity was assessed by defining period and amplitude, and the adjusted average (mesor) of the temperature by sinusoidal regression and cosinor analysis. Analyses were performed to assess factors associated with the three temperature parameters (period, amplitude, and mesor) and mortality. 162 septic shocks were enrolled. The multivariate analysis demonstrates that the period of temperature was associated with gender (women, coefficient -2.2 h, p = 0.031) and acetaminophen use (coefficient -4.3 h, p = 0.002). The mesor was associated with SOFA score (coefficient -0.05 °C per SOFA point, p = 0.046), procalcitonin (coefficient 0.001 °C per ng/mL, p = 0.005), and hydrocortisone use (coefficient -0.5 °C, p = 0.002). The amplitude was associated with the dialysis (coefficient -0.5 °C, p = 0.002). Mortality at day 28 was associated with lower mesor (adjusted hazard ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.90; p = 0.02), and higher amplitude (adjusted hazard ratio 5.48, 95% CI 1.66 to 18.12; p = 0.005) of temperature. Many factors, such as therapeutics, influence the body temperature during septic shock. Lower mesor and higher amplitude were associated with mortality and could be considered prognostic markers in ICU. In the age of artificial intelligence, the incorporation of such data in an automated scoring alert could compete with physicians to identify high-risk patients during septic shock.

Functional and oncological outcome of petroclival chondrosarcoma operated on through an extradural anterior petrosectomy approach. A single center experience.

BACKGROUND: Management of skull base chondrosarcoma (SBC) remains challenging due to its deep location and complex growth pattern. Non-total resection and postoperative residual mass are common features, with controversy regarding the need to offer systematic postoperative radiation therapy or additional surgery. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted on 10 consecutive patients harboring petroclival chondrosarcomas that were operated on between May 2007 and March 2019. After resection, the patients were allocated to a wait-and-rescan policy. RESULTS: Patients were operated on through an extradural anterior petrosectomy (EAP). Subtotal tumor resection was achieved in all patients. The mean duration of follow-up was 70 months (range 25-137/median 67 months). Clinical outcomes dramatically improved in three (30%) patients, while five patients retained preoperative cranial nerve (CN) disturbances after surgery (50%). Two patients reported transient postoperative worsening of their symptoms (20%). All of the postoperative CN new deficits improved within one year, except in one patient who showed permanent facial nerve palsy. The preoperative median Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score was 80 (range 70-100), and then it became 90 (range 70-100) postoperatively. Patients harboring a tumor residue were included in a wait-and-rescan policy. With this regimen, tumor control was obtained in seven patients (70% of cases until the last follow-up). Three patients (30%) showed progression of the residual; two of them were treated with adjuvant therapy, while an extra cranial growth residue was observed in the third. CONCLUSION: Optimal and reasonable surgical resection of petroclival chondrosarcomas could be achieved with good to excellent functional outcomes through an EAP. In spite of a significant percentage of regrowth, only one patient required additional salvage surgery.

Predictors of Relapses or Recurrences in Patients With Giant Cell Arteritis: A Medical Records Review Study.

OBJECTIVE: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common systemic vasculitis in individuals aged ≥50 years. Its course is marked by a high relapse rate requiring long-term glucocorticoid use with its inherent adverse effects. We aimed to identify factors associated with relapses or recurrences in GCA at diagnosis. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients with GCA diagnosed between 2009 and 2019 and followed for at least 12 months. We recorded their characteristics at onset and during follow-up. Factors associated with relapses or recurrences were identified using multivariable analysis. RESULTS: We included 153 patients, among whom 68% were female with a median age of 73 (47-98) years and a median follow-up of 32 (12-142) months. Seventy-four patients (48.4%) had at least 1 relapse or recurrence. Headache and polymyalgia rheumatica were the most frequent manifestations of relapses. The first relapse occurred at a median time of 13 months after the diagnosis, with a median dose of 5.5 (0-25) mg/d of glucocorticoids.In multivariable analysis, patients with relapses or recurrences had a higher frequency of cough and scalp tenderness at diagnosis (20.3% vs 5.1%; odds ratio [OR], 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-17.94; p = 0.022; and 41.9% vs 29.1%; OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.07-5.39; p = 0.034, respectively). Patients with diabetes mellitus at diagnosis had fewer relapses or recurrences during follow-up (5.4% vs 19%; OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07-0.83; p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: Cough and scalp tenderness at diagnosis were associated with relapses or recurrences, whereas patients with diabetes experienced fewer relapses or recurrences.

Association Between Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) carriage may impact the outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of MDRB-related infection and colonization on the day 60 mortality rate. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational study in a single university hospital ICU. From January 2017 to December 2018, we screened all patients admitted to the ICU for at least 48 h for MDRB carriage. The primary outcome was the mortality rate on day 60 after MDRB-related infection. The secondary outcome was the mortality rate on day 60 of non-infected but colonized patients with MDRB. We considered the effect of potential confounders, such as the occurrence of septic shock, inadequate antibiotic therapy, Charlson score, and life-sustaining limitation order. RESULTS: We included 719 patients during the aforementioned period; of this number, 281 (39%) had a microbiologically documented infection. MDRB was found in 40 (14%) patients. The crude mortality rate in the MDRB-related infection group was 35% vs. 32% in the non-MDRB-related infection group (p = 0.1). Logistic regression showed that MDRB-related infection was not associated with excess mortality, with an odds ratio of 0.52 and a 95% confidence interval from 0.17 to 1.39 (p = 0.2). Charlson score, septic shock, and life-sustaining limitation order were significantly associated with an increased mortality rate on day 60. No effect of MDRB colonization on mortality rate on day 60 was highlighted. CONCLUSION: MDRB-related infection or colonization was not associated with an increased mortality rate on day 60. Other confounders, such as comorbidities, may account for a higher mortality rate.

Ventilator Acquired Pneumonia in COVID-19 ICU Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study during Pandemia in France.

Describe the characteristics of ventilation-acquired pneumonia (VAP) and potential risk factors in critically ill SARS-CoV-2 patients admitted in three French public hospitals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a monocentric retrospective study in seven Marseille intensive care units (ICUs) aiming to describe VAP characteristics and identify their risk factors. VAP patients were compared to a non-VAP control group. From March to November 2020, 161 patients admitted for viral-induced acute respiratory failure (ARF) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) were included. This cohort was categorized in two groups according to the development or not of a VAP during their stay in ICU. 82 patients (51%) developed ventilation-acquired pneumonia. Most of them were men (77%) and 55% had hypertension. In the VAP population, 31 out of 82 patients (38%) had received dexamethasone and 47% were administered antibiotic course prior to ICU admission. An amount of 88% of respiratory infections were late VAPs with a median delay of 10 days from the onset of IMV. Gram negative bacteria were responsible for 62% of VAPs with Pseudomonas spp. being the most documented bacteria. Less than a third of the ICU-acquired infections were due to multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria mainly displaying AmpC cephalosporin hyper production resistance phenotype. Multivariate analysis revealed that early Dexamethasone administration in ICU, male sex, older age and ROX score were risk factors for VAP whereas pre-ICU antimicrobial treatment and higher IGS 2 were protective factors. VAP is a frequent ICU-related complication affecting half of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and requiring IMV. It was responsible for increased morbidity due to a longer ICU and hospital stay. VAP risk factors included demographic factors such as age and sex. Dexamethasone was associated with a threefold greater risk of developing VAP during ICU stay. These results need to be comforted by large multi-centric studies before questioning the only available and effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2 in ICU patients.

Pre-operative distraction using electric ride-on cars for children undergoing elective ambulatory surgery: A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pre-operative anxiety occurs in 18 to 60% of children undergoing surgery and results in poor outcomes. Nonpharmacological methods of distraction are effective in alleviating peri-operative anxiety. In our institution, ride-on electric cars (ride-on e-cars) are routinely used by children undergoing ambulatory surgery as a mean of nonpharmacological distraction. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of pre-operative distraction with ride-on e-cars on children's pre-operative anxiety when undergoing elective ambulatory surgery. DESIGN: This was a prospective, randomised, controlled, open-label study. SETTING: The study was carried out from September 2019 to September 2021 in the ambulatory paediatric surgery unit of our teaching hospital, in Marseille, France. PATIENTS: Children aged 2 to 10 years and weighing less than 35 kg undergoing elective ambulatory surgery were eligible. One hundred and fifteen children were included, 56 in the control group and 59 in the intervention group. INTERVENTION: Children in the control group were transported from the operating room (OR) waiting area to the OR using a trolley, while children in the intervention group used the ride-on e-cars, without pharmacological premedication or parental presence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was pre-operative anxiety at the end of the transport (prior going into the OR assessed by the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Score Short Form (mYPAS-SF). Secondary outcomes were the anxiety levels in children over time, as well as postoperative pain and agitation assessed with the Face Legs Activity Cry Consolability (FLACC) and Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scales, respectively. RESULTS: The mYPAS-SF anxiety scores did not differ between the control group and the intervention group (39 ±â€Š19 vs. 37 ±â€Š21, P  = 0.574). The secondary outcomes were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our randomised controlled trial showed that the use of ride-on e-cars did not alter pre-operative anxiety as compared with standard transport in children undergoing elective ambulatory surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03961581.

Incidence, Outcomes and Risk Factors of Recurrent Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.

Background: High incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) has been reported in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Among these patients, we aimed to assess the incidence, outcomes and risk factors of VAP recurrences. Methods: We conducted an observational retrospective study in three French intensive care units (ICUs). Patients admitted for a documented COVID-19 from March 2020 to May 2021 and requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) for ≥48 h were included. The study main outcome was the incidence of VAP recurrences. Secondary outcomes were the duration of MV, ICU and hospital length of stay and mortality according to VAP and recurrences. We also assessed the factors associated with VAP recurrences. Results: During the study period, 398 patients met the inclusion criteria. A total of 236 (59%) of them had at least one VAP episode during their ICU stay and 109 (46%) of these patients developed at least one recurrence. The incidence of VAP recurrence considering death and extubation as competing events was 29.6% (IC = [0.250−0.343]). Seventy-eight percent of recurrences were due to the same bacteria (relapses). Patients with a VAP recurrence had a longer duration of MV as compared with one VAP and no VAP patients (41 (25−56) vs. 16 (8−30) and 10 (5−18) days; p < 0.001) and a longer ICU length of stay (46 (29−66) vs. 22 (12−36) and 14 (9−25) days; p < 0.001). The 90-day mortality was higher in the recurrence group as compared with the no VAP group only (31.2 vs. 21.0% (p = 0.021)). In a multivariate analysis including bacterial co-infection at admission, the use of immunosuppressive therapies and the bacteria responsible for the first VAP episode, the duration of MV was the only factor independently associated with VAP recurrence. Conclusion: In COVID-19 associated respiratory failure, recurrences affected 46% of patients with a first episode of VAP. VAP recurrences were mainly relapses and were associated with a prolonged duration of MV and ICU length of stay but not with a higher mortality. MV duration was the only factor associated with recurrences.

Ultra-lung-protective ventilation and biotrauma in severe ARDS patients on veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Ultra-lung-protective ventilation may be useful during veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to minimize ventilator-induced lung injury and to facilitate lung recovery. The objective was to compare pulmonary and systemic biotrauma evaluated by numerous biomarkers of inflammation, epithelial, endothelial injuries, and lung repair according to two ventilator strategies on vv-ECMO. METHODS: This is a prospective randomized controlled study. Patients were randomized to receive during 48 h either ultra-lung-protective ventilation combining very low tidal volume (1-2 mL/kg of predicted body weight), low respiratory rate (5-10 cycles per minute), positive expiratory transpulmonary pressure, and 16 h of prone position or lung-protective-ventilation which followed the ECMO arm of the EOLIA trial (control group). RESULTS: The primary outcome was the alveolar concentrations of interleukin-1-beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, surfactant protein D, and blood concentrations of serum advanced glycation end products and angiopoietin-2 48 h after randomization. Enrollment was stopped for futility after the inclusion of 39 patients. Tidal volume, respiratory rate, minute ventilation, plateau pressure, and mechanical power were significantly lower in the ultra-lung-protective group. None of the concentrations of the pre-specified biomarkers differed between the two groups 48 h after randomization. However, a trend to higher 60-day mortality was observed in the ultra-lung-protective group compared to the control group (45 vs 17%, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a significant reduction in the mechanical power, ultra-lung-protective ventilation during 48 h did not reduce biotrauma in patients with vv-ECMO-supported ARDS. The impact of this ventilation strategy on clinical outcomes warrants further investigation. Trial registration Clinical trial registered with www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov ( NCT03918603 ). Registered 17 April 2019.