Incorporation of Three Extracyclic Arginine Residues into a Melanocortin Macrocyclic Agonist (c[Pro-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Dap-Lys(Arg-Arg-Arg-Ac)-DPro]) Decreases Food Intake When Administered Intrathecally or Subcutaneously Compared to a Macrocyclic Ligand Lacking Extracyclic Arginine Residues (c[Pro-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Dap-Ala-DPro)].

Of the three Food and Drug Administration-approved melanocortin peptide drugs, two possess a cyclic scaffold, demonstrating that cyclized melanocortin peptides have therapeutic relevance. An extracyclic Arg residue, critical for pharmacological activity in the approved melanocortin cyclic drug setmelanotide, has also been demonstrated to increase the signal when fluorescently labeled cell-penetrating cyclic peptides are incubated with HeLa cells, with the maximal signal observed with three extracyclic Arg amino acids. Herein, a branching Lys residue was substituted into two macrocyclic melanocortin peptide agonists to incorporate 0-3 extracyclic Arg amino acids. Incorporation of the Arg residues resulted in equipotent or increased agonist potency at the mouse melanocortin receptors in vitro, suggesting that these substitutions were tolerated in the macrocyclic scaffolds. Further in vivo evaluation of one parent ligand (c[Pro-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Dap-Ala-Pro]) and the three Arg derivative (c[Pro-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Dap-Lys(Ac-Arg-Arg-Arg)-Pro)] demonstrated that the three Arg derivative further decreased food intake compared to the parent macrocycle when the compounds were administered either via intrathecal injection or subcutaneous dosing. This suggests that three extracyclic Arg amino acids may be beneficial in the design of cyclic melanocortin ligands and that in vitro pharmacological profiling may not predict the in vivo efficacy of melanocortin ligands.

Discovery of Protease-Activated Receptor 4 (PAR4)-Tethered Ligand Antagonists Using Ultralarge Virtual Screening.

Here, we demonstrate a structure-based small molecule virtual screening and lead optimization pipeline using a homology model of a difficult-to-drug G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) target. Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is activated by thrombin cleavage, revealing a tethered ligand that activates the receptor, making PAR4 a challenging target. A virtual screen of a make-on-demand chemical library yielded a one-hit compound. From the single-hit compound, we developed a novel series of PAR4 antagonists. Subsequent lead optimization via simultaneous virtual library searches and structure-based rational design efforts led to potent antagonists of thrombin-induced activation. Interestingly, this series of antagonists was active against PAR4 activation by the native protease thrombin cleavage but not the synthetic PAR4 agonist peptide AYPGKF.

Discovery of a Pan-Melanocortin Receptor Antagonist [Ac-DPhe(pI)-Arg-Nal(2')-Orn-NH2] at the MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R that Mediates an Increased Feeding Response in Mice and a 40-Fold Selective MC1R Antagonist [Ac-DPhe(pI)-DArg-Nal(2')-Arg-NH2].

Discovery of pan-antagonist ligands for the melanocortin receptors will help identify the physiological activities controlled by these receptors. The previously reported MC3R/MC4R antagonist Ac-DPhe(pI)-Arg-Nal(2')-Arg-NH2 was identified herein, for the first time, to possess MC1R and MC5R antagonist activity. Further structure-activity relationship studies probing the second and fourth positions were performed toward the goal of identifying potent melanocortin antagonists. Of the 21 tetrapeptides synthesized, 13 possessed MC1R, MC3R, MC4R, and MC5R antagonist activity. Three tetrapeptides were more than 10-fold selective for the mMC1R, including 8 (LTT1-44, Ac-DPhe(pI)-DArg-Nal(2')-Arg-NH2) that possessed 80 nM mMC1R antagonist potency and was at least 40-fold selective over the mMC3R, mMC4R, and mMC5R. Nine tetrapeptides were selective for the mMC4R, including 14 [SSM1-8, Ac-DPhe(pI)-Arg-Nal(2')-Orn-NH2] with an mMC4R antagonist potency of 1.6 nM. This compound was administered IT into mice, resulting in a dose-dependent increase in the food intake and demonstrating the in vivo utility of this compound series.

Terahertz imaging for non-destructive porosity measurements of carbonate rocks.

Within the petrochemical industry, accurate measurement of microporosity and its distribution within core samples, particularly those from carbonate reservoirs, has garnered intense interest because studies have suggested that following primary and secondary depletion, a majority of the residual and bypassed oil may reside in these porosities. Ideally, the microporosity and its distribution would be determined accurately, quickly, and efficiently. Imaging techniques are commonly used to characterize the porosity and pores but accurate microporosity characterization can be challenging due to resolution and scale limitations. To this end, this study describes the development and verification of a novel method to characterize microporosity in carbonate rocks using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and exploiting the high signal absorption due to water at these high frequencies. This new method is able to measure microporosity and the results agree well with other bulk measurements and produce microporosity maps which is not possible with many bulk characterization or imaging methods. These microporosity maps show the spatial variation of micropores within a sample and offers insights into the heterogeneity of reservoir materials.

Chemoselective Bioconjugation of Amyloidogenic Protein Antigens to PEGylated Microspheres Enables Detection of α-Synuclein Autoantibodies in Human Plasma.

The misfolding and subsequent aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins is a classic pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Aggregates of the α-synuclein protein (αS) are implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis, and naturally occurring autoantibodies to these aggregates are proposed to be potential early-stage biomarkers to facilitate the diagnosis of PD. However, upon misfolding, αS forms a multitude of quaternary structures of varying functions that are unstable ex vivo. Thus, when used as a capture agent in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), significant variance among laboratories has prevented the development of these valuable diagnostic tests. We reasoned that those conflicting results arise due to the high nonspecific binding and amyloid nucleation that are typical of ELISA platforms. In this work, we describe a multiplexed, easy-to-operate immunoassay that is generally applicable to quantify the levels of amyloid proteins and their binding partners, named Oxaziridine-Assisted Solid-phase Immunosorbent (OASIS) assay. The assay is built on a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) scaffold that inhibits aggregate nucleation, which we show reduces assay variance when compared to similar ELISA measurements. To validate our OASIS assay in patient-derived samples, we measured the levels of naturally occurring antibodies against the αS monomer and oligomers in a cohort of donor plasma from patients diagnosed with PD. Using OASIS assays, we observed significantly higher titers of immunoglobulin G antibody recognizing αS oligomers in PD patients compared to those in healthy controls, while there was no significant difference in naturally occurring antibodies against the αS monomer. In addition to its development into a blood test to potentially predict or monitor PD, we anticipate that the OASIS assay will be of high utility for studies aimed at understanding protein misfolding, its pathology and symptomology in PD, and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Photocaged dicarbonyl probe provides spatiotemporal control over protein glycation.

Protein glycation is a disease associated, non-enzymatic, posttranslational modification generated by endogenous dicarbonyl metabolites. Currently, there is a lack of chemical tools capable of studying protein adducts caused by this class of reactive species. Here, we report a chemical biology platform, termed T-DiP (targetable-dicarbonyl precursor), that releases a physiologically relevant dose of bio-orthogonally functionalized dicarbonyl probe upon irradiation with 365 nm light. This approach enables protein glycation to be controlled with spatiotemporal precision within live cells and expands the chemical toolbox needed to elucidate the roles of glycated proteins across various pathologies.

Cellular senescence limits translational readthrough.

The origin and evolution of cancer cells is considered to be mainly fueled by DNA mutations. Although translation errors could also expand the cellular proteome, their role in cancer biology remains poorly understood. Tumor suppressors called caretakers block cancer initiation and progression by preventing DNA mutations and/or stimulating DNA repair. If translational errors contribute to tumorigenesis, then caretaker genes should prevent such errors in normal cells in response to oncogenic stimuli. Here, we show that the process of cellular senescence induced by oncogenes, tumor suppressors or chemotherapeutic drugs is associated with a reduction in translational readthrough (TR) measured using reporters containing termination codons withing the context of both normal translation termination or programmed TR. Senescence reduced both basal TR and TR stimulated by aminoglycosides. Mechanistically, the reduction of TR during senescence is controlled by the RB tumor suppressor pathway. Cells that escape from cellular senescence either induced by oncogenes or chemotherapy have an increased TR. Also, breast cancer cells that escape from therapy-induced senescence express high levels of AGO1x, a TR isoform of AGO1 linked to breast cancer progression. We propose that senescence and the RB pathway reduce TR limiting proteome diversity and the expression of TR proteins required for cancer cell proliferation.

A hydride transfer complex reprograms NAD metabolism and bypasses senescence.

Metabolic rewiring and redox balance play pivotal roles in cancer. Cellular senescence is a barrier for tumorigenesis circumvented in cancer cells by poorly understood mechanisms. We report a multi-enzymatic complex that reprograms NAD metabolism by transferring reducing equivalents from NADH to NADP+. This hydride transfer complex (HTC) is assembled by malate dehydrogenase 1, malic enzyme 1, and cytosolic pyruvate carboxylase. HTC is found in phase-separated bodies in the cytosol of cancer or hypoxic cells and can be assembled in vitro with recombinant proteins. HTC is repressed in senescent cells but induced by p53 inactivation. HTC enzymes are highly expressed in mouse and human prostate cancer models, and their inactivation triggers senescence. Exogenous expression of HTC is sufficient to bypass senescence, rescue cells from complex I inhibitors, and cooperate with oncogenic RAS to transform primary cells. Altogether, we provide evidence for a new multi-enzymatic complex that reprograms metabolism and overcomes cellular senescence.

Aß(M1-40) and Wild-Type Aß40 Self-Assemble into Oligomers with Distinct Quaternary Structures.

Amyloid-ß oligomers (AßOs) self-assemble into polymorphic species with diverse biological activities that are implicated causally to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Synaptotoxicity of AßO species is dependent on their quaternary structure, however, low-abundance and environmental sensitivity of AßOs in vivo have impeded a thorough assessment of structure-function relationships. We developed a simple biochemical assay to quantify the relative abundance and morphology of cross-linked AßOs. We compared oligomers derived from synthetic Aß40 (wild-type (WT) Aß40) and a recombinant source, called Aß(M1-40). Both peptides assemble into oligomers with common sizes and morphology, however, the predominant quaternary structures of Aß(M1-40) oligomeric states were more diverse in terms of dispersity and morphology. We identified self-assembly conditions that stabilize high-molecular weight oligomers of Aß(M1-40) with apparent molecular weights greater than 36 kDa. Given that mixtures of AßOs derived from both peptides have been shown to be potent neurotoxins that disrupt long-term potentiation, we anticipate that the diverse quaternary structures reported for Aß(M1-40) oligomers using the assays reported here will facilitate research efforts aimed at isolating and identifying common toxic species that contribute to synaptic dysfunction.