Children still experience pain during hospital stay: a cross-sectional study from four countries in Europe.

BACKGROUND: Little is known whether children experience pain during hospital stay from the child's own perspective or not. The existing studies tend to be based on a small number of children and therefore have limitations concerning the generalisability of the results. AIM: The aim of this study was to describe children's self-reported pain and experience concerning pain management during hospital stay. METHODS: This study has a quantitative cross-sectional design with descriptive statistics as data analysis. RESULTS: A total of 786 questionnaires, Pain in Children in Hospital, were distributed in four countries with the response rate of 75% which was almost equal between countries. Our result showed that 87% (503/579) children at hospital self-reported pain during the past 24 h. Nearly 63% of the children reported a pain score of > 5 the last 24 h. Most of children reported that they had received a question about pain from the hospital staff, and that the staff observed and assessed their pain. Totally 95% reported that they were satisfied with their pain relief during the last 24 h. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that when children were given the possibility to self-report pain, nearly 2/3 expressed that they had experienced pain during hospital stay. However, most of them reported satisfaction with pain management and their pain relief.

Estimating bacteria diversity in different organs of nine species of mosquito by next generation sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Symbiosis in insects is accumulating significant amount of studies: the description of a wide array of mutualistic associations across the evolutionary history of insects suggests that resident microbiota acts as a driving force by affecting several aspects of hosts biology. Among arthropods, mosquito midgut microbiota has been largely investigated, providing crucial insights on the role and implications of host-symbiont relationships. However, limited amount of studies addressed their efforts on the investigation of microbiota colonizing salivary glands and reproductive tracts, crucial organs for pathogen invasion and vertical transmission of symbiotic microorganisms. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based approach, we analysed the microbiota of gut, salivary glands and reproductive tracts of several mosquito species, representing some of the main vectors of diseases, aiming at describing the dynamics of bacterial communities within the individual. RESULTS: We identified a shared core microbiota between different mosquito species, although interesting inter- and intra-species differences were detected. Additionally, our results showed deep divergences between genera, underlining microbiota specificity and adaptation to their host. CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive landscape of the bacterial microbiota components may ultimately provide crucial insights and novel targets for possible application of symbionts in innovative strategies for the control of vector borne diseases, globally named Symbiotic Control (SC), and suggesting that the holobiont of different mosquito species may significantly vary. Moreover, mosquito species are characterized by distinctive microbiota in different organs, likely reflecting different functions and/or adaptation processes.

Quantitative and qualitative evaluation tool in planning stroke treatment strategies: the "Safe implementation of treatments in stroke Monitoring Study (SITS MOST)" registry.

A decade ago, stroke was the first leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Croatia. Nowadays, we record reduction in stroke incidence, as well as stroke consequences-invalidity and mortality. These are due to long-term planned actions in the field of public health as well as actions performed by professional organizations. Today, we can be satisfied with improvement in that field, but there are still things we can improve, at the first place improvement of the emergency medicine network due to Croatian-specific topographical characteristics to reduce onset-to-door time. In this paper, we evaluated results from 11 Croatian hospitals in the period 11/2005-11/2012. To find out about the past and present state in applying thrombolytic therapy in Croatia and to plan further actions in light of new studies and efforts in Europe and in the world, all with the aim of improvement in stroke prevention and acute treatment resulting in reduction of stroke morbidity, mortality and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage as well as better functional outcome. Our results have shown that we improved stroke treatment in the last decade, but further actions should be performed to raise public stroke awareness and to improve emergency medicine network as well as in hospital protocols.

Variation in JH synthesis rate in mature honeybees and its possible role in reprogramming of hypopharyngeal gland function.

Juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis was higher in followers than in dancers, which suggests that higher JH levels in followers might be an internal motivational stimulus to induce them to leave the hive to search for food. The positive correlation of in vitro JH synthesis rate and alpha-glucosidase activity in the hypopharyngeal gland suggests that JH is involved in the reprogramming of the hypopharyngeal gland from producing larval food (immature adults) to production of alpha-glucosidase in mature adults.

The preparation of n-octylaniline and its application in the extraction of noble metals.

n-Octylaniline was prepared by nitration of n-octylbenzene followed by reduction with tin and hydrochloric acid and also by the high-temperature reaction of aniline with 1-octanol in the presence of zinc chloride. Little difference was found in the efficiency of extraction of noble metals with the products prepared by the two methods. The first method gives better yields of n-octylaniline and the formation of emulsions in the extraction is not a serious problem provided that the reagent is distilled before use. The para-isomer of n-octylaniline shows a slightly greater tendency than the ortho-isomer to form emulsions in noble metal extractions.

Rapid spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with 2,2'-dipyridyl ketoxime.

A rapid spectrophotometric method for the determination of low levels of cobalt(III) with 2,2 -dipyridyl ketoxime is proposed. A 3:1 water-soluble complex which is easily extractable into chloroform and has an absorption maximum at 388 mmicro forms instantaneously. Beer's law is obeyed and the molar absorptivity is 19.5 x 10(3). An investigation of the interference of 60 cations and anions shows the method to be widely applicable; it is simple, convenient and reproducible.