Genetic disruption of WASHC4 drives endo-lysosomal dysfunction and cognitive-movement impairments in mice and humans.

Mutation of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein and SCAR homology (WASH) complex subunit, SWIP, is implicated in human intellectual disability, but the cellular etiology of this association is unknown. We identify the neuronal WASH complex proteome, revealing a network of endosomal proteins. To uncover how dysfunction of endosomal SWIP leads to disease, we generate a mouse model of the human WASHC4c.3056C>G mutation. Quantitative spatial proteomics analysis of SWIPP1019R mouse brain reveals that this mutation destabilizes the WASH complex and uncovers significant perturbations in both endosomal and lysosomal pathways. Cellular and histological analyses confirm that SWIPP1019R results in endo-lysosomal disruption and uncover indicators of neurodegeneration. We find that SWIPP1019R not only impacts cognition, but also causes significant progressive motor deficits in mice. A retrospective analysis of SWIPP1019R patients reveals similar movement deficits in humans. Combined, these findings support the model that WASH complex destabilization, resulting from SWIPP1019R, drives cognitive and motor impairments via endo-lysosomal dysfunction in the brain.

Cells in the brain need to regulate and transport the proteins and nutrients stored inside them. They do this by sorting and packaging the contents they want to move in compartments called endosomes, which then send these packages to other parts of the cell. If the components involved in endosome trafficking mutate, this can lead to 'traffic jams' where proteins pile up inside the cell and stop it from working normally. In 2011, researchers found that children who had a mutation in the gene for WASHC4 ­ a protein involved in endosome trafficking ­ had trouble learning. However, it remained unclear how this mutation affects the role of WASCH4 and impacts the behavior of brain cells. To answer this question, Courtland, Bradshaw et al. genetically engineered mice to carry an equivalent mutation to the one identified in humans. Experiments showed that the brain cells of the mutant mice had fewer WASHC4 proteins, and lower levels of other proteins involved in endosome trafficking. The mutant mice also had abnormally large endosomes in their brain cells and elevated levels of proteins that break down the cell's contents, resulting in a build-up of cellular debris. Together, these findings suggest that the mutation causes abnormal trafficking in brain cells. Next, Courtland, Bradshaw et al. compared the behavior of adult and young mice with and without the mutation. Mice carrying the mutation were found to have learning difficulties and showed abnormal movements which became more exaggerated as they aged, similar to people with Parkinson's disease. With this result, Courtland, Bradshaw et al. reviewed the medical records of the patients with the mutation and discovered that these children also had problems with their movement. These findings help explain what is happening inside brain cells when the gene for WASHC4 is mutated, and how disrupting endosome trafficking can lead to behavioral changes. Ultimately, understanding how learning and movement difficulties arise, on a molecular level, could lead to new therapeutic strategies to prevent, manage or treat them in the future.

Essential role for InSyn1 in dystroglycan complex integrity and cognitive behaviors in mice.

Human mutations in the dystroglycan complex (DGC) result in not only muscular dystrophy but also cognitive impairments. However, the molecular architecture critical for the synaptic organization of the DGC in neurons remains elusive. Here, we report Inhibitory Synaptic protein 1 (InSyn1) is a critical component of the DGC whose loss alters the composition of the GABAergic synapses, excitatory/inhibitory balance in vitro and in vivo, and cognitive behavior. Association of InSyn1 with DGC subunits is required for InSyn1 synaptic localization. InSyn1 null neurons also show a significant reduction in DGC and GABA receptor distribution as well as abnormal neuronal network activity. Moreover, InSyn1 null mice exhibit elevated neuronal firing patterns in the hippocampus and deficits in fear conditioning memory. Our results support the dysregulation of the DGC at inhibitory synapses and altered neuronal network activity and specific cognitive tasks via loss of a novel component, InSyn1.