Evaluation of phenotypical and genotypical methods for the identification and typing of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from a pharmaceutical facility.

AIMS: Evaluate methods for identification and typing of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from a pharmaceutical facility. METHODS AND RESULTS: From 270 S. maltophilia strains identified by VITEK®2, 40 were selected and submitted to MALDI TOF-MS, 16S and 23S rRNA gene analysis, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR), and an antimicrobial susceptibility profile. 16S rRNA sequencing was able to identify 39 (97.5%) strains as Stenotrophomonas spp. and one (2.5%) as Luteimonas huabeiensis. MALDI TOF-MS identified 37 (92.5%) strains as S. maltophilia, and three (7.5%) were not identified. PCR targeting 23S rRNA yielded a positive result for 39 (97.5%) strains. However, after sequencing, two strains were identified as Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, showing false-positive results. The confirmed S. maltophilia strains (n = 37) showed 35 distinct ERIC-PCR profiles and exhibited sensitivity to minocycline and levofloxacin, and six (16.3%) showed intermediate resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. CONCLUSION: Matrix-assisted laser desorption lonization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was a satisfactory methodology for the identification of S. maltophilia, but expansion of the database is necessary for the identification of other species. 16S rDNA sequencing showed low resolution for Stenotrophomonas species differentiation. PCR targeting 23S rRNA could not differentiate S. maltophilia from S. rhizophila. ERIC-PCR was shown to be a useful tool for the microbial source tracking of S. maltophilia.

Phenotypical and molecular characterization of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from a pharmaceutical facility.

Characterizing microorganisms according to different criteria is useful when investigating sources of microbiological contamination in the pharmaceutical industry. The aim of this study was to characterize 38 Acinetobacter baumannii complex strains isolated from a biopharmaceutical industry by 16S rRNA sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), antimicrobial susceptibility profile, biofilm formation, and sensibility to disinfectants. Thirty-three (86.9%) strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as A. seifertii/pitti/nosocomialis/lactucae, four (10.5%) as A. baumannii, and one (2.6%) as A. vivianii/courvalini. MALDI-TOF/MS did not identify one strain, and incorrectly identified 30/37 (81.1%) strains as A. baumannii. Strains were assigned to 12 different STs, of which nine were newly defined in this study (STs 2091-2099). Twenty-six (68.4%) strains showed resistance to amikacin and gentamicin. Thirty-three (86.8%) strains were classified as moderately or strongly adherent on polystyrene. Alcohol 70%/15 min and quaternary ammonium 0.08%/20 min were not able to eliminate the biofilm formed, but sodium hypochlorite 0.1%/15 min was efficient. In conclusion, improved methods are needed to improve the identification of Acinetobacter strains in pharmaceutical industries. This organism is of particular concern as it forms recalcitrant biofilms, leading to persistence in the manufacturing environment and increased risk of product contamination.

Evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS, sequencing of D2 LSU rRNA and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) for the identification of filamentous fungi isolated from a pharmaceutical facility.

The identification of filamentous fungi through culture characterization may be hampered by phenotypic variability. Information obtained from the identification of microorganisms are important for investigation of sources of contamination of a product or process. The aim of this study was to identify filamentous fungal strains (n = 50) isolated from a pharmaceutical facility by using Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), as well as D2 domain of the large-subunit (LSU) ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) sequencing. MALDI-TOF MS system only identified five strains at the species level, while 45 were not identified. The analysis through GenBank allowed the identification of up to 19 strains at the species level, while MycoBank allowed the identification of up to nine strains at the species level. The databases identified up to 11 genera: Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Coniochaeta, Curvularia, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Rhizopus and Microdochium. MALDI-TOF MS showed an insufficient database to identify the species of fungi. DNA sequencing was the best methodology to identify to the genus level but was unable to differentiate between closely related species. Therefore further methods for the identification of filamentous fungi from pharmaceutical areas at species level need to be developed.

Identification of Sutcliffiella horikoshii strains in an immunobiological pharmaceutical industry facility.

The pharmaceutical industry must comply with the requirements for good manufacturing practices to reduce inherent contamination risks in the production process. Bacillus and related genera are among the main bacterial isolated from clean areas, raw material, and products in the pharmaceutical industries, but the correct identification of these species is still a challenge. The aim of this study was to characterize by phenotyping, protein profiling, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing Sutcliffiellahorikoshii strains (n = 6) isolated from an immunobiological pharmaceutical facility, and to propose the reclassification of Bacillus tianshenii to the genus Sutcliffiella, and Sutcliffiella tianshenii sp. nov. The strains were characterized by VITEK®2, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) using VITEK®MS, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. MALDI-TOF/MS did not identify any strains that were identified by 16S rRNA as S. horikoshii. VITEK®2 showed false-positive results, with misidentification as B. sporothermodurans (reclassified as Heyndrickxia sporothermodurans) and Geobacillus thermoleovorans. After MALDI-TOF/MS database expansion, with the creation of SuperSpectrum, the strains were correctly identified as S. horikoshii. This study is the first report of isolation of S. horikoshii strains from a pharmaceutical industry. More studies are necessary to better understand the ability of S. horikoshii to contaminate the environment and products.