Letter to the editor: radiomics analysis for predicting pembrolizumab response in patients with advanced rare cancers.

A commentary on the original research article: 'Radiomics analysis for predicting pembrolizumab response in patients with advanced rare cancers'. Of note, the predictor selection process, the cross-validation method, along with the lack of final testing of the developed model with a separated data set may mask overfitting, overestimating performance metrics.

Cross-talk between SUMOylation and ISGylation in response to interferon.

Interferon (IFN) plays a central role in regulating host immune response to viral pathogens through the induction of IFN-Stimulated Genes (ISGs). IFN also enhances cellular SUMOylation and ISGylation, though the functional interplay between these modifications remains unclear. Here, we used a system-level approach to profile global changes in protein abundance in SUMO3-expressing cells stimulated by IFNα. These analyses revealed the stabilization of several ISG factors including SAMHD1, MxB, GBP1, GBP5, Tetherin/BST2 and members of IFITM, IFIT and IFI families. This process was correlated with enhanced IFNα-induced anti-HIV-1 and HSV-1 activities. Also IFNα upregulated protein ISGylation through increased abundance of E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2L6, and E3 ISG15 ligases TRIM25 and HERC5. Remarkably, TRIM25 depletion blocked SUMO3-dependent protein stabilization in response to IFNα. Our data identify a new mechanism by which SUMO3 regulates ISG product stability and reinforces the relevance of the SUMO pathway in controlling both the expression and functions of the restriction factors and IFN antiviral response.

Rhabdoviruses, Antiviral Defense, and SUMO Pathway.

Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) conjugation to proteins has essential roles in several processes including localization, stability, and function of several players implicated in intrinsic and innate immunity. In human, five paralogs of SUMO are known of which three are ubiquitously expressed (SUMO1, 2, and 3). Infection by rhabdoviruses triggers cellular responses through the activation of pattern recognition receptors, which leads to the production and secretion of interferon. This review will focus on the effects of the stable expression of the different SUMO paralogs or Ubc9 depletion on rhabdoviruses-induced interferon production and interferon signaling pathways as well as on the expression and functions of restriction factors conferring the resistance to rhabdoviruses.

MxA interacts with and is modified by the SUMOylation machinery.

Mx proteins are evolutionarily conserved dynamin-like large GTPases involved in viral resistance triggered by types I and III interferons. The human MxA is a cytoplasmic protein that confers resistance to a large number of viruses. The MxA protein is also known to self-assembly into high molecular weight homo-oligomers. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified 27 MxA binding partners, some of which are related to the SUMOylation machinery. The interaction of MxA with Small-Ubiquitin MOdifier 1 (SUMO1) and Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 9 (Ubc9) was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization by confocal microscopy. We identified one SUMO conjugation site at lysine 48 and two putative SUMO interacting motifs (SIMa and SIMb). We showed that MxA interacts with the EIL loop of SUMO1 in a SIM-independent manner via its CID-GED domain. The yeast two-hybrid mapping also revealed that Ubc9 binds to the MxA GTPase domain. Mutation in the putative SIMa and SIMb, which are located in the GTPase binding domain, reduced MxA antiviral activity. In addition, we showed that MxA can be conjugated to SUMO2 or SUMO3 at lysine 48 and that the SUMOylation-deficient mutant of MxA (MxAK48R) retained its capacity to oligomerize and to inhibit Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) and Influenza A Virus replication, suggesting that MxA SUMOylation is not essential for its antiviral activity.