Two new species of Anacanthorus (Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae) parasitizing serrasalmid fish in Brazil.

During studies on fish parasites, two new species of Anacanthorus were found parasitizing serrasalmid fishes, Anacanthorus simpliciphallus sp. n. from the hybrid Piaractus mesopotamicus x Piaractus brachypomus and Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. from Serrasalmus brandtii. Anacanthorus simpliciphallus sp. n. resembles Anacanthorus reginae in the morphology of the male copulatory organ (MCO) and accessory piece but differs from A. reginae in terms of the smaller size of the accessory piece, which corresponds approximately half the size of the MCO and by the presence of a conspicuous metraterm, with a membranous terminal region. Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. differs from Anacanthorus scapanus by the expansion of the accessory piece, from Anacanthorus jegui by the ratio MCO (male copulatory organ) /AP (accessory piece) and by the expansion of hook shank, from Anacanthorus sciponophallus and A. reginae by the ratio MCO/AP. Anacanthorus brandtii sp. n. can be distinguished from A. reginae and A. simpliciphallus sp.n. by the size of hooks which is similar in A. reginae and A. simpliciphallus sp. n. and dissimilar in A. brandtii sp. n. The two new species also differ from each other by the expansion of shank.

Nematodes of Astyanax fasciatus (Actinopterygii: Characidae) and their parasitic indices in the São Francisco river, Brazil / Nematoides de Astyanax fasciatus (Actinopterygii: Characidae) e seus índices parasitários do rio São Francisco, Brasil

Abstract The endoparasite fauna of Astyanax fasciatus from the upper São Francisco river was investigated and ecological parameters and morphological and morphometric data on the parasites are presented. A total of 74 specimens of banded astyanax were collected downstream from the Três Marias dam, municipality of Três Marias, Minas Gerais (18°12’32”S, 45°15’41”W) in January 2011 and January 2012. Eleven taxa of Nematoda were found: Contracaecum sp.; Hysterothylacium sp.; Goezia sp.; Brevimulticaecum sp.; Procamallanus sp.; Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) saofranciscencis; Cystidicoloides sp.; Spinitectus rodolphiheringi; Rhabdochona sp.; Spiroxys sp.; and Eustrongylides sp.. The fauna of A. fasciatus consisted of by larval specimens of Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Brevimulticaecum sp., Cystidicoloides sp., and Spiroxys sp., and by adult specimens of P. saofranciscencis, whose prevalence was greater than 10%. Thus, this fish acts as an intermediate host of some species of larval nematodes especially, Anisakidae and Acanthocheilidae (Brevimulticaecum sp., new host record and new locality). It participates in transmitting species such Rhabdochona sp. to carnivorous fish and also acts as a definitive host for P. saofranciscencis and S. rodolphiheringi in the upper São Francisco river.

Resumo A fauna endoparasitária de Astyanax fasciatus do alto rio São Francisco foi investigada e os parâmetros ecológicos e os dados morfométricos e morfológicos dos parasitos apresentados. Um total de 74 espécimes de lambaris foi coletado à jusante da barragem de Três Marias, município de Três Marias, Minas Gerais (18°12’32”S, 45°15’41”W), em janeiro de 2011 e de 2012. Onze táxons de Nematoda foram encontrados: Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Goezia sp., Brevimulticaecum sp., Procamallanus sp., Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) saofranciscencis, Cystidicoloides sp., Spinitectus rodolphiheringi, Rhabdochona sp., Spiroxys sp. e Eustrongylides sp.. A fauna de A. fasciatus foi caracterizada por espécimes larvais de Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Brevimulticaecum sp., Cystidicoloides sp., Spiroxys sp. e por espécimes adultos de P. saofranciscencis, cuja prevalência foi maior que 10%. Assim, o lambari atua como hospedeiro intermediário de algumas espécies de nematoides larvais, especialmente, Anisakidae e Acanthocheilidae (Brevimulticaecum sp., novos hospedeiro e localidade); participa na transmissão de espécies como Rhabdochona sp., para peixes carnívoros, e atua também como hospedeiro definitivo para P. saofranciscencis e S. rodolphiheringi no alto Rio São Francisco.

Nematodes of Astyanax fasciatus (Actinopterygii: Characidae) and their parasitic indices in the São Francisco river, Brazil.

The endoparasite fauna of Astyanax fasciatus from the upper São Francisco river was investigated and ecological parameters and morphological and morphometric data on the parasites are presented. A total of 74 specimens of banded astyanax were collected downstream from the Três Marias dam, municipality of Três Marias, Minas Gerais (18°12'32"S, 45°15'41"W) in January 2011 and January 2012. Eleven taxa of Nematoda were found: Contracaecum sp.; Hysterothylacium sp.; Goezia sp.; Brevimulticaecum sp.; Procamallanus sp.; Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) saofranciscencis; Cystidicoloides sp.; Spinitectus rodolphiheringi; Rhabdochona sp.; Spiroxys sp.; and Eustrongylides sp.. The fauna of A. fasciatus consisted of by larval specimens of Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Brevimulticaecum sp., Cystidicoloides sp., and Spiroxys sp., and by adult specimens of P. saofranciscencis, whose prevalence was greater than 10%. Thus, this fish acts as an intermediate host of some species of larval nematodes especially, Anisakidae and Acanthocheilidae (Brevimulticaecum sp., new host record and new locality). It participates in transmitting species such Rhabdochona sp. to carnivorous fish and also acts as a definitive host for P. saofranciscencis and S. rodolphiheringi in the upper São Francisco river.

Digenea of Hoplias intermedius and Hoplias malabaricus (Actinopterygii, Erythrinidae) from upper São Francisco River, Brazil.

A total of 103 specimens of Hoplias intermedius (Günther, 1864) and 86 specimens of H. malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) from the upper São Francisco River, State of Minas Gerais were collected between April 2011 and August 2013, and their parasitic fauna were investigated. Four species of Digenea were found: metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum sp., and Ithyoclinostomum sp.; and adult specimens of Phyllodistomum spatula Odhner, 1902, and Pseudosellacotyla lutzi (Freitas, 1941) Yamaguti, 1954. The prevalence of the metacercariae was higher than that of the adult digeneans of erythrinids from the upper São Francisco River as a result of piscivorous feeding habits of these adult erythrinids. The presence of metacercariae and adult digeneans indicate that they act as intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively, in their biological cycles. Hoplias intermedius is a new host for the four species of Digenea, and the São Francisco River basin is a new location for the known geographical distributions of P. spatula and P. lutzi.

Digenea of Hoplias intermedius and Hoplias malabaricus (Actinopterygii, Erythrinidae) from upper São Francisco River, Brazil / Digenea de Hoplias intermedius e Hoplias malabaricus (Actinopterygii, Erythrinidae) do alto rio São Francisco, Brasil

A total of 103 specimens of Hoplias intermedius (Günther, 1864) and 86 specimens of H. malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) from the upper São Francisco River, State of Minas Gerais were collected between April 2011 and August 2013, and their parasitic fauna were investigated. Four species of Digenea were found: metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum sp., and Ithyoclinostomum sp.; and adult specimens of Phyllodistomum spatula Odhner, 1902, and Pseudosellacotyla lutzi (Freitas, 1941) Yamaguti, 1954. The prevalence of the metacercariae was higher than that of the adult digeneans of erythrinids from the upper São Francisco River as a result of piscivorous feeding habits of these adult erythrinids. The presence of metacercariae and adult digeneans indicate that they act as intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively, in their biological cycles. Hoplias intermedius is a new host for the four species of Digenea, and the São Francisco River basin is a new location for the known geographical distributions of P. spatula and P. lutzi.

Um total de 103 espécimes de Hoplias intermedius (Günther, 1864) e 86 de H. malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), provenientes do alto Rio São Francisco, Estado de Minas Gerais, foram coletados entre abril de 2011 e agosto de 2013 e tiveram sua fauna parasitária investigada. Quatro espécies de digenéticos foram encontradas: metacercárias de Austrodiplostomum sp. e de Ithyoclinostomum sp.; e espécimes adultos de Phyllodistomum spatula Odhner, 1902 e de Pseudosellacotyla lutzi (Freitas, 1941) Yamaguti, 1954. A prevalência das metacercárias foi mais elevada do que as registradas para os digenéticos adultos dos eritrinídeos do alto Rio São Francisco, resultante da dieta preferencialmente piscívora desses peixes adultos. A presença de metacercárias e de espécimes adultos de digenéticos indicam que os peixes atuam como hospedeiros intermediários e definitivos, respectivamente, nos seus ciclos biológicos. Hoplias intermedius constitui novo hospedeiro para as quatro espécies de Digenea encontradas e a bacia do Rio São Francisco constitui uma nova localidade para a distribuição geográfica conhecida de P. spatula e de P. lutzi.

New species and reports of dactylogyrids (Monogenoidea) from Salminus franciscanus (Actinopterygii: Bryconidae) from the upper São Francisco River, Brazil.

Six species of dactylogyrid monogenoideans were collected at the upper São Francisco River, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from the gills of Salminus franciscanus. Anacanthorus adkruidenieri sp. n. and Anacanthorus paradouradensis sp. n. are described and compared with the other species of Anacanthorus. Anacanthorus adkruidenieri sp. n. is more similar to A. kruidenieri and A. parakruidenieri, but it can be distinguished from both by the rod-shaped accessory piece, which is articulated with the base of the male copulatory organ and is coiled around it, and by the shank of the hook, with expanded proximal bulbous portion bearing a central, elliptical foramen. Anacanthorus paradouradensis sp. n. resembles A. douradensis, but differs in the accessory piece, which is approximately half the length of the copulatory organ. Salminus franciscanus is a new host record and the São Francisco Basin is a new locality record for Anacanthorus daulometrus, Annulotrematoides glossophallus, Jainus iocensis and Tereancistrum arcuatus.

Parasite community of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in the Três Marias Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

A total of 112 specimens of yellow peacock bass, Cichla kelberi, were collected in the Três Marias Reservoir, upper São Francisco River, State of Minas Gerais, between 2004 and 2005. Twelve species of parasites were collected: two species of ectoparasites (the monogenetic Gussevia sp. and the copepod Ergasilus sp.); and ten species of endoparasites, including four species of adult endoparasites: the cestodes Proteocephalus macrophallus and P. microscopicus, and the nematodes: Capillostrongyloides sentinosa and Rhabdochona acuminata, and six species of larval endoparasites: the metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum and the nematodes: Hysterothylacium sp., Contracaecum sp. Type 1, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, Spiroxys sp., and Goezia sp.. A significant positive correlation in the abundance of the two adult endoparasites species, P. macrophallus and P. microscopicus, may indicate that such associated species had the same ecological requirements. The positive correlations between the prevalence of the larval endoparasites, Hysterothylacium sp. and A. compactum, may indicate that there was opportunism for the two generalists species. Ergasilus sp., C. sentinosa, R. acuminata and Hysterothylacium sp. were recorded for the first time in C. kelberi, and this increased their list of known hosts. In addition, both proteocephalid species and C. sentinosa can extend their known biogeographical distribution to the Três Marias Reservoir.

Helminth fauna parasitizing Pimelodus pohli (Actinopterygii: Pimelodidae) from the upper São Francisco River, Brazil.

The parasite fauna of catfish, Pimelodus pohli, from the São Francisco River Basin is presented. A total of 45 catfish from the upper São Francisco River (45°15'44″W 18°13'25″S), were examined from July 2009 to September 2011. Forty-three catfish (95.5%) were infected by at least one parasite species, with 885 parasite specimens being found, distributed across 17 species: Monogenea (Demidospermus uncusvalidus, Pavanelliella pavanellii, and Scleroductus sp.); Eucestoda (plerocercoids of Proteocephalidea); Digenea (metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum, adults of Auriculostoma platense and Kalipharynx sp., and juvenile of Prosthenhystera obesa); Nematoda (larvae of Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Procamallanus pimelodus, Procamallanus sp., and unidentified of Cucullanidae, and adults of Cucullanus caballeroi, Philometra sp., and Procamallanus freitasi); and Acanthocephala (adults of Neoechinorhynchus pimelodi). Procamallanus freitasi and Scleroductus sp. were the taxa with the highest prevalence. Demidospermus uncusvalidus, P. freitasi, and Scleroductus sp. were the dominant species. The host's sex did not influence parasitic indexes; however, the total length of the catfish did appear to have some influence. The parasites, with except for P. obesa, were registered for the first time in P. pohli, as well as the occurrence of Kalipharynx sp. and C. caballeroi among pimelodid hosts from São Francisco River and South America.

Parasite Community of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in the Três Marias Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Comunidade parasitária de Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) do Reservatório de Três Marias, Minas Gerais, Brasil

A total of 112 specimens of yellow peacock bass, Cichla kelberi, were collected in the Três Marias Reservoir, upper São Francisco River, State of Minas Gerais, between 2004 and 2005. Twelve species of parasites were collected: two species of ectoparasites (the monogenetic Gussevia sp. and the copepod Ergasilus sp.); and ten species of endoparasites, including four species of adult endoparasites: the cestodes Proteocephalus macrophallus and P. microscopicus, and the nematodes: Capillostrongyloides sentinosa and Rhabdochona acuminata, and six species of larval endoparasites: the metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum and the nematodes: Hysterothylacium sp., Contracaecum sp. Type 1, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, Spiroxys sp., and Goezia sp.. A significant positive correlation in the abundance of the two adult endoparasites species, P. macrophallus and P. microscopicus, may indicate that such associated species had the same ecological requirements. The positive correlations between the prevalence of the larval endoparasites, Hysterothylacium sp. and A. compactum, may indicate that there was opportunism for the two generalists species. Ergasilus sp., C. sentinosa, R. acuminata and Hysterothylacium sp. were recorded for the first time in C. kelberi, and this increased their list of known hosts. In addition, both proteocephalid species and C. sentinosa can extend their known biogeographical distribution to the Três Marias Reservoir.

Cento e doze espécimes de Cichla kelberi foram coletados no Reservatório de Três Marias, Alto São Francisco, Três Marias, MG, entre 2004 e 2005. Foram coletadas doze espécies de parasitos matazoários, sendo duas espécies de ectoparasitos: os monogenéticos Gussevia sp. e os copépodos Ergasilus sp.; e dez espécies de endoparasitos, sendo quatro espécies de endoparasitos adultos: os cestoides Proteocephalus macrophallus e P. microscopicus e os nematoides: Capillostrongyloides sentinosa e Rhabdochona acuminata, além de seis espécies de endoparasitos larvais: metacercárias de Austrodiplostomum compactum e os nematoides: Hysterothylacium sp., Contracaecum sp. Tipo 1, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus, Spiroxys sp. e Goezia sp.. As associações positivas significativas observadas para os endoparasitos adultos P. macrophallus e P. microscopicus com correlação positiva entre suas abundâncias podem indicar que essas espécies tenham os mesmos requerimentos ecológicos; e para as espécies de endoparasitos larvais Hysterothylacium sp. e A. compactum, com correlações positivas entre suas prevalências podem indicar que houve oportunismo para ambas as espécies. Ergasilus sp., C. sentinosa, R. acuminata e Hysterothylacium sp. são registrados pela primeira vez em C. kelberi, ampliando assim a listagem de hospedeiros. Portanto, o Reservatório de Três Marias constitui nova localidade para ambas as espécies de proteocefalídeos e para C. sentinosa, ampliando assim a distribuição geográfica.

Helminth fauna parasitizing Pimelodus pohli (Actinopterygii: Pimelodidae) from the upper São Francisco River, Brazil / Helmintofauna de Pimelodus pohli (Actinopterygii: Pimelodidae) do alto rio São Francisco, Brasil

The parasite fauna of catfish, Pimelodus pohli, from the São Francisco River Basin is presented. A total of 45 catfish from the upper São Francisco River (45°15′44″W 18°13′25″S), were examined from July 2009 to September 2011. Forty-three catfish (95.5%) were infected by at least one parasite species, with 885 parasite specimens being found, distributed across 17 species: Monogenea (Demidospermus uncusvalidus, Pavanelliella pavanellii, and Scleroductus sp.); Eucestoda (plerocercoids of Proteocephalidea); Digenea (metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum, adults of Auriculostoma platense and Kalipharynx sp., and juvenile of Prosthenhystera obesa); Nematoda (larvae of Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Procamallanus pimelodus, Procamallanus sp., and unidentified of Cucullanidae, and adults of Cucullanus caballeroi, Philometra sp., and Procamallanus freitasi); and Acanthocephala (adults of Neoechinorhynchus pimelodi). Procamallanus freitasi and Scleroductus sp. were the taxa with the highest prevalence. Demidospermus uncusvalidus, P. freitasi, and Scleroductus sp. were the dominant species. The host's sex did not influence parasitic indexes; however, the total length of the catfish did appear to have some influence. The parasites, with except for P. obesa, were registered for the first time in P. pohli, as well as the occurrence of Kalipharynx sp. and C. caballeroi among pimelodid hosts from São Francisco River and South America.

A fauna parasitária de mandis, Pimelodus pohli da bacia do rio São Francisco é apresentada. Um total de 45 mandis do alto rio São Francisco (45°15′44″W 18°13′25″S), foram examinados entre julho de 2009 e setembro de 2011. Quarenta e três mandis (95,5%) estavam infectados por pelo menos uma espécie de parasito tendo sido encontrados 885 parasitos de 17 espécies: Monogenea (Demidospermus uncusvalidus, Pavanelliella pavanellii, and Scleroductus sp.); Eucestoda (plerocercóides de Proteocephalidea); Digenea (metacercárias de Austrodiplostomum compactum, adultos de Auriculostoma platense e Kalipharynx sp. e juvenil de Prosthenhystera obesa); Nematoda (larvas de Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Procamallanus pimelodus, Procamallanus sp., larvas não identificadas de Cucullanidae e adultos de Cucullanus caballeroi, Philometra sp. e Procamallanus freitasi); e Acanthocephala (adultos de Neoechinorhynchus pimelodi). Procamallanus freitasi e Scleroductus sp. foram os táxons com prevalência mais elevada. Demidospermus uncusvalidus, P. freitasi e Scleroductus sp. foram as espécies dominantes. O sexo dos hospedeiros não influenciou os índices parasitários, mas houve alguma influência do comprimento total sobre eles. Os parasitos, com exceção de P. obesa, são registrados pela primeira vez em P. pohli, bem como a ocorrência de Kalipharynx sp. e C. caballeroi em hospedeiros pimelodídeos do rio São Francisco e da América do Sul.

A new species of Anacanthoroides and redescription of Apedunculata discoidea (Monogenoidea) parasitizing Prochilodus argenteus (Actinopterygii) from the São Francisco River, Brazil.

Anacanthoroides sanctifrancisci n. sp. from the gills of 'curimatã-pacú', Prochilodus argenteus from the São Francisco River, Brazil, is described and illustrated. Anacanthoroides, monotypic, is represented by Anacanthoroides mizellei. The new species can be distinguished from A. mizellei by the presence of a pair of muscular pseudosuckers in the anterior region of the body, an accessory piece not articulated to the male copulatory organ and the number of rings in the male copulaty complex. Apedunculata discoidea is redescribed and recorded in the gills of P. argenteus. The generic diagnosis of Apedunculata is amended. Both genera are recorded for the first time in the São Francisco River basin.