Dating Violence, Lifestyle and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Mexican Women University Students.

BACKGROUND: Dating violence is a prevalent issue among Mexican women, as is the incidence and prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The effects of dating violence can negatively impact lifestyle and, consequently, increase the risk of T2DM. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the influence of dating violence on lifestyle and the risk of T2DM in women university students from Mexico. METHODS: The study employed a cross-sectional and correlational design. The study population consisted of women university students. The sample size included 255 participants. Women aged 18 to 39 with current dating relationships and residency in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, were included. Data collection was conducted from February to May 2023. Correlations and multiple linear regression models were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 255 women participated, with an average age of 21.6 years (SD = 3.2), and 32.2% had a history of intrafamily violence during childhood. 58.8% of the participants exhibited some level of risk of T2DM, and 56.7% of the lifestyle was mostly categorized as poor/fair. Detachment was the most prevalent type of dating violence, followed by coercion. Dating violence was correlated with lifestyle (r = -.430) and the risk of T2DM (r = .321). In the multiple linear regression model, dating violence influenced the risk of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Women who reported higher levels of dating violence have a less healthy lifestyle and a greater risk of T2DM. It is important to consider dating violence to improve lifestyle and prevent T2DM in Mexican women university students.

Características del SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 y su diagnóstico en el laboratorio / Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and laboratory diagnosis

La enfermedad COVID­19 es causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, descrito por primera vez en diciembre del 2019 en Wuhan, China, y declarada en marzo del 2020 como una pandemia mundial. Actualmente existen diversos métodos diagnósticos para COVID-19, siendo el estándar de oro la detección del material genético mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), en su variante, la RT-PCR, que detecta el material genético de tipo ARN presente en el virus. Sin embargo, es necesario disponer de pruebas rápidas con alta sensibilidad y precisión para realizarlas a gran escala y brindar un diagnóstico oportuno. Adicionalmente, se debe disponer de otras herramientas que, si bien no van a establecer un diagnóstico, le van a permitir al profesional brindar un mejor manejo clínico y epidemiológico que ayuden a predecir el agravamiento del paciente y su posible ingreso a UCI, destacando entre estas los niveles de dímero D, linfocitos, ferritina, urea y creatinina, entre otras. En esta revisión se evalúa la utilidad y limitaciones de los diferentes métodos diagnósticos para COVID-19, al igual que las características, fisiopatología y respuesta inmune al SARS-CoV-2, así como algunos aspectos preanalíticos de importancia que ayudan a minimizar errores en el diagnóstico como consecuencia de procedimientos incorrectos en la toma, transporte y conservación de la muestra, y que permiten al profesional emitir resultados veraces y confiables. Lo anterior se realizó basado en artículos originales, revisiones y guías clínicas

COVID­19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first described in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Currently there are various diagnostic methods for COVID-19, the gold standard is the detection of genetic material through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in its variant, RT-PCR, which detects RNA-type genetic material present in the virus. However, it is necessary to have rapid tests with high sensitivity and precision to be performed on a large scale and provide timely diagnosis. Furthermore, other tools must be available, and although they will not establish the diagnosis, will allow the professional to provide better clinical and epidemiological management that will help predict the worsening of the patient and possible admission to the ICU. Among these, levels of D-dimer, lymphocytes, ferritin, urea and creatinine. In this review, the usefulness and limitations of the different diagnostic methods for COVID-19 are evaluated, as well as the characteristics, pathophysiology and immune response to SARS-CoV-2, and some important preanalytical aspects that allow minimizing diagnostic errors as a consequence of incorrect procedures in the collection, transport and conservation of the sample, that allow the professional to yield accurate and reliable results. This article was completed based on original articles, reviews and clinical guidelines

Applied science facilitates the large-scale expansion of protected areas in an Amazonian hot spot.

Meeting international commitments to protect 17% of terrestrial ecosystems worldwide will require >3 million square kilometers of new protected areas and strategies to create those areas in a way that respects local communities and land use. In 2000-2016, biological and social scientists worked to increase the protected proportion of Peru's largest department via 14 interdisciplinary inventories covering >9 million hectares of this megadiverse corner of the Amazon basin. In each landscape, the strategy was the same: convene diverse partners, identify biological and sociocultural assets, document residents' use of natural resources, and tailor the findings to the needs of decision-makers. Nine of the 14 landscapes have since been protected (5.7 million hectares of new protected areas), contributing to a quadrupling of conservation coverage in Loreto (from 6 to 23%). We outline the methods and enabling conditions most crucial for successfully applying similar campaigns elsewhere on Earth.

Veneno de escorpión: Una nueva promesa en el tratamiento del cáncer / Scorpion venom: new promise in the treatment of cancer

ABSTRACT Cancer is a public health problem due to its high worldwide morbimortality. Current treatment protocols do not guarantee complete remission, which has prompted to search for new and more effective antitumoral compounds. Several substances exhibiting cytostatic and cytotoxic effects over cancer cells might contribute to the treatment of this pathology. Some studies indicate the presence of such substances in scorpion venom. In this review, we report characteristics of the principal scorpion venom components found in recent literature and their potential activity against tumor cells. There are different toxin groups present in the venom, and it seems that their mode of actions involves ionic channel blocking, disruption of the cell membrane integrity and damage to internal cell organelles. These properties make good prospects for studies on drugs and adjuvants in cancer treatment.

RESUMEN El cáncer es un problema de salud pública debido a su alta morbimortalidad mundial. Los protocolos de tratamiento actuales no garantizan la remisión completa lo que ha llevado a buscar compuestos antitumorales más efectivos. Varias sustancias que exhiben efectos citostáticos y citotóxicos sobre células tumorales pueden contribuir al diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta patología. Algunos estudios indican la presencia de tales sustancias en el veneno de escorpión. En esta revisión, se dan a conocer las características de los principales componentes del veneno de escorpión encontrados en la literatura reciente y su actividad potencial contra las células tumorales. Existen diferentes grupos de toxinas presentes en el veneno y parece que su modo de acción implica el bloqueo del canal iónico, la alteración de la integridad de la membrana celular y el daño a los orgánulos celulares internos. Estas propiedades ofrecen buenas perspectivas para estudios sobre medicamentos y adyuvantes en el tratamiento del cáncer.

[Peritonitis treated by laparoscopy as an effective treatment]. / Peritonitis manejada por laparoscopia como método terapéutico eficaz.

Peritonitis is one of the main complications of abdominal emergencies. Laparoscopy serves both for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of the acute abdomen; in expert hands the morbimortality of this method is minimal. OBJECTIVE: The objective is to verify the efficacy of laparoscopy in patients with secondary peritonitis performing a single surgery without the need for reinterventions, ensuring the least damage of the abdominal wall, avoiding laparotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study included patients with final diagnosis of peritonitis and managed with laparoscopic technique, covering a period from May 2011 to July 2016, admitted to Clínica Nuestra Señora de Fátima, Pasto, Colombia. RESULTS: The sample was 67 patients. The results indicate an average age of 45 years, maximum age 94 and minimum 17 years, ± 20.6; female sex predominates in 55.2% (n = 37); being 73.1% (n = 49) of the urban area. The mean evolution time of the disease was 4 days. There were no cases of mortality in the study population. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic technique, thorough cleaning of the abdominal cavity, insertion of the mixed drainage and adequate antibiotic treatment, constitutes a safe technique in the patient since it prevents surgical reinterventions, risk of infections, absence of paralytic ileus and bleeding, thus avoiding laparostomy and the giant defect of the abdominal wall.

Peritonitis manejada por laparoscopia como método terapéutico eficaz / Peritonitis treated by laparoscopy as an effective treatment

La peritonitis es una de las principales complicaciones de las urgencias abdominales. La laparoscopia sirve tanto para el manejo diagnóstico y terapéutico del abdomen agudo; en manos expertas la morbimortalidad de este método es mínima. Objetivo: El objetivo es comprobar la eficacia de la laparoscopia en pacientes con peritonitis secundaria realizando una sola cirugía sin necesidad de reintervenciones, asegurando el menor daño de la pared abdominal, evitando la laparotomía. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, se incluyeron pacientes con diagnostico final de peritonitis y manejados con técnica laparoscópica, abarcando un periodo de mayo del 2011 a julio del 2016, ingresados a la Clínica Nuestra Señora de Fátima, Pasto, Colombia. Resultados: La muestra fueron 67 pacientes. Los resultados indican una edad promedio de 45 años, edad máxima 94 y mínima 17 años, ± de 20,6; predomina el sexo Femenino en un 55,2% (n=37); siendo el 73,1% (n=49) del área urbana. El tiempo de evolución promedio de la patología fue de 4 días. No hubo casos de mortalidad en la población objeto de estudio. Conclusión: La técnica laparoscópica, el lavado exhaustivo de la cavidad abdominal, la inserción del dren mixto y el tratamiento adecuado de antibiótico, se constituye en una técnica segura en el paciente ya que evito reintervenciones quirúrgicas, riesgo de infecciones, ausencia de íleo paralitico y sangrado, evitando así la laparostomía y el defecto gigante de la pared abdominal.

Peritonitis is one of the main complications of abdominal emergencies. Laparoscopy serves both for the diagnostic and therapeutic management of the acute abdomen; in expert hands the morbimortality of this method is minimal. Objective: The objective is to verify the efficacy of laparoscopy in patients with secondary peritonitis performing a single surgery without the need for reinterventions, ensuring the least damage of the abdominal wall, avoiding laparotomy. Material and methods: Retrospective study included patients with final diagnosis of peritonitis and managed with laparoscopic technique, covering a period from May 2011 to July 2016, admitted to Clínica Nuestra Señora de Fátima, Pasto, Colombia. Results: The sample was 67 patients. The results indicate an average age of 45 years, maximum age 94 and minimum 17 years, ± 20.6; female sex predominates in 55.2% (n = 37); being 73.1% (n = 49) of the urban area. The mean evolution time of the disease was 4 days. There were no cases of mortality in the study population. Conclusion: The laparoscopic technique, thorough cleaning of the abdominal cavity, insertion of the mixed drainage and adequate antibiotic treatment, constitutes a safe technique in the patient since it prevents surgical reinterventions, risk of infections, absence of paralytic ileus and bleeding, thus avoiding laparostomy and the giant defect of the abdominal wall.

Percepciones de un grupo de epidemiólogos en formación acerca de su propia vejez / Perceptions about their own old age from the perspective of a group of epidemiologists in training

RESUMEN Objetivo Explorar desde la mirada de un grupo de epidemiólogos en formación, las percepciones sobre su propia vejez. Material y Métodos Estudio exploratorio, cualitativo - descriptivo, en el cual se hizo aplicación de herramientas etnográficas: observación, diario de campo y entrevista grupal (GF). Resultados El grupo consensuo que programarse para llegar a una vejez funcional y digna es importante, a pesar de las desfavorables y adversas condiciones actuales, reconociendo que no todos lograrán llegar a ella, y que es menos común en los jóvenes pensar y planear su propia vejez, y menos trabajar con y para los viejos. Los significados sobre vejez más frecuentemente referidos por el grupo contienen la palabra "etapa", en cuyo concepto y cuidados se reflejan los altos estándares deseados a nivel individual. Se puso de manifiesto que los hogares para ancianos son necesarios, pero que los servicios prestados son diferenciados pues "la economía determina la atención para el anciano". Conclusión La reflexión acerca de la percepción de la propia vejez, para el grupo de epidemiólogos en formación, ayudó a visualizar sus inquietudes, miedos, expectativas y a reflexionar acerca de su responsabilidad y posibilidades en el aporte de evidencia científica que permita planear y tomar decisiones acertadas para un envejecimiento y vejez dignas de la población nariñense.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Exploring, from the perspective of a group of epidemiologists in training, the perceptions about their own old age. Material and Methods Exploratory, qualitative-descriptive study, in which ethnographic tools were applied: observation, field diary and group interview (GF). Resultados Explored from the perspective of a group of epidemiologists in training. The group agreed that to plan to reach a functional and decent old is important, despite the current unfavorable and adverse conditions, recognizing that not all will reach there, and it is less common for young people to think and plan their own old age, and even less work with and for the elderly. The meaning of aging most often mentioned by the group contain the word "phase", in which concept and care reflect the high standards desired individually. It became clear, that nursing homes for old age people are necessary, but the services provided are differentiated since "the economy determines the care for the elderly". Conclusion Reflecting on the perception of old age itself, for the group of epidemiologists in training, helped visualize their concerns, fears, expectations, and to reflect on their responsibilities and possibilities in providing scientific evidence to plan and make sound decisions for a dignified old age and aging of the population from Nariño.(AU)

[Perceptions about their own old age from the perspective of a group of epidemiologists in training]. / Percepciones de un grupo de epidemiólogos en formación acerca de su propia vejez.

OBJECTIVE: Exploring, from the perspective of a group of epidemiologists in training, the perceptions about their own old age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Exploratory, qualitative-descriptive study, in which ethnographic tools were applied: observation, field diary and group interview (GF). RESULTADOS: Explored from the perspective of a group of epidemiologists in training. The group agreed that to plan to reach a functional and decent old is important, despite the current unfavorable and adverse conditions, recognizing that not all will reach there, and it is less common for young people to think and plan their own old age, and even less work with and for the elderly. The meaning of aging most often mentioned by the group contain the word "phase", in which concept and care reflect the high standards desired individually. It became clear, that nursing homes for old age people are necessary, but the services provided are differentiated since "the economy determines the care for the elderly". CONCLUSION: Reflecting on the perception of old age itself, for the group of epidemiologists in training, helped visualize their concerns, fears, expectations, and to reflect on their responsibilities and possibilities in providing scientific evidence to plan and make sound decisions for a dignified old age and aging of the population from Nariño.

OBJETIVO: Explorar desde la mirada de un grupo de epidemiólogos en formación, las percepciones sobre su propia vejez. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio exploratorio, cualitativo - descriptivo, en el cual se hizo aplicación de herramientas etnográficas: observación, diario de campo y entrevista grupal (GF). RESULTADOS: El grupo consensuo que programarse para llegar a una vejez funcional y digna es importante, a pesar de las desfavorables y adversas condiciones actuales, reconociendo que no todos lograrán llegar a ella, y que es menos común en los jóvenes pensar y planear su propia vejez, y menos trabajar con y para los viejos. Los significados sobre vejez más frecuentemente referidos por el grupo contienen la palabra "etapa", en cuyo concepto y cuidados se reflejan los altos estándares deseados a nivel individual. Se puso de manifiesto que los hogares para ancianos son necesarios, pero que los servicios prestados son diferenciados pues "la economía determina la atención para el anciano". CONCLUSIÓN: La reflexión acerca de la percepción de la propia vejez, para el grupo de epidemiólogos en formación, ayudó a visualizar sus inquietudes, miedos, expectativas y a reflexionar acerca de su responsabilidad y posibilidades en el aporte de evidencia científica que permita planear y tomar decisiones acertadas para un envejecimiento y vejez dignas de la población nariñense.

Tendencias de investigación en salud: Análisis y reflexiones / Trends in Health Research: Analysis and Reflections / Tendências de pesquisa em saúde: Análise e reflexões

Objetivo: analizar el estado de la investigación en salud en Colombia, Ecuador y en Latinoamérica; sus implicaciones, la importancia de esta para tratar de impactar en políticas y estrategias de salud que mejoren el nivel de vida de las poblaciones y los asentamientos urbanos. Método: se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos latinoamericanas Scielo, Redalyc, Bireme y Pubmed en los últimos 8 años. Resultados: se evidencia la trascendencia de las universidades como instituciones, que tienen la obligación de influir en lo social, lo humano y lo cultural, y transformen en entornos ligados a programas sociales y de gobierno en pro de una comunidad. Igualmente, se hace un análisis de las políticas de investigación, de organismos rectores y sus implicaciones en las instituciones formadoras de recurso humano a nivel superior. Conclusiones: es necesario fortalecer la reflexión crítica en los espacios académicos comprometidos con la transformación de las condiciones colectivas de la comunidad en los procesos de salud, enfermedad, promoción, prevención y atención, que tocan los hilos de la conciencia, afirmando que el individuo y la colectividad son responsables de "cuidar su salud", mediante el abordaje transdisciplinario, teniendo en cuenta la normatividad ética que rige las investigaciones; fortaleciéndola mediante la consolidación de redes, divulgando los hallazgos.

Objective: Analyze the state of health research in Colombia, Ecuador and Latin America, its implications and the importance of health research in attempting to impact health policies and strategies that will improve the standard of living in urban communities. Method: The study involved a review of the literature contained in the Latin American databases SciELO, Redalyc, Medicine® and PubMed during the last eight years. Results: It provides evidence on the importance of universities as institutions that are obliged to influence social, human and cultural aspects and become environs linked to social and government program developed in the interest of a community. Research policies, governing bodies and their implications in institutions of higher learning are analyzed as well. Conclusions: It is necessary to strengthen critical thinking in academic circles that are committed to transforming the social conditions of the community in processes concerning health, disease, promotion, prevention and care. In doing to, it is important to affect awareness by affirming that both the individual and the community are responsible for their "health care," through a trans-disciplinary approach that takes into account the ethical standards governing research and strengthens it by consolidating networks and reporting research findings.

Objetivo: analisar o estado da pesquisa em saúde na Colômbia, Equador e na América Latina, suas implicações, a importância desta na tentativa de impactar políticas e estratégias de saúde que melhorem o nível de vida das populações e dos assentamentos urbanos. Método: realizou-se uma revisão da literatura nas bases de dados latino-americanas SciELO, Redalyc, Bireme e Pubmed nos últimos oito anos. Resultados: evidencia-se a transcendência das universidades como instituições que têm a obrigação de influenciar no âmbito social, humano e cultural, e de se transformar em ambientes ligados a programas sociais e de governo em prol de uma comunidade. Além disso, faz-se uma análise das políticas de pesquisa, de organismos diretivos e de suas implicações nas instituições formadoras de recurso humano em nível superior. Conclusões: é necessário fortalecer a reflexão crítica nos espaços acadêmicos comprometidos com a transformação das condições coletivas da comunidade nos processos de saúde, doença, promoção, prevenção e atendimento, afirmando que o indivíduo e a coletividade são responsáveis por "cuidar da sua saúde", mediante a abordagem transdisciplinar, que considera a normatividade ética que rege as pesquisas, fortalecendo-a por meio da consolidação de redes que divulgam as novas constatações.

Application of factorial designs to study factors involved in the determination of aldehydes present in beer by on-fiber derivatization in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.

With the aim of studying the factors involved in on-fiber derivatization of Strecker aldehydes, furfural, and (E)-2-nonenal with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine in beer, factorial designs were applied. The effect of the temperature, time, and NaCl addition on the analytes' derivatization/extraction efficiency was studied through a factorial 2(3) randomized-block design; all of the factors and their interactions were significant at the 95% confidence level for most of the analytes. The effect of temperature and its interactions separated the analytes in two groups. However, a single sampling condition was selected that optimized response for most aldehydes. The resulting method, combining on-fiber derivatization with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was validated. Limits of detections were between 0.015 and 1.60 µg/L, and relative standard deviations were between 1.1 and 12.2%. The efficacy of the internal standardization method was confirmed by recovery percentage (73-117%). The method was applied to the determination of aldehydes in fresh beer and after storage at 28 °C.

Tendencias de investigación en salud: Universidad Mariana / Tendencies in health research: Universidad Mariana / Tendencias de pesquisa em saúde: Universidade Mariana

Objetivo: analizar las tendencias de la actividad de investigación en los Programas de Salud de los programas de postgrado y pregrado en la Universidad Mariana de Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Metodología: las investigaciones fueron tomadas de la biblioteca “Elizabeth Guerrero” desde el año 2004 hasta 2007. Mediante análisis de contenido, los datos fueron recolectados para cada investigación teniendo en cuenta las siguientes variables: identificación del proyecto, problema que se va a investigar, teorías y modelos teóricos, metodología e innovación. Resultados: el 39,4% de los proyectos están enfocados hacia la sublínea estilo de vida saludable. Los paradigmas más frecuentemente utilizados en los programas de los postgrados en salud y el programa de enfermería fueron de tipo cuantitativo en 76 trabajos de investigación (69,7%), es importante señalar que 14 reportes (12,8%) tuvieron los dos paradigmas simultáneamente. Sólo el 32,1% del total de las investigaciones utiliza el formulario de consentimiento, y no hubo aprobaciones por Comité de Ética. Los proyectos no tienen impacto debido a que no hay publicaciones de los mismos, ni acciones definidas desde proyectos de acción. De acuerdo con el problema de investigación, se presentó un tipo que conduce a la investigación aplicada. Conclusión: se requiere hacer un mayor balance entre los problemas de investigación teóricos con relación a los prácticos. No se incluyeron referentes teóricos basados en modelos o teorías.

Objective: the aim of this study was to analyze trends in research activity in the Undergraduate and Graduate Health Programs at Universidad Mariana from Pasto, Nariño, Colombia. Methodology: the research was taken from the “Elizabeth Guerrero” library from 2004 to 2007. Through content analysis, data was collected for each investigation taking into account the following variables: Identification of the project, the research problem statement, theories and theoretical models, methodology and innovation. Results: 39.4% of the projects are focused on the sub-line healthy lifestyle. The paradigms most frequently used in the graduate programs in the health and nursing programs were quantitative research in 76 (69.7%) research works. It is important to note that 14 reports (12.8%) included both paradigms simultaneously. Only 32.1% out of the total investigation works uses the consent form, and there was no Ethics Committee approval. The projects have no impact because there are no publications available or any defined actions from actions projects. According to the research problem statement it was presented one type that leads to applied research. Conclusion: A major balance between the theoretical research in relation to the practical ones is required. Theoretical referents based on models and theories were not included.

Objetivo: analisar as tendências da atividade de pesquisas nos Programas de Saúde dos programas de graduação e pós-graduação na Universidade Mariana de Pasto, Narinho, Colômbia. Metodologia: As pesquisas foram realizadas tomadas da biblioteca “Elizabeth Guerreiro”, desde o ano 2004 a 2007. Através da análise de conteúdo foram coletados para cada pesquisa tendo em conta as seguintes variáveis: identificação do projeto, o problema que vai se a pesquisar, teorias e modelos teóricos, Metodologia e inovação. Resultados: o 39,4% dos projetos estão enfocados para a sublinha de estilo de vida saudável. Os paradigmas mais freqüentemente utilizados nos programas da pós-graduação em saúde e o programa de enfermaria foram de tipo quantitativo em 76 trabalhos de pesquisas (69,7%), é importante numerar que 14 relatórios (12,8%) tiveram os dois paradigmas simultaneamente. Só o 32,1% do total das pesquisas utiliza o formulário de consentimento, e no houve aprovações pelo Comitê de Ética. Os projetos não têm impactos porque não há publicações do mesmo. Ne ações definidas desde projetos de ação. De acordo com o problema de pesquisa, apresentou se um tipo que dirige a pesquisa aplicada. Conclusão: Requere se fizer um maior balance entre os problemas de pesquisa teóricos com relação aos práticos. Não se incluíram referentes teóricos baseados em modelos ou teorias.

Mortalidad perinatal de la población afiliada a una EPS de Pasto: departamento de Nariño: 2007 / Perinatal mortality of a population of health care affiliates in the city of Pasto, department of Nariño, 2007 / Mortalidade perinatal da povoacão afiliada a uma EPS de Pasto: estado de Narinho: 2007

Objetivo: identificar los factores que se relacionan con mortalidad perinatal de la población afiliada a una EPS del departamento de Nariño durante 2007. Materiales y Métodos: la investigación fue de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo, retrospectivo-evaluativo, dado que los datos corresponden a la revisión documental realizada a las historias clínicas de las gestantes con eventos de mortalidad en el año 2007. Se tomó el 100% de los casos de mortalidad perinatal, lo cual representó el total de la población. Se estudiaron las variables socio-demográficas; se realizó análisis de casos (manejo de protocolo de atención, diligenciamiento de ficha de notificación, cumplimiento de las normas técnicas y guías de atención). Se estudiaron 34 eventos, de los cuales 61,8% murieron en el ante-parto, 20,6% en el intraparto y 17,6% en la pre-alta. Se diseñó una ficha de verificación, se aplicó a los eventos, los datos se consolidaron en el sistema estadístico de información EPIINFO versión 2000, y se realizó el cruce de variables existentes. Una vez identificados los hallazgos en cuanto a las causas de riesgo, se aplicó el chi2 y determinando el valor de P, se levantó la línea de base con el fin de priorizar planes o proyectos enfocados a la reducción del indicador de mortalidad perinatal para la EPS. Resultados: de la población total las madres con edades comprendidas entre 23 y 26 años de edad, registran el mayor número de casos, procedentes el 56% de cabecera municipal quienes tenían un grado de escolaridad de primaria completa, el 23% con cónyuge, el 26% presentaban antecedentes de multiparidad; durante el embarazo asistieron a cuatro controles realizados por médico general en el primer nivel de atención, de ellas el 67% no utilizaban método de planificación familiar. Con relación a los riesgos que tenían las madres se encontraron 3 casos con hipertensión crónica; infecciones urinarias 3 casos; tabaquismo, alcoholismo y alteraciones sicológicas, así como retardo en el crecimiento intrauterino fue reportado un caso; los cuales fueron clasificados como embarazo de alto riesgo; 6 embarazos no se clasificaron, los cuales sí tenían aspectos relevantes a tener en cuenta. El estudio demostró la omisión al momento de escribir o consignar aspectos en la historia clínica. En el proceso de parto y puerperio se identificaron las semanas de gestación entre las 28 y 40 semanas, de las cuales el 71% tuvo parto vaginal; 26,57% cesárea, de las cuales la mitad fueron atendidas por médico obstetra y el restante por médico general; el 11% no registra datos y el 5% corresponde a otros. El nivel de atención fue el nivel 1 en un 70%. Entre las causas más frecuentes de complicaciones en el momento del parto están la retención de restos placentarios, partos pretermino, sufrimiento fetal, shock hipovolémico, hemorragias de tercer trimestre. Con respecto a la notificación obligatoria de casos de mortalidad perinatal reportados al Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (Sivigila), en ninguno de los eventos se realizó investigación de campo; igualmente no hubo comités de análisis de las muertes perinatales. La ficha perinatal se lleva en un 100%, pero al hacer el análisis de la confrontación de los datos con la historia clínica no concuerdan, posiblemente debido a que lo diligencian diferentes profesionales de la salud.

Introduction: the presence of perinatal mortality events requires actions of health institutions, which must implement strategies, in order to improve conditions and health status taking into account the causes of events. Objective: identify factors associated with perinatal mortality of the population of health care affiliates of the department of Nariño in 2007...

Objetivo: identificar os fatores que se relacionam com mortalidade perinatal de a povoação afiliada a uma EPS do Estado de Narinho durante 2007. Materiais e Métodos...

Formation of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds in beer during storage of Pilsner.

With the aim of determining the formation of alpha-dicarbonyl intermediates during beer aging on the shelf, alpha-dicarbonyls were identified and quantified after derivatization with 1,2-diaminobenze to generate quinoxalines. The sensory effects of alpha-dicarbonyls were evaluated by the quantification of key Strecker aldehydes and by GC-olfactometry (GCO)analysis of beer headspace using solid phase microextraction. Four alpha-dicarbonyls, reported here for the first time, were detected in fresh and aged beers, three were derived from the 2,3-enolization pathway of mono- and disaccharides, and the fourth was derived from the epimerization of 3-deoxy-2-hexosulose. Ten alpha-dicarbonyls were quantified during beer processing and during different periods of beer aging at 28 degrees C. The aging periods were from 15 to 105 days. During beer aging, 1-deoxydiuloses were produced and degraded, while 1,4-dideoxydiuloses were produced at the highest rates. The GCO analysis indicated that forced beer aging increased the amounts of furaneol, trans-2-nonenal, and phenylacetaldehyde. The blockage of alpha-dicarbonyls inhibited the accumulation of sensory-active aldehydes in the beer headspace.

Genetic data on 12 STRs (F13A01, F13B, FESFPS, LPL, CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, vWA, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, D5S818) from four ethnic groups of São Paulo, Brazil.

Allelic frequencies for 12 short tandem repeats (STRs) (F13A01, F13B, FESFPS, LPL, CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, vWA, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317 and D5S818) were estimated, also as forensic parameters, from a sample of 916 unrelated Brazilian subjects classified into four ethnic groups: European-derived, African-derived, Brazilian Mulattos and Asian-derived.

Metabolism of chylomicron-like emulsions in carriers of the S447X lipoprotein lipase polymorphism.

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the triglycerides contained in both very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons for storage in the adipose tissue and muscle of fats of both hepatic and dietary origin. The S447X-Stop lipoprotein lipase is the most common polymorphism of the enzyme, affecting roughly 20% of the population and is accompanied by normal or diminished fasting triglycerides and perhaps lower incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Delay in the removal of chylomicron and remnant is now an established risk factor for CAD. METHODS: Currently, the chylomicron metabolism has been evaluated in 12 normolipidemic subjects with the S447X-Stop and in 13 age- and sex-paired control subjects with no mutation. The doubly labeled chylomicron-like emulsion method was used to evaluate chylomicron metabolism. The emulsions labeled with cholesteryl-oleate (14C-CE) and tri[9,10-3H]oleate (3H-Tg) were injected intravenously and the decay curves of the labels were determined by blood sampling over 60 min followed by radioactive counting. RESULTS: The fractional clearance rate (FCR, min(-1)) of the labels was not different in the S447X carriers compared with the noncarriers (FCR 3H-Tg 0.035 +/- 0.019 and 0.030 +/- 0.009; FCR 14C-CE 0.008 +/- 0.007 and 0.009 +/- 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The chylomicron intravascular lipolysis monitored by the 3H-Tg emulsion and the remnant removal monitored by the 14C-CE emulsion were not altered by the presence of this polymorphism of great populational impact.