Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors among schoolchildren from Unión de Reyes municipality, Matanzas Province, Cuba.

Intestinal parasites are widely distributed around the world and children are the most common affected group. The prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors by a cross-sectional study among children at a primary school in the Union de Reyes municipality, Matanzas province, Cuba, was carried out during April-May, 2022. Blastocystis spp. and Giardia intestinalis were the most common parasites found.

The Effects of the Uncontrolled Use of Biomodulina T on the Severity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 Infection in Older Cuban Adults: An Open Label Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide public health threat. Millions of people are at risk and older adults are more susceptible to developing the most serious manifestations of the disease, in part because of the effects of ageing on the immune system. Biomodulina T is an injectable immune modulator that has been licensed for use in Cuba for many years. OBJECTIVE: An open-label, uncontrolled trial was conducted to investigate whether or not it might be useful to prevent or modulate the serious effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections in older Cuban adults before the availability of vaccinations. METHODS: From April 12 to August 31, 2021, 1239 adults aged 60 years and older, unvaccinated against COVID-19 were recruited from the José Luis Dubrocq polyclinics, to receive Biomodulina T, 1 intramuscular 3 mL dose weekly for 6 weeks. Each person was visited at home weekly to be administered Biomodulina T. Once daily patients were seen by a medical student to collect information on any possible adverse events related to the medication as well as any symptoms of COVID-19. The possible usefulness of the intervention and its potential adverse events were assessed based on the number of older adults who became infected with COVID-19, and the severity of any symptoms reported or noted both during the 6-week treatment period and during an additional 6-week posttreatment observation period. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were diagnosed with symptomatic COVID-19 during the intervention using a specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test. One patient died because of COVID-19. The most common preexisting diagnoses in treated patients included high blood pressure in 64.8%, diabetes mellitus in 19.85%, and ischemic cardiopathy in 13.88%. Biomodulina T was well tolerated. Only infrequent, mild, transient, and self-limited adverse events were identified. Both the incidence of COVID-19 infections and the overall mortality rate were lower in the treated patients than what was observed in the untreated general population of this Cuban province during the same time period. CONCLUSIONS: Although further, confirmatory, double-blind, controlled clinical trials are needed, Biomodulina T injections were well tolerated, and the results of this open, uncontrolled study suggest that it may have been useful to decrease the incidence and severity of symptomatic COVID-19 infection in these older Cuban adults. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2022; 82:XXX-XXX) © 2022 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.

Endoscopic and Histopathological Findings of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Duodenum in Patients with Crohn's Disease from a Reference Center in Bahia, Brazil.

(1) The aim of the present study was to describe the endoscopic and histopathological findings in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in patients with Crohn's disease. (2) Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that included patients receiving treatment from the inflammatory bowel disease outpatient clinic. Esophagogastroduodenoscopies with biopsies of the stomach and proximal duodenum were performed. Presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria was assessed by Giemsa staining. (3) Results: We included 58 patients. Erosive esophagitis was identified in 25 patients (43.1%), gastritis was diagnosed in 32 patients (55.2%) and erosive duodenitis was found in eight (13.8%). The most frequent histopathological finding in the H. pylori-positive group was increased inflammatory activity in the gastric body and antrum, with a predominance of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells. In turn, the most frequent finding in the H. pylori-negative group was chronic inflammation with predominance of mononuclear cells. Focally enhanced gastritis was identified in four patients (6.9%), all of whom were negative for H. pylori. Granulomas were not observed. H. pylori infection was present in 19 patients (32.8%). (4) Conclusions: Nonspecific endoscopic and histological findings were frequent in patients with Crohn's disease. Focally enhanced gastritis was uncommon and observed only in H. pylori-negative patients. The time from the diagnosis, patient age, and therapy in use may have influenced the nondetection of epithelioid granuloma.

Effectiveness and Tolerability of 3-Day Mebendazole Treatment of Giardia duodenalis Infection in Adults and Children: Two Prospective, Open-Label Phase IV Trials.

BACKGROUND: Giardia duodenalis is the most common intestinal pathogenic protozoan infection reported in humans. Both in vitro studies and 4 separate, sequential, comparative clinical trials conducted by our group in Cuba demonstrated mebendazole activity against G. duodenalis infection in both children and adults. OBJECTIVE: The 2 additional, prospective, open-label, Phase IV follow-up studies reported here were performed to further assess the effectiveness and safety profile of mebendazole in the outpatient treatment of G. duodenalis infection. METHODS: Assenting children (n = 522) whose guardians gave permission and consenting adults (n = 423) diagnosed with G. duodenalis infection were given mebendazole (200 mg 3 times daily for 3 days). Medical histories and stool samples were obtained and physical/laboratory examinations were performed pretreatment then repeated on days 3, 5, and 7 after treatment completion. The evaluation of efficacy (ie, cure) was based on parasitologic response to therapy. Participants were considered cured, if no Giardia trophozoites or cysts were found in any of the 3 posttreatment fecal specimens evaluated by direct wet mounts and/or after Ritchie concentration techniques. RESULTS: No participant refused to be enrolled and all returned for follow-up examinations. At the end of the treatment, stool samples were negative in 450 out of 522 children (86.2%) and 392 of 423 adults (92.7%). Treatment was well tolerated. In adults, the only adverse effect reported was abdominal pain (6.2%). Side effects reported in children included abdominal pain (5.6%), nausea (2.9%), and vomiting (2.3%). Reported side effects were all mild, transient, and self-limited and did not require discontinuation of treatment or additional medication. CONCLUSIONS: Mebendazole may be an effective alternative treatment of G. duodenalis infections in both children and adults.

Prevalência e fatores associados à prescrição/solicitação de suplementação alimentar em recém-nascidos / Prevalence and factors associated with the prescription/request for infant formula

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar a prevalência da utilização de suplemento alimentar em recém-nascidos e avaliar as características, os solicitantes e os motivos justificados para sua utilização em um "Hospital Amigo da Criança". Métodos Trata-se de estudo do tipo transversal, realizado com 113 díades mãe e filho de um hospital universitário com o título de "Amigo da Criança", no período de agosto de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013. A partir de um questionário estruturado, foram coletadas informações sociodemográficas, antecedentes obstétricos, condições de nascimento da criança, características do suplemento e prescritores. Foi realizada análise descritiva e inferencial (teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson), aceitando um nível de significância p?0,05, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados A prevalência de indicação de suplemento alimentar foi de 16,0%, com menor aderência para os nascidos nas primeiras horas do dia (p=0,006). O profissional de enfermagem foi o que mais solicitou o suplemento (54,0%), e no menor tempo (1 a 6 horas) após o nascimento da criança (p=0,05). Quanto aos motivos de indicação, apenas 6,2% atenderam às recomendações da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança, destacando-se a hipogalactia como principal motivo (71,7%), com maior probabilidade de indicação para os recém-nascidos de parto cesáreo (p<0,02). Conclusão Apesar do título de "Hospital Amigo da Criança", foram identificadas inúmeras indicações de suplemento ali-mentar desnecessárias e precipitadas, o que pode dificultar o aleitamento materno e favorecer o desmame precoce, sugerindo a necessidade de uma avaliação mais criteriosa na indicação pela equipe assistencial.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify the prevalence of infant formula use and assess the characteristics, requesters, and reasons that justify its use in a Baby-Friendly Hospital. Methods This cross-sectional study included 113 mother/child dyads from a university hospital with the title "Baby-Friendly Hospital" from August 2012 to February 2013. A structured questionnaire collected sociodemographic data, obstetric history, newborn birth conditions, infant formula characteristics, and prescribers. Descriptive and inferential analyses (Pearson's Chi-square test) were conducted using a significance level of p?0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. Results The prevalence of infant formula prescription was of 16.0%, with smaller adherence in infants born in the first hours of the day (p=0.006). Nurses made the most requests (54.0%) and in the shortest period of time (1 to 6 hours) after delivery (p=0.05). Only 6.2% of the requests complied with the recommendations made by Baby-Friendly Hospitals, and the main reason for the request was hypogalactia (71.7%). Infant formula was more likely to be indicated to infants born by cesarean section (p<0.02). Conclusion Despite the title "Baby-Friendly Hospital", numerous unnecessary and hasty infant formula indications were identified, which may hinder breastfeeding and favor early weaning, suggesting that the care team needs to assess infant formula indication more thoroughly.

STAT3 polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori CagA strains with higher number of EPIYA-C segments independently increase the risk of gastric cancer.

BACKGROUND: Because to date there is no available study on STAT3 polymorphism and gastric cancer in Western populations and taking into account that Helicobacter pylori CagA EPIYA-C segment deregulates SHP-2/ERK-JAK/STAT3 pathways, we evaluated whether the two variables are independently associated with gastric cancer. METHODS: We included 1048 subjects: H. pylori-positive patients with gastric carcinoma (n = 232) and with gastritis (n = 275) and 541 blood donors. Data were analyzed using logistic regression model. RESULTS: The rs744166 polymorphic G allele (p = 0.01; OR = 1.76; 95 % CI = 1.44-2.70), and CagA-positive (OR = 12.80; 95 % CI = 5.58-19.86) status were independently associated with gastric cancer in comparison with blood donors. The rs744166 polymorphism (p = 0.001; OR = 1.64; 95 % CI = 1.16-2.31) and infection with H. pylori CagA-positive strains possessing higher number of EPIYA-C segments (p = 0.001; OR = 2.28; 95 % CI = 1.41-3.68) were independently associated with gastric cancer in comparison with gastritis. The association was stronger when host and bacterium genotypes were combined (p < 0.001; OR = 3.01; 95 % CI = 2.29-3.98). When stimulated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide) or Pam3Cys, peripheral mononuclear cells of healthy carriers of the rs744166 GG and AG genotypes expressed higher levels of STAT3 mRNA than those carrying AA genotype (p = 0.04 for both). The nuclear expression of phosphorylated p-STAT3 protein was significantly higher in the antral gastric tissue of carriers of rs744166 GG genotype than in carriers of AG and AA genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence that STAT3 rs744166 G allele and infection with CagA-positive H. pylori with higher number of EPIYA-C segments are independent risk factors for gastric cancer. The odds ratio of having gastric cancer was greater when bacterium and host high risk genotypes were combined.

Yellow Nail Syndrome Associated with Pericarditis and Pericardial Effusion: a Case Report.

Yellow nail syndrome (YNS) is an uncommon condition characterized by nail changes, lymphedema, in addition to pulmonary disorders and pleural effusion. Pericarditis and non-cardiac disorders can evolve with pericardial effusions including autoimmune conditions, hypothyroidism, malignancies, tuberculosis, and uremia. A 72-year-old Brazilian woman under treatment for arterial hypertension and hypothyroidism was admitted with pericarditis and pericardial effusion concomitant with yellow nail syndrome. She denied tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, and similar disorders in her family. Clinical and complementary evaluation ruled out infectious diseases, malignancies, and autoimmune disorders as etiologic factors in this case. Hypothyroidism is a well-known cause of pericardial effusion, the vast majority in the absence of pericarditis, and has been described as an associated condition in some individuals with YNS. Case studies might contribute to better understanding of these causal or casual relationships.

Development of an institutional curriculum in ethics and public health / Desarrollo de un plan de estudios institucional en ética y salud pública / Desenvolvimento de um plano de estudos institucional em ética e saúde pública

Bioethics teaching has traditionally focused on classroom activities, but there is a widely recognized need for professional development opportunities for people with active scientific, clinical or administrative duties. Moreover, there is a shortage of evaluations of ethics programs and curricula. In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed hygiene, epidemiology and microbiology professionals who attended 7 ethics courses in Matanzas province, Cuba. The curriculum consisted of 2 main themes: research ethics and public health ethics. The survey comprised pre- and post-test assessments and in-depth interviews of all participants 3 months after the end of each course. Most attendees (i) appeared to demonstrate increased of knowledge in research and public health ethics, including international guidelines, (ii) gave positive assessments of the courses and (iii) affirmed the importance and pertinence of such training activities. This small study is suggestive of the kinds of professional development opportunities available in limited resource settings.

La enseñanza de la bioética se ha enfocado tradicionalmente en actividades de aula, pero hay una necesidad ampliamente reconocida de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional para las personas con funciones científicas, clínicas o administrativas activas. Por otra parte, hay una escasez de evaluaciones de los programas de ética y programas de estudio. En este estudio transversal, encuestamos a profesionales de la higiene, epidemiología y microbiología, que asistieron a siete cursos de ética en la provincia de Matanzas, Cuba. El plan de estudios consistió en dos temas principales: ética de la investigación y ética de la salud pública. Esta medición comprendió una pre y post evaluación y entrevistas en profundidad con todos los participantes tres meses después del final de cada curso. La mayoría de los participantes (i) parecía demostrar un aumento de los conocimientos sobre investigación y ética de la salud pública, incluidas las directrices internacionales, (ii) dio una evaluación positiva de los cursos, y (iii) ratificó la importancia y pertinencia de este tipo de actividades de capacitación. Este pequeño estudio sugiere tipos de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional disponibles en entornos de recursos limitados.

O ensino da bioética tem sido enfocado tradicionalmente em atividades de aula, porém há uma necessidade amplamente reconhecida de oportunidades de desenvolvimento profissional para as pessoas com funções científicas, clínicas ou administrativas ativas. Por outra parte, há uma escassez de avaliações dos programas de ética e programas de estudo. Neste estudo transversal, pesquisamos profissionais de higiene, epidemiologia e microbiologia, que assistiram a sete cursos de ética na província de Matanzas, Cuba. O plano de estudos consistiu em dois temas principais: ética da investigação e ética da saúde pública. Esta enquete compreendeu uma pre e pós avaliação e entrevistas em profundidade com todos os participantes três meses depois do final de cada curso. A maioria dos participantes (i) parecia demonstrar um aumento dos conhecimentos sobre investigação e ética da saúde pública, incluidas as diretrizes internacionais, (ii) deu uma avaliação positiva dos cursos, e (iii) ratificou a importância e pertinência deste tipo de atividades de capacitação. Este pequeno estudo sugere tipos de oportunidades de desenvolvimento profissional disponíveis em torno de recursos limitados.

Development of an institutional curriculum in ethics and public health / Desarrollo de un plan de estudios institucional en ética y salud pública

Bioethics teaching has traditionally focused on classroom activities, but there is a widely recognized need for profesional development opportunities for people with active scientific, clinical or administrative duties. Moreover, there is a shortage of evaluations of ethics programs and curricula. In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed hygiene, epidemiology and microbiology professionals who attended 7 ethics courses in Matanzas province, Cuba. The curriculum consisted of 2 main themes: research ethics and public health ethics. The survey comprised pre- and post-test assessments and in-depth interviews of all participants 3 months after the end of each course. Most attendees (i) appeared to demonstrate increased of knowledge in research and public health ethics, including international guidelines, (ii) gave positive assessments of the courses and (iii) affirmed the importance and pertinence of such training activities. This small study is suggestive of the kinds of profesional development opportunities available in limited resource settings.(AU)

La enseñanza de la bioética se ha enfocado tradicionalmente en actividades de aula, pero hay una necesidad ampliamente reconocida de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional para las personas con funciones científicas, clínicas o administrativas activas. Por otra parte, hay una escasez de evaluaciones de los programas de ética y programas de estudio. En este estudio transversal, encuestamos a profesionales de la higiene, epidemiología y microbiología, que asistieron a siete cursos de ética en la provincia de Matanzas, Cuba. El plan de estudios consistió en dos temas principales: ética de la investigación y ética de la salud pública. Esta medición comprendió una pre y post evaluación y entrevistas en profundidad con todos los participantes tres meses después del final de cada curso. La mayoría de los participantes (i) parecía demostrar un aumento de los conocimientos sobre investigación y ética de la salud pública, incluidas las directrices internacionales, (ii) dio una evaluación positiva de los cursos, y (iii) ratificó la importancia y pertinencia de este tipo de actividades de capacitación. Este pequeño estudio sugiere tipos de oportunidades de desarrollo profesional disponibles en entornos de recursos limitados.(AU)

Consentimiento informado: algunas consideraciones actuales / Consentimento informado: algumas considerações atuais / Informed consent: some current considerations

El consentimiento informado constituye un eslabón crucial en las investigaciones que involucran seres humanos. Sin embargo, limitaciones del conocimiento que conducen a errores en su confección y/o aplicación han sido frecuentemente identificadas entre los profesionales a escala global. En correspondencia, se expone una breve revisión temática de su concepto y de los elementos relacionados con su adecuada confección y aplicación, lo que, creemos, permitirá clarificar la información que poseen los profesionales que conducen investigaciones con seres humanos.

Informed consent constitutes a crucial link in research involving human beings. Nevertheless, knowledge limitations which lead to errors of its process and application have been frequently identified by professionals globally. Hence, a brief review of the topic is exposed about the concept and the elements related to adequate process and application, which we belief will allow to clarify the information that professionals who do research involving human beings posses.

O consentimento informado constitui um obstáculo crucial nas pesquisas que envolvem seres humanos. No entanto, limitações do conhecimento que conduzem a erros em sua confecção e/ou aplicação têm sido frequentemente identificadas entre os profissionais em escala global. Em correspondência, se expõe uma breve revisão temática de seu conceito e dos elementos relacionados com a sua adequada confecção e aplicação, o que cremos permitirá esclarecer a informação que possuem os profissionais que conduzem pesquisas com seres humanos.

Albendazole versus metronidazole in the treatment of adult giardiasis: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Albendazole (ABZ) is a benzimidazole carbamate compound currently in use for human medical practice against enterobiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH); However, its spectrum of activity is broad and goes beyond these infections. OBJECTIVE: This study compares the efficacy and safety of ABZ versus metronidazole (MTZ) in human giardiasis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial was carried out at the Centre of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Microbiology in Matanzas City, Cuba. Adult patients with confirmed symptomatic G. duodenalis mono-infection were randomly assigned to receive either ABZ [400 mg daily (n = 75)] or MTZ [250 mg t.i.d. (n = 75)], both for 5 days. Follow-up fecal samples were obtained at 3, 5, 7 days after treatment end. RESULTS: The efficacy was similar for both treatment groups: ABZ (82.6%) and MTZ (85.3%); p > 0.05. Side-effects including bitter taste, headache, vomiting and dizziness were significantly higher in the MTZ group. Abdominal pain was significantly higher in ABZ group. CONCLUSION: ABZ was found as effective as MTZ in the treatment of G. duodenalis infections in adult patients from Cuba and could be a useful drug in areas where co-infection with STH infections is common.

Da marginalidade à inclusão: a socialização através da educação no presídio de Araguaína (TO) / From marginalization to inclusion: the socialization through the education in Araguaína’s maximum security prison

O presente trabalho discute a experiência educativa desenvolvida no presídio de segurança máxima de Araguaína, norte do Tocantins. Utiliza como subsídio teórico a Análise do Discurso Francesa (AD), definindo como objetivos a análise das representações e expectativas em torno da escolarização por parte de alunos sob custódia e das propostas apresentadas pelo projeto que orienta as atividades docentes ali desenvolvidas. Como corpus, foram utilizados textos dos alunos custodiados e material relativo à formação continuada, módulo de Didática. Compreendida na perspectiva da reintegração social, a educação obedece às demandas legais referentes aos direitos de acesso à escolarização, ao mesmo tempo em que visa aos propósitos da ruptura com o processo de exclusão/marginalidade. A pesquisa aponta para os conflitos inerentes às práticas de educação de alunos sob custódia, identificando a distância entre o que se pretende como projeto para esse grupo social e o que se efetiva no cotidiano escolar.