RESUMO
Recent findings have revealed important and diverse roles for the ubiquitin modification of proteins in the regulation of endosymbiotic organelles, which include the primary plastids of plants as well as complex plastids: the secondary endosymbiotic organelles of cryptophytes, alveolates, stramenopiles, and haptophytes. Ubiquitin modifications have a variety of potential consequences, both to the modified protein itself and to cellular regulation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) can target individual proteins for selective degradation by the cytosolic 26S proteasome. Ubiquitin modifications can also signal the removal of whole endosymbiotic organelles, for example, via autophagy as has been well characterized in mitochondria. As plastids must import over 90% of their proteins from the cytosol, the observation that the UPS selectively targets the plastid protein import machinery is particularly significant. In this way, the UPS may influence the development and interconversions of different plastid types, as well as plastid responses to stress, by reconfiguring the organellar proteome. In complex plastids, the Symbiont-derived ERAD-Like Machinery (SELMA) has coopted the protein transport capabilities of the ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD) system, whereby misfolded proteins are retrotranslocated from ER for proteasomal degradation, uncoupling them from proteolysis: SELMA components have been retargeted to the second outermost plastid membrane to mediate protein import. In spite of this wealth of new information, there still remain a large number of unanswered questions and a need to define the roles of ubiquitin modification further in the regulation of plastids.
Assuntos
Plastídeos/metabolismo , Simbiose , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismoRESUMO
KIE: In the aftermath of a controversy over the handling of a fraud investigation involving Yale Medical School professor Philip Felig, Yale has become the first university to announce a formal plan for dealing with allegations of fraudulent research. The September 1982 Yale Bulletin carried the full text of the policy, which centers on administrative mechanisms whereby deans, the president, or a university tribunal might investigate charges of misconduct.^ieng
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , Crime , Ética , Fraude , Pesquisa , Connecticut , Faculdades de Medicina , UniversidadesRESUMO
KIE: This review of The Discovery of Insulin, a new book by Michael Bliss, describes the controversy surrounding the awarding of the 1923 Nobel Prize for Medicine. The discussion focuses on the personalities and statements of the insulin researcher Frederick Banting and his principal investigator, John J.R. Macleod. The progress of the research on the pancreas, the development and use of insulin, and the acrimony over who really did the work and deserved the Nobel are examined.^ieng
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , Insulina/história , Prêmio Nobel , História da MedicinaRESUMO
KIE: A unified policy on how to deal with misconduct in research was the topic of a staff symposium held at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in June 1982. Organized by William Raub, head of extramural research, the session covered such topics as when and to whom to report suspected data falsification, the legal liability of accusers and investigators in view of slander and libel laws, how to protect the rights of the accused, and sanctions against researchers found guilty of fraud. The reports resulting from the symposium will offer guidance not only to NIH staffers and study review committee members, but also to client universities and institutions.^ieng