Environmental Conditions as Determinants of Kidney Stone Formation.

Urolithiasis is a disease characterized by the presence of stones in the urinary tract, whether in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Its origin is multiple, and causes can be cited as hereditary, environmental, dietary, anatomical, metabolic, or infectious factors. A kidney stone is a biomaterial that originates inside the urinary tract, following the principles of crystalline growth, and in most cases, it cannot be eliminated naturally. In this work, 40 calculi from the Don Benito, Badajoz University Hospital are studied and compared with those collected in Madrid to establish differences between both populations with the same pathology and located in very different geographical areas. Analysis by cathodoluminescence offers information on the low crystallinity of the phases and their hydration states, as well as the importance of the bonds with the Ca cation in all of the structures, which, in turn, is related to environmental and social factors of different population groups such as a high intake of proteins, medications, bacterial factors, or possible contamination with greenhouse gases, among other factors.

Is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy a Treatment Option for Renal Colic?

BACKGROUND: Renal colic is characterized by sharp, intense flank pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the treatment of choice, although extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) is a noninvasive alternative for pain management. The objective of our study is to present results obtained using rapid SWL to treat renal colic in our center. METHODS: We analyzed 214 patients undergoing rapid shockwave extracorporeal lithotripsy between October 2014 and June 2018: 69.63% were male, and 30.37% female, with a mean age of 47.35 years (range, 16-84). The average stone size was 6.71 mm (3-16). Stone locations were as follows: The pelviureteric junction (PUJ) (10.75%), proximal ureter (45.79%), midureter (24.77%), and distal ureter (18.69%). RESULTS: Pain relief was achieved in 81.31% of the patients. The rates of successful pain control according to stone location were 65.22% when the stone was located in the PUJ, 79.59% in the proximal ureter, 88.68% in the midureter, and 85.00% in the distal ureter. Complete or partial stone resolution was achieved 4 weeks postoperatively in 78.50% of cases (64.95% and 13.55%, respectively). According to the stone location, the overall rate of resolution (complete + partial) was 90.00% for distal ureteral stones, 86.80% in the midureter, 73.47% in the proximal ureter, and 60.86% in the PUJ. 44 patients (20.56%) demonstrated complications. The most common complications were persistent pain, acute renal failure and fever. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate SWL was found to be a safe and effective treatment option for pain related to renal colic in 81% of the patients studied.

Value of Music and Nitrous Oxide for Pain Control during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL).

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of 4 different analgesic regimens that include music and nitrous oxide during the treatment of renal lithiasis with ambulatory extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-centre, longitudinal, prospective, randomized, open and parallel group study was conducted. Patients with renal lithiasis were included and were randomized to Group A (basal analgesia: midazolam (1 mg), fentanyl (0.05 mg) and dexketoprofen (50 mg)), Group B (basal analgesia and nitrous oxide), Group C (basal analgesia and music) and Group D (basal analgesia, nitrous oxide and music). For the measurement of pain, a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 100 (maximum pain imaginable) was used. Patient satisfaction was assessed using a Likert questionnaire. The epidemiological data of the patients in terms of lithiasis, previous clinical and ESWL sessions, and pain measured with the VAS before, during (maximum) at the end of the session and at discharge were recorded. Data on complications were also collected, as was the patients' subjective evaluation of the treatment and their satisfaction. The ESWL procedure was performed with a Storz Modulith SLX-F2® lithotripter. A maximum of 4000 waves were applied at a frequency of 1.5 Hz. RESULTS: Eighty patients were included (20 per group). None of the analgesia guidelines proved to be superior to the others for pain control during the ESWL session. Patients younger than 50 years had significantly higher values for the maximum VAS. Only 13.75% of patients required rescue analgesia. A total of 77.5% described their experience as good, very good or excellent, regardless of the assigned group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of nitrous oxide and/or music did not result in a statistically significant improvement over the basal analgesia regimen of midazolam, fentanyl and dexketoprofen; however, the degree of patient satisfaction was very high.

Recidivant infective lithiasis: Is it possible to defeat them? / Litiasis infectivas recidivantes. ¿Es posible vencerlas?

Acidifying treatment and control of urinary pH may be an effective strategy to address recurrent lithiasic disease secondary to infective calculi. We present the case of a 39-year-old man with bilateral urolithiasis that led to episodes of complicated Reno ureteral colic.After undergoing multiple treatments by retrograde endourological surgery, he presented recurrence and progression of lithiasis disease, finally requiring percutaneous approach for treatment of a coralliform stone, after which he was free of lithiasis. It was then decided to start treatment with an acidifying oral supplement and home pH control by means of an electronic medical device as a complement to the surgeries he underwent, thus achieving stability of the disease, with absence of urinary tract infection or lithiasis recurrence.The patient, with poor adherence to previous treatments, presented in this case a correct follow-up of the treatment, as well as a high level of satisfaction with it.

El tratamiento acidificante y el control del pH urinario pueden constituir una estrategia eficaz para abordar la enfermedad litiásica recurrente secundaria a cálculos infectivos. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 39 años con urolitiasis bilaterales que le condicionaron episodios de cólicos renoureterales complicados.Tras ser sometido a múltiples tratamientos mediante cirugía endourológica retrógrada, presentó recidiva y progresión de enfermedad litiásica, precisando finalmente abordaje percutáneo para tratamiento de un cálculo coraliforme, tras lo cual queda libre de litiasis. Se decide entonces iniciar tratamiento con suplemento oral acidificante y control domiciliario de pH mediante dispositivo médico electrónico como complemento a las cirugías a las que fue sometido, logrando así estabilidad de enfermedad, con ausencia de cuadros de infección urinaria ni recidiva litiásica.El paciente, con mala adherencia a tratamientos previos, presentó en este caso un correcto seguimiento del tratamiento, así como elevado nivel de satisfacción con el mismo.

[Current status of Urological Education in Spain.] / Estado actual de la formación urológica en España.

INTRODUCTION: Urology is a medicalsurgical specialty that deals with the study, diagnosis and treatment of medical and surgical conditions of the urinary tract and retroperitoneum in both sexes and of the male genital tract without age limit. The traditional method of training is based on the imitation of the skills and behaviors of the tutors, creating variability in the training between different centers and giving a passive role to resident internal physicians (MIR). LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK: The 2006 BOE establishes the specific formative content in its theoretical, practical and scientific facets. At the beginning of the MIR training period, the first year focuses on general surgical training and the remaining four on specific urological training. The current legislative framework that regulates our specialty is one of the oldest, with no prospect of renewal, since this would be carried out with the development of the trunk project, currently paralyzed after the judgment of the Supreme Court. Therefore, we are in a situation of uncertainty with a legal framework in renewal plans. CURRENT STATE OF TRAINING: a National survey shows the degree of surgical participation of the MIR is low, as well as training on models and course attendance. In addition, the self-confidence they feel for interventions that could be considered of low complexity is high, for activities such as consultation is moderate and for interventions of moderate-high complexity is low. CONCLUSION: The current training program is upgradeable. New studies and efforts should aim to standardize the acquisition of surgical and non-surgical skills, guarantee access to surgical training courses, establish a minimum of required interventions per year and at the end of residency, foster academic training, participation in research of residents and achieve an objective assessment of the specialty.

[Cystic displasia of the testis. Review of literature]. / Displasia quística de rete testis: revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: Review this pathology nowadays. METHODS: We search in Medline/PubMed database for reviews about cystic dysplasia of the testis. We review and discuss the relevant literature about it. RESULTS: Cystic dysplasia of the testis (CDT) is a rare benign disease, associated with upper urinary tract malformations. Its most frequent clinical manifestation is the increase of testicular size; the presence of cysts is demonstrated by ultrasound. No consensus exists in its treatment, it oftenly requires histological confirmation, performing testicle-sparing surgery. CONCLUSION: CDT needs to be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of childhood testicular tumors.

[Clinical presentation of renal cell carcinoma in renal transplant]. / Presentación clínica del carcinoma de células renales en el trasplante renal.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical presentation and therapeutic response of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of the renal graft. METHODS: Analysis of the cases described in our centre and review of current literature. RESULTS: RCC has a higher incidence in transplant patients, affecting the graft in less than 10% of the cases. Detection is usually a casual event during follow-up due to the absence of innervation, although its presentation may be as an acute abdomen in case of breakage of the graft. Conventional treatment consists of transplant nephrectomy, but partial nephrectomy has been performed in recent years with good results. The modification of immunosuppression is a routine measure after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of RCC after renal transplants in our series is 0.7%, of which 22% are originated in the graft. The clinical presentation of the primitive RCC of the graft is variable. Partial nephrectomy is technically feasible and oncologically safe in the treatment of RCC of the renal graft.