Flavonoides como suplementos para mejorar el rendimiento físico deportivo / Flavonoids as Supplements to Improve Sports Physical Performance

Introducción: El ejercicio físico puede generar especies reactivas de oxígeno que dañan componentes celulares esenciales, como la fatiga. Los flavonoides, debido a su baja toxicidad y actividad antioxidante, se han estudiado como potenciales suplementos alimenticios para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Describir la evidencia científica que se ha obtenido sobre la eficacia del uso de flavonoides como suplementos para mejorar el rendimiento físico deportivo. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sobre la eficacia del uso de flavonoides como suplementos para el rendimiento físico y deportivo en las bases de datos PubMed y Google Scholar. Se utilizaron las palabras clave: flavonoid, supplementation, sport, exercise, fatigue, muscle, fats, physical activity, y se tomaron en cuenta los artículos publicados entre los años 2018 y 2022, en idioma inglés que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Resultados: Los flavonoides son capaces de disminuir la fatiga debido al esfuerzo físico en un contexto deportivo, principalmente debido a su capacidad de regular la actividad de agentes antioxidantes endógenos como las enzimas superóxido dismutasa, catalasa y glutatión peroxidasa, que se encargan de la neutralización de las especies reactivas de oxígeno. Además, son capaces de favorecer la neutralización de metabolitos tóxicos que se generan durante el ejercicio y de aumentar las reservas energéticas (glicógeno en el hígado y músculos) y la resistencia muscular. Conclusiones: Existe evidencia científica de que los flavonoides son capaces de mejorar el rendimiento físico deportivo principalmente al disminuir la fatiga e incrementar la resistencia muscular(AU)

Introduction: Physical exercise can generate reactive oxygen species that damage essential cellular components, such as fatigue. Flavonoids, due to their low toxicity and antioxidant activity, have been studied as potential dietary supplements to improve sports performance. Objective: To describe the scientific evidence that has been obtained on the efficacy of the use of flavonoids as supplements to improve sports physical performance. Methods: A search was carried out, in PubMed and Google Scholar databases, on the efficacy of the use of flavonoids as supplements for physical and sports performance. The keywords were used flavonoid, supplementation, sport, exercise, fatigue, muscle, fats, physical activity. Articles published from 2018 to 2022, in English, that met the selection criteria were taken into account. Results: Flavonoids are capable of reducing fatigue due to physical exertion in a sports context, mainly due to their ability to regulate the activity of endogenous antioxidant agents such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes, which are responsible for the neutralization of reactive oxygen species. In addition, they are capable of favoring the neutralization of toxic metabolites that are generated during exercise and of increasing energy reserves (glycogen in the liver and muscles) and muscular resistance. Conclusions: There is scientific evidence that flavonoids are capable of improving sports physical performance, mainly by reducing fatigue and increasing muscular resistance(AU)

Unraveling the Global Phylodynamic and Phylogeographic Expansion of Mycoplasma gallisepticum: Understanding the Origin and Expansion of This Pathogen in Ecuador.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is among the most significant problems in the poultry industry worldwide, representing a serious threat to international trade. Despite the fact that the mgc2 gene has been widely used for diagnostic and molecular characterization purposes, there is a lack of evidence supporting the reliability of this gene as a marker for molecular epidemiology approaches. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the accuracy of the mgc2 gene for phylogenetic, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic evaluations. Furthermore, the global phylodynamic expansion of MG is described, and the origin and extension of the outbreak caused by MG in Ecuador were tracked and characterized. The results obtained strongly supported the use of the mgc2 gene as a reliable phylogenetic marker and accurate estimator for the temporal and phylogeographic structure reconstruction of MG. The phylodynamic analysis denoted the failures in the current policies to control MG and highlighted the imperative need to implement more sensitive methodologies of diagnosis and more efficient vaccines. Framed in Ecuador, the present study provides the first piece of evidence of the circulation of virulent field MG strains in Ecuadorian commercial poultry. The findings derived from the current study provide novel and significant insights into the origin, diversification, and evolutionary process of MG globally.

Efecto de Rhizophora mangle L sobre colitis ulcerativa experimental en ratas / Rhizophora mangle L effect on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats

INTRODUCCIÓN: Rhizophora mangle L. es una planta de gran distribución en Cuba, de la cual se han demostrado científicamente efectos sobre las úlceras gastroduodenales, cicatrizantes, antiinflamatorios, antioxidantes, así como elevada absorción intestinal; por lo que podría poseer actividad sobre colitis ulcerativa. OBJETIVOS: establecer el efecto del extracto acuoso seco de cortezas de R. mangle sobre colitis ulcerativa en 2 modelos experimentales en ratas. MÉTODOS: se realizó el estudio en los modelos de inducción de colitis ulcerativa por la administración intracolon de ácido acético, una previa oral de 3 niveles de dosis del extracto seco de 100, 250 y 500 mg/kg de masa corporal y 3 grupos con la administración intracolon de las dosis 24, 50 y 100 mg de materia seca/mL de solución del extracto y un grupo control negativo. En un segundo modelo experimental por inducción de la colitis por ácido trinitrobenceno sulfónico se realizó la administración previa por 3 d de niveles de dosis de 50, 100, 250 o 500 mg/kg por vía oral. RESULTADOS: el extracto acuoso seco de R. mangle en la administración oral aguda y crónica e intracolon mostró un moderado efecto sobre la colitis ulcerativa, con una discreta disminución en los parámetros clínicos, patológicos e inflamatorios en el modelo experimental de inducción con ácido acético. En el modelo de la colitis ulcerativa aguda y crónica inducida por ácido trinitrobenceno sulfónico no se evidenció efecto antiinflamatorio significativo. CONCLUSIONES: el extracto acuoso seco de corteza de R. mangle posee una moderada acción sobre la colitis ulcerativa experimental en ratas.

INTRODUCTION: Rhizophora mangle L. is a plant with a high level of distribution in Cuba, which has many scientifically demonstrated effects on gastroduodenal ulcers, healer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, as well as a high intestinal absorption and a possible activity on ulcerative colitis. OBJECTIVES: to establish the effect of dry aqueous extract of R. mangle barks on ulcerative colitis in two experimental models in rats. METHODS: we performed a study on induction of ulcerative colitis by intracolon administration of doses 24, 50 and 100 mg of dry matter/mL of extract solution, and a negative control group. In a experimental second model by induction of colitis from sulfuric trinitrobenzene acid we carried out a previous administration over 3 d of dose levels (50, 100, 250 or 500 mg/kg per os). RESULTS: dry aqueous extract of R. mangle per os and intracolon showed a moderate effect on ulcerative colitis with a light decrease in clinical, pathologic and inflammatory parameters in experimental model of induction with acetic acid. In model of sulfonic trinitrobenzene acid-induced acute and chronic ulcerative colitis there was not evidenced significant antiinflammatory effect. CONCLUSIONS: dry aqueous extract of R. mangle barks has a moderate action on experimental ulcerative colitis in rats.

Safety of Pochonia chlamydosporia var catenulata in acute oral and dermal toxicity/pathogenicity evaluations in rats and rabbits.

The nematophagous fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulata (Kamyschlco ex Barron & Onions) Zare & W-Gams, was investigated as a potential biocontrol agent in integrated pest management strategy for Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in vegetable crops in Cuba. An acute oral and dermal toxicity/patogenicity study was performed to determine the safety of this fungus in non-target organisms. In the first study, a 1-dose level of 5 x 10(8) units of the microbial pest control agent/treated rat was used. Mortality or clinical signs were not evident and no adverse effects on body weight, hematology, microbiology and gross or microscopic pathology were observed. Food and water consumption was not significantly different between control and treated groups. In the acute dermal toxicity study, there was neither mortality nor clinical signs of toxicity, and no toxic effects in gross and microscopic pathology were detected. Thus, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulate (Vcc-108, IMI SD 187), administered oral and dermally to rats and rabbits respectively, was safe in toxicity/pathogenicity studies.