[Body composition and basal metabolic rate in overweight and obese patients].

Diet therapy is a key moment in the treatment of patients with obesity. The energy value of the diet must directly depend on the daily energy expenditure. It is extremely important for a specialist who determines a diet for a patient, using an individual approach, to most accurately calculate daily energy expenditure. On the one hand, the calculation method should be as accurate as possible, on the other hand, it should be simple and economically affordable. The aim of the study was to evaluate the body composition in patients depending on gender and body mass index and to identify the optimal method for calculating the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in patients with various degrees of obesity. Material and methods. The study included data from 338 men aged 39.0±11.9 years and 847 women aged 44.0±12.5 years. The study of the body composition was carried out by the multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis on the analyzer "InBody 770", which simultaneously provides information on the BMR, calculated taking into account the composition of the body according to the Ketch-McArdle formula. The BMR was also calculated using the Mifflin-St. Jeor formula and the results were compared. Results. In men and women, with an increase in body weight, an increase in skeletal muscle mass is noted, which entails an increase in the BMR. The BMR, calculated by the formula that does not take into account the volume of the main body energy-consuming tissues, differed from that calculated by the formula that takes into account the value of metabolically active components of the human body composition, towards an increase in men with obesity of class 2 and class 3 degrees, by 141 kcal and by 294 kcal, respectively, in women with obesity class 1 - by 81 kcal, class 2 - by 139 kcal, class 3 - by 262 kcal. Conclusion. When conducting primary diagnostics on an outpatient basis in patients with overweight and obesity, along with simple anthropometry, it is necessary to perform a body composition study. The calculation of the BMR as a component of daily energy expenditure should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of the body composition. If it is not possible to conduct a bioelectrical impedance study and accurately calculate the BMR, the results obtained during this research can be used: BMR in men with obesity of the class 1 - 18.5 kcal/day kg body weight, with obesity of the class 2 - 16.6 kcal/day kg body weight, with obesity class 3 - 14.6 kcal/day kg body weight; BMR in women - respectively 16.7, 15.0 and 13.5 kcal/day kg body weight.

[Nutrition and nutritional status of underweight patients].

Insufficient body weight is one of the manifestations of nutritional disorders. Diseases associated with malnutrition occur in 10-12% of the population. The aim of the work was to study indicators of nutritional status and actual nutrient intake in patients with insufficient body weight. Material and methods. The study included 48 women aged 31.4±11.8 years, with a body mass index below 18.5 kg/m2. The body composition was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Nutrient intake was assessed using food frequency questionnaire, physical activity was evaluated by the survey method, using the computer program "Evaluation of nutrition", also blood biochemical parameters were determined. Results. Body fat mass was below average values in 93.8% of patients, while only 50.0% of women had a skeletal muscle deficiency, and 10.4% surveyed had skeletal muscle mass above average values. The energy value of the daily diet was 1982± 282 kcal, and daily energy expenditure was 2158±255 kcal. In the structure of the diet, fats prevailed (42.0±10.5% of daily calorie intake) and there was a significant lack of total carbohydrates (39.9±10.4% of daily calorie intake) and dietary fiber. Fat intake was exceeded in 92.9% of patients. Insufficient carbohydrate intake was also observed in 92.9% of patients. In most patients, daily intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, B vitamins did not reach the recommended level, while sodium and phosphorus intake was excessive. The nutrient intake imbalance affected blood biochemical parameters in hypercholesterolemia (in 41.7% of patients) and hypertriglyceridemia (31.3%), and decreased calcium (30.0%), iron (12.8%) and vitamin D (52.2%) levels. Conclusion. Thus, for underweight patients, correction of the diet and dispensary observation is required to determine body composition and biochemical parameters, in particular, the fat and muscle components of the body weight, lipid metabolism indicators, the supply with macro- and micronutrients in order to develop treatment and prevention tactics of diet-related diseases, combined with reduced body weight.

[COVID-19: new challenges for medical science and practical health].

Currently, due to the wide spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the need for anti-epidemic measures, medical science should integrate all efforts to ensure, on the one hand, at the global level - the fight against the spread of infection, on the other hand, at the individual level - increasing the adaptive capacity and immune response of the organism to protect against COVID-19. Nutrition is the most important factor determining human health and the functioning of all mechanisms to protect a person from negative environmental factors. For the prevention and treatment of new coronavirus infection COVID-19, a significant role is played by the correction of eating disorders, including vitamin and micronutrient deficiency. Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, together with Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), prepared Recommendations on nutrition for children and adults, requiring a self-isolation regime or quarantine at home in connection with COVID-19. In order to promptly inform and advise the population on nutrition optimization in the early days of anti-epidemic measures, an information reference Contact Center was created and is continuously functioning on the basis of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology. Equally important is the implementation of measures aimed at the prevention of food contamination with COVID-19 agent. In this regard, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, together with Rospotrebnadzor prepared guidelines on measures to prevent the transmission of a new coronavirus infection through foods. Another aspect that the medical community has faced in connection with the pandemic is the need to reorient specialized medical organizations that have not previously worked with patients with infectious diseases in order to create Clinical centers for the treatment of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Thus, in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, many areas of medicine are involved in the process of providing anti-epidemic measures. Successful completion of the tasks will significantly reduce the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the state and citizens.