Association between hospital anxiety and depression scale and problem-related distress in patients with cancer in a Brazilian private institution.

OBJECTIVE: Emotional symptoms are frequently reported among patients with cancer. We evaluated the association between emotional symptoms and problem-related distress in a sample of patients with cancer about to initiate chemotherapy within a private hospital in Brazil. METHODS: Patients were assessed before initiating chemotherapy, treatment mid-point, and on the last day of treatment for anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]) and for problem-related distress (Distress Thermometer Problem List). Problem-related distress variable was computed as the sum of practical, physical, spiritual and familial problems. Mixed-model analysis was applied to determine the association between HADS and problem-related distress, adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS: A total of 655 consecutive patients were enrolled. There was a significant main effect of time (F = 8.99, p = 0.0001), showing that emotional symptoms improve over time. A significant main effect was observed for problem-related distress (F = 371.56, p < 0.0001) revealing that patients with elevated problem-related distress at baseline tend to have higher HADS across the three time points, compared to patients with lower problem-related distress. There was an interaction effect between problem-related distress and time (F = 85.22, p < 0.0001), suggesting that HADS scores decreased differently over time, depending on patients' initial level of problem-related distress. CONCLUSION: Overall, emotional symptoms, while decreasing over time, remained associated with problem-related distress after chemotherapy in Brazil. The potential benefit of implementing a psychosocial intervention remains high throughout cancer treatment.

A dual arrangement pattern of the cells of corticotectal origin in the cat

Utilizando o transporte retrógrado da peroxidase da raiz forte (HRP) e a técnica de aplanamento do córtex cerebral, foi estudado o arranjo das células corticotectais nas diversas áreas visuais do gato. Demonstraram-se dois padröes diferentes de distribuiçäo, sendo um focal, evidenciado pela injeçöes de HRP no colículo superfícial, e outro difuso, revelado pela injeçäo de HRP no colículo profundo. Esses dados säo analisados tendo em vista a hipótese da existência de dois sistemas corticotectais, anatômica e fisiologicamente distintos