Impact of 10% Dose Reductions and Duration of Treatment Delays in the Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia in Dogs Treated With Common Chemotherapy Protocols: A Single-Centre Experience.

Neutropenia is a common chemotherapy-associated adverse event (AE) in dogs and a significant cause of decreased relative dose intensity. Dose reductions (DRs) and treatment delays (TDs) are frequently applied to decrease the risk of further neutropenic events (NEs) and AEs, but there is no standardised approach. The two main objectives of this retrospective study were to determine: (1) the failure rate of a 10% DR to prevent a subsequent inadequate absolute neutrophil count (ANC), defined as a nadir ANC <0.75 × 109/L or pretreatment ANC <1.5 × 109/L; and (2) if the duration of TDs due to pretreatment neutropenia affects the occurrence of subsequent NEs. A total of 1056 chemotherapy treatments were recorded for 128 dogs that developed at least one NE. In 75 of 124 (60.5%, 95% CI: 51.2%-69%) evaluable NEs, a nadir ANC of ≥0.75 × 109/L and pretreatment ANC of ≥1.5 × 109/L were achieved after a single 10% chemotherapy DR, while a 10% DR failed to prevent a subsequent inadequate ANC in the remaining 49/124 (39.5%, 95% CI: 30.1%-48.3%). The only variable associated with failure was the drug prescribed. DR failure occurred in 22/39 (56.4%, 95% CI: 40.9%-70.6%) lomustine DRs, 14/27 (51.9%, 95% CI: 33.9%-69.2%) cyclophosphamide DRs, but only 2/22 (9.1%, 95% CI: 2.5%-27.8%) doxorubicin DRs and 2/24 (8.3%, 95% CI: 2.3%-25.8%) vincristine DRs. Seventy-three evaluable TDs (mean: 5 days, SD ± 2.2 days) were prescribed. There was no association between TD duration and subsequent NEs (p = 0.11).

Received dose variability after administration of I-131 for treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats.

BACKGROUND: Injectable radioactive iodine (I-131) frequently is used to treat hyperthyroidism in cats. In human medicine, residual activity after injection of radionuclides has been reported, and the actual quantity administered is recorded after administration. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate actual administered dose variability after administration of preprepared I-131 single unit doses for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. ANIMALS: Twenty-seven cats with hyperthyroidism treated with I-131 between April 2017 and March 2019. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of cats treated with preprepared single unit I-131 doses. For each dose, the measured activity before administration and residual activity were recorded. The measured dose and the actual dose administered were compared to the prescribed dose. RESULTS: Measured activity before administration ranged from 88.4% to 103.3% of the prescribed dose. Mean residual activity was 5.2 ± 3.0 MBq (ranging from 1.5% to 15% of the prescribed dose). The actual dose administered (measured activity - residual activity) ranged from 79.1% to 100.2% of the prescribed dose. Seventeen of 28 (60.7%) of the actual administered doses differed between 10% and 20% of the prescribed dose. One administered dose had a >20% difference compared to the prescribed dose (79.10% of the prescribed dose). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Our study identified variability in the residual and actual administered activity of I-131 as compared to the prescribed dose, which should be taken into consideration when treating cats with (predrawn) I-131.

Amblyomma hebraeum is the predominant tick species on goats in the Mnisi Community Area of Mpumalanga Province South Africa and is co-infected with Ehrlichia ruminantium and Rickettsia africae.

BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan Africa, Amblyomma ticks are vectors of heartwater disease in domestic ruminants, caused by the rickettsial pathogen Ehrlichia ruminantium. Immature tick stages often bite humans, whereby they act as vectors of tick-bite fever caused by Rickettsia africae. Moreover, Amblyomma ticks cause damage to livestock due to their feeding behaviour. In South Africa, we studied the abundance of Amblyomma hebraeum ticks on goats of emerging farmers in Mpumalanga Province. A selected number of A. hebraeum nymphs and adult ticks was tested for co-infection with E. ruminantium and R. africae. METHODS: A total of 630 indigenous goats, belonging to farmers in the Mnisi Community area, were examined for ticks in 2013 and 2014. All ticks were identified, and a selected number was tested by PCR with reverse line blot hybridisation. RESULTS: In total, 13,132 ticks were collected from goats distributed over 17 different households. Amblyomma hebraeum was the predominant species, followed by R. microplus. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, R. simus and R. zambeziensis were also identified. Amblyomma hebraeum was present throughout the year, with peak activity of adults in summer (November) and nymphs in winter (July). The ratio between adults and nymphs ranged from 1:2.7 in summer to 1:55.1 in winter. The mean prevalence of infection for E. ruminantium by PCR/RLB in adult ticks was 17.4% (31/178), whereas 15.7% (28/178) were infected with R. africae. In pooled nymphs, 28.4% were infected with E. ruminantium and 38.8% carried R. africae infection. Co-infections of E. ruminantium and R. africae in adult and pooled nymphal ticks were 3.9% (7/178) and 10% (14.9), respectively. Lameness of goats due to predilection of ticks for the interdigital space of their feet was observed in 89% of the households. CONCLUSIONS: Goats act as important alternative hosts for cattle ticks, which underscored the necessity to include goats in control programs. It is suggested to use acaricide-impregnated leg-bands as a sustainable method to kill ticks and prevent lameness in goats. The challenge of goats by considerable numbers of E. ruminantium-infected ticks is a major obstacle for upgrading the indigenous goat breeds. Humans may be at risk to contract tick-bite fever in this area.