Real-world persistence of initial targeted therapy strategy in monotherapy versus combination therapy in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The persistence of biologic (b) and targeted synthetic (ts) disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs(DMARDs) in monotherapy versus in combination with conventional synthetic (cs) DMARDs is still a controversial topic in rheumatic diseases. To clarify this issue, the retention of the initial treatment strategy of b/tsDMARD in combination with csDMARD versus monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients under real-life conditions was evaluated. Factors associated with maintenance of the initial strategy were analysed. METHODS: Nested cohort study within the Spanish BIOBADASER III registry. Bivariate comparisons and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used for the analyses. RESULTS: A total of 2521 patients were included in the study. In the multivariate model, the initial strategy of combination therapy was associated with shorter persistence in patients with RA (hazard ratio [HR] 1.58;95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-2.50; p = .049), PsA (HR 2.48; 95% CI 1.65-3.72) and AS (HR 16.77; 95% CI 7.37-38.16; p < .001), regardless of sex, time of disease progression, baseline disease activity, glucocorticoid use or type of b/tsDMARD. Overall, the combination strategy was associated with an increased incidence of adverse events (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.13; 95% CI 1.05-1.21). CONCLUSIONS: In this real-life study, the strategy of combining a b/tsDMARD with a csDMARD is associated with lower persistence and worse safety profile compared to monotherapy in RA and especially in PsA and AS, suggesting that combination therapy should be rethought as first choice in RA patients, but especially in PsA and AS patients.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis in the young adult. Methodology, objectives, and initial data from the JUVENSER registry.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the methodology, objectives, and initial data of the registry of young adult patients diagnosed with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), JUVENSER. The main objective of the project is to know the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and disease activity of patients with JIA reaching the transition to adulthood. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Longitudinal, prospective, multicentre study, including patients between 16 and 25 years old, with a diagnosis of JIA in any of its categories. The main objective is to determine the characteristics and activity of JIA in the young adult. It includes sociodemographic variables, clinical variables, disease activity and joint damage rates, data on the use of health resources, and treatments used. The total duration of the project will be 3 years. A cohort of 534 young adult patients was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The JUVENSER registry will constitute a cohort of young adults with JIA, which will allow the evaluation of the clinical characteristics and response to treatment of patients with disease onset in childhood, moving to adult clinics.

What drives the decision to optimise biological treatment in children and youngsters with juvenile idiopathic arthritis? A discrete-choice experiment.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse factors involved in the decision to optimise biologics in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. METHODS: A "discrete-choice" methodology was used. In a nominal group meeting, factors which may influence physicians' decisions to optimise biological dose were identified, together with decision nodes. 1000Minds® was used to create multiple fictitious clinical scenarios based on the factors identified, and to deploy surveys that were sent to a panel of experts. These experts decided for each item which of two clinical scenarios prompted them to optimise the dose of biologic. A conjoint analysis was carried out, and the partial-value functions and the weights of relative importance calculated. RESULTS: In the nominal group, three decision nodes were identified: (1) time to decide; (2) to maintain/reduce or prolong interval; (3) what drug to reduce. The factors elicited were different for each node and included patient and drug attributes. The presence of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), systemic involvement, or subclinical inflammation made the decision easier (highest weights). The presence of joints of difficult control and year of debut influenced the decision in some but not all, and in different directions. Immunogenicity, adherence, and concomitant treatments were also aspects taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: The decision to optimise the dose of biological therapy in children and youngster can be divided into several nodes, and the factors, both patient and therapy-related, leading to the decision can be detailed. These decisions taken by experts may be transported to practice, study designs, and guidelines.

Prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome in the general adult population in Spain: estimating the proportion of undiagnosed cases.

To estimate the prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in the adult Spanish population we performed a population-based multicenter cross-sectional study. Cases were defined by the American-European Consensus Group criteria proposed in 2002. A total of 4,916 subjects aged 20 years or over were included. The estimated prevalence of SS (including primary and secondary forms) in the adult population in Spain was 0.33% (95% CI 0.21-0.53). Extrapolating to the total population of the country aged ≥ 20 years (around 37.7 million persons), there would be around 125,000 cases of SS in Spain. Considering only primary SS, the estimated prevalence was 0.25% (95% CI 0.15-0.43) or 1 person in 400. The prevalence of primary SS in Spain is comparable to that reported in other European studies with a similar design and diagnostic criteria. Based on these results, primary SS could not be considered a rare (orphan) disease. Only 50% of cases had already been diagnosed with SS prior EPISER 2016 study, confirming the existence of a non-negligible proportion of undiagnosed cases in the general population.

Association between periodontitis and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a cross-sectional study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between periodontal parameters related with the periodontal disease severity and the presence and levels of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 164 RA patients. Socio-demographics and RA disease characteristics, including ELISA-detected ACPA (anti-CCP-2), were recorded. Exposure was assessed by periodontal parameters: plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment levels (CAL). Presence and levels of ACPAs (outcome) and exposure variables were compared by both parametric and non-parametric tests and associations were evaluated by adjusted odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: A significant association was observed between the presence of anti-CCP antibodies and severity of periodontal outcomes such as the mean CAL (OR 1.483, p = 0.036), mean PI (OR 1.029, p = 0.012), and the number of pockets ≥ 5 mm (OR 1.021, p = 0.08). High anti-CCP antibodies levels were associated with mean CAL, mean PI, and number of pockets ≥ 5 mm with an OR of 1.593 (p = 0.043), 1.060 (p <  0.001), and 1.031 (p = 0.031), respectively. Furthermore, a significant increase of 4.45 U/mL in anti-CCP antibodies levels (p = 0.002) in RA patients was found for each pocket ≥ 5 mm after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, time of disease evolution, and RA activity. CONCLUSIONS: In RA patients, the severity of periodontal conditions such as mean CAL, mean PI, and the number of pockets ≥ 5 mm were linearly associated with both the presence and levels of anti-CCP antibodies.

Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Spain: higher than previously reported in other countries?

OBJECTIVES: Prevalence of SLE varies among studies, being influenced by study design, geographical area and ethnicity. Data about the prevalence of SLE in Spain are scarce. In the EPISER2016 study, promoted by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology, the prevalence estimate of SLE in the general adult population in Spain has been updated and its association with sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables has been explored. METHODS: Population-based multicentre cross-sectional study, with multistage stratified and cluster random sampling. Participants were contacted by telephone to carry out a questionnaire for the screening of SLE. Investigating rheumatologists evaluated positive results (review of medical records and/or telephone interview, with medical visit if needed) to confirm the diagnosis. To calculate the prevalence and its 95% CI, the sample design was taken into account and weighing was calculated considering age, sex and geographic origin. Multivariate logistic regression models were defined to analyse which sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables included in the telephone questionnaire were associated with the presence of SLE. RESULTS: 4916 subjects aged 20 years or over were included. 16.52% (812/4916) had a positive screening result for SLE. 12 cases of SLE were detected. The estimated prevalence was 0.21% (95% CI: 0.11, 0.40). SLE was more prevalent in the rural municipalities, with an odds ratio (OR) = 4.041 (95% CI: 1.216, 13.424). CONCLUSION: The estimated prevalence of SLE in Spain is higher than that described in most international epidemiological studies, but lower than that observed in ethnic minorities in the United States or the United Kingdom.

Expert Recommendations on the Interleukin 6 Blockade in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. / Recomendaciones de experto sobre el bloqueo de la interleucina 6 en pacientes con artritis reumatoide.

OBJECTIVE: To draft recommendations on interleukin 6 (IL-6) blockade in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), based on best evidence and experience. METHODS: A group of 10 experts on IL-6 blockade in RA was selected. The 2 coordinators formulated 23 questions about IL-6 blockade (indications, efficacy, safety, etc.). A systematic review was conducted to answer the questions. Using this information, inclusion and exclusion criteria were established, as were the search strategies (Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched). Two different reviewers selected the articles. Evidence tables were created. At the same time, European League Against Rheumatism and American College of Rheumatology abstracts were evaluated. Based on this evidence, the coordinators proposed preliminary recommendations that the experts discussed and voted on in a nominal group meeting. The level of evidence and grade of recommendation were established using the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine and the level of agreement with the Delphi technique (2 rounds). Agreement was established if at least 80% of the experts voted yes (yes/no). RESULTS: The 8 preliminary recommendations were accepted after the Delphi process. They covered aspects such as the use of these therapies in monotherapy, in combination, in patients with refractory disease or intolerant patients, response evaluation, optimization and risk management. CONCLUSIONS: The manuscript aims to solve frequently asked questions and aid in decision making strategies when treating RA patients with IL-6 blockade.

Satisfaction, fulfillment of expectations and adherence to subcutaneous biological drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: ARCO study. / Satisfacción, cumplimento de expectativas y adherencia al fármaco biológico subcutáneo en pacientes con artritis reumatoide. Estudio ARCO.

OBJECTIVES: In the ARCO study, adherence to subcutaneous biological agents by patients with rheumatoid arthritis improved with monthly administration. We assess whether adherence can be related to fulfillment of expectations and satisfaction with treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adherence was assessed by calculating the Medication Possession Ratio, and satisfaction and fulfillment of expectations using the «EXPRESAR¼ group questionnaire. RESULTS: In 346 patients, those who were satisfied/very satisfied with efficacy and tolerability were ≥80% and 64.4%, with no differences between weekly, biweekly or monthly administration regimens. Regarding the fulfillment of expectations, 59.9% considered the effect of the treatment greater than expected and 52.6% reported lower/much lower than expected discomfort; the latter percentage was higher in patients with monthly administration (P=.049). The percentages for nonadherence were 15.6% (discomfort greater than expected), 18.5% (expected discomfort) and 11.1% (lower than expected or no discomfort) (P=.189). CONCLUSIONS: Satisfaction and fulfillment of expectations were high. Fulfillment of expectations of tolerability was better with monthly administration, which could contribute to better adherence.

Clinical and therapeutic management of rheumatoid arthritis with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: RADAR study.

To describe the clinical and therapeutic management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), alone or in combination with conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs), as well as analysing changes over time in bDMARD use. An observational, retrospective, multicentre study was conducted in the rheumatology departments of 10 public Spanish hospitals. Patients with RA treated with bDMARDs at baseline who had medical records available in the data collection period 2013-2016 were included. All visits to rheumatology departments recording any type of bDMARD modification (dose, etc.) were collected. Clinical characteristics, concomitant treatment, resource use, work productivity and quality of life (QoL) were recorded. 128 patients were included: 81 received first-line bDMARD treatment, 28 second-line bDMARD treatment and 19 received third or later lines. Mean study follow-up was 4.1 years. Assessment of DAS28 was available in 54.6% of visits. At baseline, 48.7% of patients had moderate-high disease activity. At final observation, 69.5% of patients continued with the first bDMARD. Tumour necrosis factor blockers were administered to 85.2% of patients in first line, 45.7% in second line and 18.1% in third or later lines. At final observation, 80.2% of patients still felt pain/discomfort. As expected, those with higher disease activity had higher loss of work productivity and lower QoL, as assessed by DAS28, than patients with lower disease activity. Drugs represented 82.6% of the total cost. In this Spanish cohort of 128 patients, most patients remained on the first prescribed bDMARD, despite remaining signs and symptoms.

Objectives and methodology of BIOBADASER phase iii. / Objetivos y metodología de la fase iii de BIOBADASER.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the objectives, methods and results of the first year of the new version of the Spanish registry of adverse events involving biological therapies and synthetic drugs with an identifiable target in rheumatic diseases (BIOBADASER III). METHODOLOGY: Multicenter prospective registry of patients with rheumatic inflammatory diseases being treated with biological drugs or synthetic drugs with an identifiable target in rheumatology departments in Spain. The main objective of BIOBADASER Phase III is the registry and analysis of adverse events; moreover, a secondary objective was added consisting of assessing the effectiveness by means of the registry of activity indexes. Patients in the registry are evaluated at least once every year and whenever they experience an adverse event or a change in treatment. The collection of data for phase iii began on 17 December 2015. RESULTS: During the first year, 35 centers participated. The number of patients included in this new phase in December 2016 was 2,664. The mean age was 53.7 years and the median duration of treatment was 8.1 years. In all, 40.4% of the patients were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. The most frequent adverse events were infections and infestations. CONCLUSIONS: BIOBADASER Phase III has been launched to adapt to a changing pharmacological environment, with the introduction of biosimilars and small molecules in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. This new stage is adapted to the changes in the reporting of adverse events and now includes information related to activity scores.

Spanish Registry of Recent-onset Psoriatic Arthritis (REAPSER study): Aims and methodology. / Registro Español de Artritis Psoriásica de Reciente Comienzo (estudio REAPSER). Objetivos y metodología.

AIMS: To describe the methodology of REAPSER (Spanish Registry of Recent-onset Psoriatic Arthritis), its strengths and limitations. The aim of this study is to identify prognostic factors for the clinical and radiographic course in a cohort of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) diagnosed within 2years of symptom evolution. METHODS: Multicenter, observational and prospective study (with 2-year follow-up including annual visits). Baseline visit intended to reflect patient situation before the disease course was modified by treatments prescribed in rheumatology departments. Patients were invited to participate consecutively in one of their routine visits to the rheumatologist. 211 patients were included. Following data were collected: sociodemographic variables; employment situation; family history; personal history and comorbidities; anthropometric data; lifestyle; use of healthcare services; clinical situation at the time of PsA diagnosis; joint involvement and spinal pain; pain and overall assessment; enthesitis, dactylitis and uveitis; skin and nail involvement; functional situation and quality of life; radiographic evaluation; analytical determinations; treatment; axial and peripheral flare-ups. CONCLUSIONS: The REAPSER study includes a cohort of patients with recent-onset PsA, before the disease course was modified by disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs prescribed in rheumatology departments. Exhaustive information collected in each visit is expected to be an important data source for future analysis.

Recommendations for the use of methotrexate in psoriatic arthritis. / Recomendaciones sobre el uso de metotrexato en pacientes con artritis psoriásica.

OBJECTIVES: To develop recommendations for the management of methotrexate (MTX) in psoriatic arthritis (PsA), based on best evidence and experience. METHODS: A group of 12 experts on MTX use was selected. The coordinators formulated 14 questions about the use of MTX in PsA patients (indications, efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness). A systematic review was conducted to answer the questions. Using this information, inclusion and exclusion criteria were established, as were the search strategies (Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched). Two different reviewers selected the articles. Evidence tables were created. At the same time, European League Against Rheumatism and American College of Rheumatology abstracts were evaluated. Based on this evidence, the coordinators proposed 12 preliminary recommendations that the experts discussed and voted on in a nominal group meeting. The level of evidence and grade of recommendation were established using the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine and the level of agreement with the Delphi technique (2 rounds). Agreement was established if at least 80% of the experts voted yes (yes/no). RESULTS: A total of 12 preliminary recommendations on the use of MTX were proposed, 9 of which were accepted. One was included in a different recommendation and another 2 were not voted on and were thereafter clarified in the main text. CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations aim to answer frequent questions and help in decision making strategies when treating PsA patients with MTX.

Undifferentiated connective tissue disease: predictors of evolution into definite disease.

OBJECTIVES: The natural evolution of undifferentiated connective tissue diseases (UCTD) has not yet been established. The aim of our study was to analyse the clinical outcomes of a cohort of UCTD patients followed in a routine outpatient setting and to establish which clinical, serological or capillaroscopy features are associated with an increased risk of evolution to definite connective tissue disease (CTD). METHODS: Data for this study were collected by a retrospective review of 758 patients referred to our hospital, between 1999 and 2008, with suspected CTD. After selection criteria, 98 patients were considered eligible and their records, laboratory findings and nailfold-capillaroscopy pattern (NCP) were analysed until clinical outcome. Three groups of patient outcomes were established: remission, UCTD, and definite CTD. Logistic regression analysis was performed to study the association of baseline clinical features, including NCP progression during monitoring, with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 11±3 years, 62% of the patients continued to suffer from UCTD, 24% regressed to a remission state and 14% developed definite CTD. Cytopenias (p=0.030), positivity for antibody specificities (ENA) (p=0.008), anti-Ro (p=0.036) and antiphospholipid antibodies (p=0.032), and the presence of an altered NCP (p=0.026) at baseline proved different between groups and were more frequently encountered in the group that evolved to definite CTD when compared with the others two groups. Specifically, cytopenias (odds ratio -OR- 4.20 [1.30-13.56] p=0.016), the presence of an antinuclear antibody (ANA) titre ≥1/640 (OR 7.00 [1.99-24.66], p=0.002) and anti-centromere positivity (OR 3.77 [1.03-13.79], p=0.045) at baseline and NCP progression (OR 6.63 [1.70-25.87], p=0.007) were associated with the future presence of definite CTD. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with UCTD remain in an undifferentiated state after routine outpatient clinic follow-up. High ANA titres or the presence of cytopenias at baseline, as well as progression of NCP during follow-up, are the leading factors associated with evolution to definite CTD.

Isolated Ro52 Antibodies as Immunological Marker of a Mild Phenotype of Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Diseases.

The term undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is used to describe undiagnosed patients that do not fulfill classification criteria for definite connective tissue disease (Systemic Lupus, Systemic Sclerosis, Sjögren Syndrome, and Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis). It is important to find serological markers as predictors of the evolution or severity of these diseases. The objective of this retrospective study was to investigate if there was a milder subgroup of UCTD with a special clinical profile consisting only in the presence of anti-Ro52 autoantibodies. Immunological and clinical records of 62 patients attending the hospital during 30 months were studied. Results showed a target population formed by mostly women, aged between 40 and 80 years at the moment of the study, with a registered age of onset between 40 and 60 years. Speckled pattern was the most frequent pattern found by indirect immunofluorescence. Given the obtained results and keeping in mind possible limitations because of sample size, isolated positive anti-Ro52 autoantibodies seem to lead to a benign effect in terms of evolution of the disease. As a future objective, the follow-up of these patients should be necessary to investigate new clinical symptoms, serological markers, or development of a definite connective tissue disease over time.

Non-adherence to subcutaneous biological medication in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicentre, non-interventional study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate non-adherence to prescribed subcutaneous biologicals in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in Spain. METHODS: ARCO (Study on Adherence of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients to SubCutaneous and Oral Drugs) was a multicentre, non-interventional retrospective study involving 42 rheumatology clinics from representative hospitals throughout Spain. The primary objective was to assess the percentage of patients (aged ≥18 years with an established RA diagnosis) with non-adherence to prescribed subcutaneous biologicals using clinical records and hospital pharmacy dispensing logs as the primary information sources. Adherence was assessed using the Medication Possession Ratio (MPR). Additionally, patients completed the Morisky-Green Medication Adherence Questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 364 patients (77.5% females, mean age 54.9 years, median RA duration since diagnosis 7.8 years) were enrolled in ARCO. Non-adherence (MPR ≤80%) was reported in 52/363 evaluable patients (14.3%), and was lower in patients receiving initial monthly drug administration (6.4%) than with weekly (17.4%; p=0.034) or every two weeks (14.4%; p=0.102) administration. By multivariate analysis, non-adherence was positively associated with RA duration above the median and with using induction doses. Monthly administration, compared to weekly administration, was inversely associated with non-adherence. Age, gender, order of administration, and changes in the interval of administration, showed no association with non-adherence. Compared with the MPR, the Morisky-Green questionnaire performed poorly in detecting non-adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Non-adherence to the prescribed subcutaneous biological drug occurred in 14.3% of patients with RA. Patients using the most convenient administration period (i.e. monthly) had better adherence than those using more frequent dosing schedules.

A new form of communication between rheumatology and primary care: The virtual consultation.

In recent years, the prevalence of rheumatic diseases has increased. The virtual consultation of rheumatology could help to avoid unnecessary visits and attend those who need an early visit. The virtual consultation is associated with telemedicine and telecommunication. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of all virtual consultations performed in the Rheumatology Service during a one year period. More than a 50% were resolved without giving the patients an appointment. With virtual consultation we have achieved: 1) a closer contact with primary care, 2) rapid resolution of doubts about rheumatic disease in patients, 3) improvement of training in rheumatic disorders and 4) prioritizing those patients requiring early assessment by a rheumatologist.

Differential Antigen-presenting B Cell Phenotypes from Synovial Microenvironment of Patients with Rheumatoid and Psoriatic Arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To study the qualitative and quantitative phenotypic changes that occur in molecules involved in antigen presentation and costimulation in synovial B cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS: The presence of HLA-DR, CD86, and CD40 in CD20+ cells was studied in RA synovium biopsies using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Expression was assessed by flow cytometry of the Class II molecules CD40, CD86, CD23, and CD27 on B cells from the synovial fluid (SF), with respect to peripheral blood, from 13 patients with RA and 15 patients with PsA. Expression of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 4 (IFIT4) in immune-selected CD20+ cells from patients with RA was assessed by quantitative realtime PCR. RESULTS: Infiltrating synovial RA, B cells expressed HLA-DR, CD40, and CD86. Increased expression of CD86, HLA-DR, and HLA-DQ in B cells from SF was found in patients with RA and PsA. HLA-DP was also elevated in rheumatoid SF B cells; conversely, a significantly lower expression was observed in SF from patients with PsA. CD40 expression was increased in SF B cells from PsA, but not in patients with RA. Interestingly, CD20 surface expression level was significantly lower in SF B cells (CD19+, CD138-) from RA, but not in patients with PsA. CD27 upregulation and CD23 downregulation were observed in synovial B cells in both pathologies. Finally, a 4-fold increase in IFIT4 mRNA content was shown in B cells from SF in patients with RA. CONCLUSION: Synovial B cells from patients with RA and patients with PsA express different antigen-presenting cell phenotypes, suggesting that this cell type plays a dissimilar role in the pathogenesis of each disease.

Consensus of the Spanish society of pediatric rheumatology for transition management from pediatric to adult care in rheumatic patients with childhood onset.

To develop recommendations on the transition from pediatric care to adult care in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases with childhood onset based. Recommendations were generated following nominal group methodology and Delphi technique. A panel of 16 experts was established. A systematic literature review (on transitional care) and a narrative review were performed and presented to the panel in the first panel meeting to be discussed. A first draft of recommendations was generated and circulated. Focal groups with adolescents, young adults and parents were organized. In a second meeting, the focus group results along with the input from invited psychologist were used to establish definitive recommendations. Then, a Delphi process (two rounds) was carried out. A group of 72 pediatric and adult rheumatologists took part. Recommendations were voted from 1 (total disagreement) to 10 (total agreement). We defined agreement if at least 70 % voted ≥7. The level of evidence and grade or recommendation was assessed using the Oxford center for evidence-based medicine levels of evidence. Transition care was defined as a purposeful, planned process that addresses the medical, psychosocial and educational/vocational needs of adolescents and young adults with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases with childhood onset as they move from child-centered to adult-oriented healthcare systems. The consensus covers: transition needs, barriers and facilitators, transitional issues (objectives, participants, content, phases, timing, plans, documentation and responsibilities), physicians' and other health professionals' knowledge and skill requirements, models/programs, and strategies and guideline for implementation. Preliminary recommendations and agreement grade are shown in the Table (first Delphi round). These recommendations are intended to provide health professionals, patients, families and other stakeholders with a consensus on the transition process from pediatric to adult care.