Association between the lactate-albumin ratio and microcirculation changes in Pediatric Septic patients.

A lactate/albumin ratio (LAR) greater than 0.5 measured early in the course of pediatric critical illness is associated with greater mortality. Whether the elevated LAR can be explained by microcirculation disorders in children with sepsis is not known. In this longitudinal retrospective study (January 2021-January 2024), serum albumin and lactate were measured on admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), with sublingual video microscopy performed simultaneously to measure microcirculation. A total of 178 children were included, 37% of whom had septic shock measured with the Phoenix Sepsis Score. Patients with remote sepsis had greater odds of an elevated LAR (aOR 6.87: 95% CI 1.98-23.73; p < 0.01). Children with an elevated LAR had more microvascular blood flow abnormalities (aOR 1.31 95% CI 1.08-1.58; p < 0.01), lower 4-6-micron capillary density (aOR 1.03 95% CI 1.01-1.05; p < 0.01) and greater odds of dying (aOR 3.55 95% CI 1.21-10.38; p = 0.02) compared to those with a low LAR. We found no association between LAR and endothelial glycocalyx degradation. A normal LAR is associated with less risk of microcirculatory injury (aOR 0.77 95% CI 0.65-0.93; p < 0.01). In children with sepsis, an elevated LAR is associated with microcirculation abnormalities (microvascular density and flow). The lactate/albumin ratio is a potentially useful biomarker for microcirculatory injury in sepsis.

Association between mechanical ventilation parameters and mortality in children with respiratory failure on ECMO: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: In refractory respiratory failure (RF), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a salvage therapy that seeks to reduce lung injury induced by mechanical ventilation. The parameters of optimal mechanical ventilation in children during ECMO are not known. Pulmonary ventilatory management during this therapy may impact mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between ventilatory parameters in children during ECMO therapy and in-hospital mortality. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar from January 2013 until May 2022 (PROSPERO 450744), including studies in children with ECMO-supported RF assessing mechanical ventilation parameters, was conducted. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale; heterogeneity, with absence <25% and high >75%, was assessed using I2. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses using the Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model were performed to explore the impact of methodological quality on effect size. Results: Six studies were included. The median age was 3.4 years (IQR: 3.2-4.2). Survival in the 28-day studies was 69%. Mechanical ventilation parameters associated with higher mortality were a very low tidal volume ventilation (<4 ml/kg; OR: 4.70; 95% CI: 2.91-7.59; p < 0.01; I2: 38%), high plateau pressure (mean Dif: -0.70 95% CI: -0.18, -0.22; p < 0.01), and high driving pressure (mean Dif: -0.96 95% CI: -1.83, -0.09: p = 0.03). The inspired fraction of oxygen (p = 0.09) and end-expiratory pressure (p = 0.69) were not associated with higher mortality. Patients who survived had less multiple organ failure (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The mechanical ventilation variables associated with higher mortality in children with ECMO-supported respiratory failure are high plateau pressures, high driving pressure and very low tidal volume ventilation. No association between mortality and other parameters of the mechanical ventilator, such as the inspired fraction of oxygen or end-expiratory pressure, was found. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023450744, PROSPERO 2023 (CRD42023450744).