Exploring neighborhood socioeconomic disparity in self-rated health: a multiple mediation analysis.

There is still a need for more empirical investigations to better understand the causal pathways by which neighborhood socioeconomic contexts translate into states of health. This study explored the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic position and health, as well as the role of social cohesion, violence, places to buy healthy food, and sports and leisure spaces in mediating this relationship in a diverse set of neighborhoods in Brazil. We applied a general multiple mediation approach to analyze a cross-sectional survey of 4.046 adults living in 149 neighborhoods in 2008 and 2009. The property value was chosen as an indicator of neighborhood socioeconomic position and self-rated health as the outcome. The four mediators were constructed from the self-perception of the participants. Results: We found that people living in economically advantaged neighborhoods were less likely to report their health as being fair/poor/very poor (OR = 0.71; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.76) than people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods, and this effect was mediated by the perception of violence in the neighborhoods. On average, 8.4% of the neighborhood socioeconomic disparity in self-rated health may be explained by violence. We did not ascertain as mediators social cohesion, places to buy healthy food, and sports and leisure spaces. Violence perception mediates the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic position and self-rated health. Targeted interventions designed to improve the health status of the population could usefully focus on reducing the level of violence in which people live.

Influência da escolaridade e das condições de saúde no trabalho remunerado de idosos brasileiros / Influence of education and health conditions on paid work of elderly Brazilians

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi determinar associações entre características sociodemográficas e de saúde com o trabalho remunerado entre idosos brasileiros. As análises incluíram 11.177 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, conduzida em 2013. A análise multivariada foi baseada em razões de prevalência e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, estimados pela regressão de Poisson. A participação dos homens no trabalho remunerado foi significativamente mais alta (32,9%) em comparação às mulheres (14,4%). Para homens e mulheres, essa participação diminuiu com o aumento de idade e foi maior entre aqueles com maior escolaridade e boa autoavaliação da saúde. Entre os homens, a boa autoavaliação da saúde apresentou associação com o trabalho remunerado (RP = 1,63; IC95%:1,23-2,15) somente para aqueles com escolaridade mais baixa (< 9 anos). Entre as mulheres, a boa autoavaliação da saúde apresentou associação positiva com o trabalho remunerado (RP = 1,94; IC95%:1,32-2,84) para aquelas com escolaridade mais baixa, e associação negativa para aquelas com escolaridade mais alta (RP = 0,54; IC95%:0,38-0,77). Os resultados sugerem que investimentos na escolaridade e melhorias nas condições de saúde podem contribuir para aumentar a longevidade dos idosos no mercado de trabalho.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine associations between socio-demographic and health characteristics with paid work among elderly Brazilians. The analysis included 11,177 subjects aged 60 years and over from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013. The multivariate analysis was based on prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals estimated by Poisson regression. The participation of men in paid work was significantly higher (32.9%) than women (14.4%). For men and women, this participation decreased with increasing age and was higher among those with better schooling and good self-rated health. Among men, good self-rated health was associated with paid work (PR = 1.63, 95% CI, 1.23-2.15) only for those with less schooling (< 9 years). Among women, good self-rated health revealed a positive association with paid work (PR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.32-2.84) for those with less schooling, and a negative association for those with better schooling (RP = 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.77). The results suggest that investments in schooling and improvements in health conditions can contribute to an increase in the longevity of the elderly in the labor market.

[Influence of education and health conditions on paid work of elderly Brazilians]. / Influência da escolaridade e das condições de saúde no trabalho remunerado de idosos brasileiros.

The objective of this study was to determine associations between socio-demographic and health characteristics with paid work among elderly Brazilians. The analysis included 11,177 subjects aged 60 years and over from the National Health Survey conducted in 2013. The multivariate analysis was based on prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals estimated by Poisson regression. The participation of men in paid work was significantly higher (32.9%) than women (14.4%). For men and women, this participation decreased with increasing age and was higher among those with better schooling and good self-rated health. Among men, good self-rated health was associated with paid work (PR = 1.63, 95% CI, 1.23-2.15) only for those with less schooling (< 9 years). Among women, good self-rated health revealed a positive association with paid work (PR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.32-2.84) for those with less schooling, and a negative association for those with better schooling (RP = 0.54, 95% CI 0.38-0.77). The results suggest that investments in schooling and improvements in health conditions can contribute to an increase in the longevity of the elderly in the labor market.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar associações entre características sociodemográficas e de saúde com o trabalho remunerado entre idosos brasileiros. As análises incluíram 11.177 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, conduzida em 2013. A análise multivariada foi baseada em razões de prevalência e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%, estimados pela regressão de Poisson. A participação dos homens no trabalho remunerado foi significativamente mais alta (32,9%) em comparação às mulheres (14,4%). Para homens e mulheres, essa participação diminuiu com o aumento de idade e foi maior entre aqueles com maior escolaridade e boa autoavaliação da saúde. Entre os homens, a boa autoavaliação da saúde apresentou associação com o trabalho remunerado (RP = 1,63; IC95%:1,23-2,15) somente para aqueles com escolaridade mais baixa (< 9 anos). Entre as mulheres, a boa autoavaliação da saúde apresentou associação positiva com o trabalho remunerado (RP = 1,94; IC95%:1,32-2,84) para aquelas com escolaridade mais baixa, e associação negativa para aquelas com escolaridade mais alta (RP = 0,54; IC95%:0,38-0,77). Os resultados sugerem que investimentos na escolaridade e melhorias nas condições de saúde podem contribuir para aumentar a longevidade dos idosos no mercado de trabalho.

Aspects of social participation and neighborhood perception: ELSI-Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of the physical and social surroundings of the neighborhood, which are presented as facilitators or barriers for the social participation of Brazilian older adults. METHODS: The study was conducted in a probabilistic representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 50 years and older and who lived in urban areas (n = 7,935). The response variable was social participation, which was defined from two questions about activities performed with other persons: visited friends or relatives in their homes in the last 12 months (yes, no); went out with other persons to public places, such as restaurant, movies, club, park, in the last 12 months (yes, no). The explanatory variables included fear of falling because of defects in sidewalks, concern about the difficulty to get on a bus, subway, or train, difficulty to cross streets, and perception of violence in the neighborhood. Potential confounding variables included age, marital status, education level, self-rated health, living in an asphalted or paved street, time living in the municipality, and socioeconomic position score. Prevalence ratios and respective confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULT: Difficulty to cross streets presented an independent association with restricted social participation (PR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.93-0.98) among both women (PR = 0.96; 95%CI 0.92-0.99) and men (PR = 0.94; 95%CI 0.90-0.99). Concern about the difficulty to get on a bus, subway, or train was associated with the outcome only among men (PR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.91-0.99). The fear of falling because of defects in sidewalks and the perception of violence in the neighborhood were not associated with social participation. CONCLUSIONS: Urban characteristics that hinder the crossing of streets and accessibility to public transport can be inferred as important barriers for the social participation of Brazilian older adults.

Life course and work ability among older adults: ELSI-Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To examine factors associated with perception of work ability in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians aged 50 years and over. METHODS: We used data from 8,903 participants of the baseline survey of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). The dependent variable was self-rated work ability (good or very good versus fair, poor, or very poor). Independent variables included factors that operate at the beginning, middle, and current stage of life. Multivariate analysis was based on prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Good work ability was reported by 49% of \ participants (49.4% among men and 48.6% among women). Results of the multivariate analysis showed that, for both men and women, good work ability showed positive and statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with good health up to 15 years of age (PR = 1.22 and 1.18 , respectively), educational level ≥ 8 years (PR = 1.19 and 1.21, respectively), and current good self-rated health (PR = 1.88 and 1.94, respectively). Negative associations were observed for current age (PR = 0.99 for each increase of one year among men and women), medical diagnosis of depression (PR = 0.70 for men and PR = 0.87 for women), and having one or more at least chronic diseases (PR = 0.88 for men and 0.91 for women). Only for men, positive associations for the age at which they started working (PR = 1.14 and 1.12 for 11-17 and ≥ 18 years, respectively) and living with a spouse (PR = 1.09) were found. CONCLUSIONS: Work ability in older ages is built over the life course, particularly by the health conditions in childhood and adolescence, age at which men begin working, educational level, and health conditions in older ages. Policies aimed at increasing longevity in the labor market must take these factors into account.

[Factors associated with Sisvan Web coverage for children under 5 years of age, in the municipalities of the Regional Health Inspectorate of Belo Horizonte, Brazil]. / Fatores associados à cobertura do Sisvan Web para crianças menores de 5 anos, nos municípios da Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Brasil.

The objective of this research was to analyze the factors associated with the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan Web) coverage for children under five years of age in the municipalities of the Regional Health Inspectorate of Belo Horizonte (HRS-BH). Sisvan Web coverage data were collected from September to October 2012. Simultaneously, a "semi-structured questionnaire about the Sisvan operation" was sent to identify the technical references of municipalities studied. The coverage was calculated by dividing the number of under five-year-old children covered by Sisvan by the total number of similarly under five-year-old children obtained from the 2010 IBGE census. The Median Sisvan Web coverage of children in the HRS-BH municipalities was 5.59%, with coverage values ranging from 0.55% to 35.8%. Among the variables studied, the only one that revealed significant statistical association (p < 0.05) with Sisvan Web coverage was the lack of professionals to collect data. The results revealed the need for greater awareness of health managers and public health professionals about the importance of the nutritional diagnosis situation of the population through Sisvan Web.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar fatores associados à cobertura do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan Web) para crianças menores de cinco anos, nos municípios da Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Belo Horizonte (SRS-BH). Foram coletados dados da cobertura do Sisvan Web nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2012, período em que foi enviado um "Questionário semiestruturado sobre o funcionamento do Sisvan" às referências técnicas dos municípios avaliados. A cobertura foi calculada dividindo-se o número de crianças menores de 5 anos acompanhadas no Sisvan, pelo número total de crianças também menores de 5 anos obtido do Censo IBGE 2010. A mediana da cobertura do Sisvan Web para crianças nos municípios da SRS-BH foi de 5,59%, sendo que as coberturas variaram entre 0,55% e 35,8%. De todas as variáveis estudadas, a única que apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05) com a cobertura do Sisvan Web foi a falta de profissional para coleta de dados. Os resultados encontrados sugerem a necessidade de uma maior sensibilização dos gestores da saúde e dos profissionais de saúde do SUS sobre a importância do diagnóstico da situação alimentar e nutricional da população por meio do Sisvan Web.

Fatores associados à cobertura do Sisvan Web para crianças menores de 5 anos, nos municípios da Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Brasil / Factors associated with Sisvan Web coverage for children under 5 years of age, in the municipalities of the Regional Health Inspectorate of Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar fatores associados à cobertura do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan Web) para crianças menores de cinco anos, nos municípios da Superintendência Regional de Saúde de Belo Horizonte (SRS-BH). Foram coletados dados da cobertura do Sisvan Web nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2012, período em que foi enviado um "Questionário semiestruturado sobre o funcionamento do Sisvan" às referências técnicas dos municípios avaliados. A cobertura foi calculada dividindo-se o número de crianças menores de 5 anos acompanhadas no Sisvan, pelo número total de crianças também menores de 5 anos obtido do Censo IBGE 2010. A mediana da cobertura do Sisvan Web para crianças nos municípios da SRS-BH foi de 5,59%, sendo que as coberturas variaram entre 0,55% e 35,8%. De todas as variáveis estudadas, a única que apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05) com a cobertura do Sisvan Web foi a falta de profissional para coleta de dados. Os resultados encontrados sugerem a necessidade de uma maior sensibilização dos gestores da saúde e dos profissionais de saúde do SUS sobre a importância do diagnóstico da situação alimentar e nutricional da população por meio do Sisvan Web.

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the factors associated with the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan Web) coverage for children under five years of age in the municipalities of the Regional Health Inspectorate of Belo Horizonte (HRS-BH). Sisvan Web coverage data were collected from September to October 2012. Simultaneously, a "semi-structured questionnaire about the Sisvan operation" was sent to identify the technical references of municipalities studied. The coverage was calculated by dividing the number of under five-year-old children covered by Sisvan by the total number of similarly under five-year-old children obtained from the 2010 IBGE census. The Median Sisvan Web coverage of children in the HRS-BH municipalities was 5.59%, with coverage values ranging from 0.55% to 35.8%. Among the variables studied, the only one that revealed significant statistical association (p < 0.05) with Sisvan Web coverage was the lack of professionals to collect data. The results revealed the need for greater awareness of health managers and public health professionals about the importance of the nutritional diagnosis situation of the population through Sisvan Web.

The Influence of Neighborhood Social Capital on Leisure-Time Physical Activity: a Population-Based Study in Brazil.

Environmentally targeted approaches to promote physical activity are emerging in recent years as a complementary strategy to the traditional individual approaches. This study explored the relation between community social capital and leisure-time physical activity in an adult population-based sample in Brazil. We applied a generalized estimating equation approach to analyze a cross-sectional survey of 3667 adults living in 149 neighborhoods. Social capital was assessed by scales that measured collective efficacy and social cohesion in the neighborhood. We find that individuals living in areas with higher level of social cohesion were more likely to be physically active even after controlling for potentially confounding individual and area-level covariates (PR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.13, 2.16). Collective efficacy was not significantly associated with leisure-time physical activity. Interventions to strengthen social cohesion in the community may be an avenue for promoting physical activity.

Accuracy of waist circumference for predicting other components of metabolic syndrome: evidence from the Bambuí cohort study of the elderly / Acurácia da circunferência da cintura na predição de outros componentes da síndrome metabólica: Evidências da coorte de idosos de Bambuí

Abstract Objectives: To examine the accuracy of waist circumference to predict two or more metabolic syndrome (MS) components among the elderly and to compare it with the recommendations of the Joint Interim Statement (JIS) for adults. Method: The study was conducted among participants of the baseline of the Bambuí (Minas Gerais) Cohort Study. The best waist circumference cut-off point for the outcome was determined by the Younden Index. The accuracy of such cut-off points was assessed by the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) and the sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values. Results: The prevalence of MS was 63.8% among women and 43.4% among men. Of these, the waist circumference cut-off that best predicted two or more components of MS (≥88 cm) was similar to that recommended by JIS (≥90 cm) (AUROC=0.673 and 0.672, respectively). Among women, the corresponding value was higher (≥92 cm) than recommended by the JIS (≥80 cm) (AUROC=0.605 and 0.560, respectively). Conclusion: The overall accuracy of waist circumference (AUROC) for the outcome was low for both genders, indicating that this measure is not an effective predictor of other components of MS in the study population.

Resumo Objetivos: Determinar o ponto de corte da circunferência da cintura para a predição de dois ou mais componentes da síndrome metabólica (SM) entre idosos e compará-lo às recomendações do Joint Interim Statement (JIS) para adultos. Método: O estudo foi conduzido em 1.383 participantes da linha de base da coorte de Bambuí-MG. Para a determinação do melhor ponto de corte da circunferência da cintura para o desfecho foi utilizado o Índice de Youden e a acurácia avaliada por meio da área sob a curva ROC (AUROC), da sensibilidade e da especificidade, além dos valores preditivos positivo e negativo. Resultados: A prevalência da SM foi igual a 63,8% entre as mulheres e 43,4% entre os homens. Entre esses, o ponto de corte da circunferência da cintura que melhor prediz dois ou mais componentes da SM (88 cm) foi semelhante àquele recomendado pelo JIS (90 cm), com AUROC=0,673 e 0,672, respectivamente. Entre as mulheres, o valor correspondente foi mais alto (92 cm) em relação ao recomendado pelo JIS (80 cm), com AUROC= 0,605 e 0,560, respectivamente. Conclusão: Para ambos os sexos, a validade global da circunferência da cintura (AUROC) para a predição do desfecho foi baixa, tanto entre os homens quanto entre as mulheres, indicando que essa medida não prediz adequadamente outros componentes da SM na população do estudo.

Life course and work ability among older adults: ELSI-Brazil / Curso da vida e capacidade para o trabalho entre adultos mais velhos: ELSI-Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine factors associated with perception of work ability in a nationally representative sample of Brazilians aged 50 years and over. METHODS We used data from 8,903 participants of the baseline survey of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil). The dependent variable was self-rated work ability (good or very good versus fair, poor, or very poor). Independent variables included factors that operate at the beginning, middle, and current stage of life. Multivariate analysis was based on prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS Good work ability was reported by 49% of / participants (49.4% among men and 48.6% among women). Results of the multivariate analysis showed that, for both men and women, good work ability showed positive and statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) with good health up to 15 years of age (PR = 1.22 and 1.18 , respectively), educational level ≥ 8 years (PR = 1.19 and 1.21, respectively), and current good self-rated health (PR = 1.88 and 1.94, respectively). Negative associations were observed for current age (PR = 0.99 for each increase of one year among men and women), medical diagnosis of depression (PR = 0.70 for men and PR = 0.87 for women), and having one or more at least chronic diseases (PR = 0.88 for men and 0.91 for women). Only for men, positive associations for the age at which they started working (PR = 1.14 and 1.12 for 11-17 and ≥ 18 years, respectively) and living with a spouse (PR = 1.09) were found. CONCLUSIONS Work ability in older ages is built over the life course, particularly by the health conditions in childhood and adolescence, age at which men begin working, educational level, and health conditions in older ages. Policies aimed at increasing longevity in the labor market must take these factors into account.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Examinar os fatores associados à percepção da capacidade para o trabalho em amostra nacional representativa da população brasileira com 50 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados de 8.903 participantes da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil). A variável dependente foi a autoavaliação da capacidade para o trabalho (boa ou muito boa versus razoável, ruim ou muito ruim). As variáveis independentes incluíram fatores que operam no início, no meio e na fase atual da vida. A análise multivariada foi baseada em razões de prevalência (RP) e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) estimados por meio da regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS A boa capacidade para o trabalho foi informada por 49% dos participantes (49,4% entre homens e 48,6% entre mulheres). Os resultados da análise multivariada mostraram que, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres, a boa capacidade para o trabalho apresentou associações positivas e estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,05) com ter saúde boa até os 15 anos de idade (RP = 1,22 e 1,18, respectivamente), escolaridade ≥ 8 anos (RP = 1,19 e 1,21, respectivamente) e autoavaliação da saúde atual como boa (RP = 1,88 e 1,94, respectivamente). Associações negativas foram observadas para idade atual (RP = 0,99 para cada incremento de um ano), diagnóstico médico de depressão (RP = 0,70 para homens e RP = 0,87 para mulheres) e ter uma ou mais doenças crônicas (RP = 0,88 para homens e 0,91 para mulheres). Apenas entre os homens, associações positivas foram observadas para idade em que começou a trabalhar (RP = 1,14 e 1,12 para 11-17 e ≥ 18 anos) e residência com o cônjuge (RP = 1,09). CONCLUSÕES A capacidade para o trabalho nas idades mais velhas é construída ao longo da vida, particularmente pelas condições de saúde na infância e na adolescência, pela idade em que os homens começam a trabalhar, pela escolaridade e pelas condições de saúde nas idades mais velhas. Políticas visando ao aumento da longevidade no mercado de trabalho devem levar em conta esses fatores.

Aspects of social participation and neighborhood perception: ELSI-Brazil / Aspectos da participação social e a percepção da vizinhança: ELSI-Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of the physical and social surroundings of the neighborhood, which are presented as facilitators or barriers for the social participation of Brazilian older adults. METHODS The study was conducted in a probabilistic representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 50 years and older and who lived in urban areas (n = 7,935). The response variable was social participation, which was defined from two questions about activities performed with other persons: visited friends or relatives in their homes in the last 12 months (yes, no); went out with other persons to public places, such as restaurant, movies, club, park, in the last 12 months (yes, no). The explanatory variables included fear of falling because of defects in sidewalks, concern about the difficulty to get on a bus, subway, or train, difficulty to cross streets, and perception of violence in the neighborhood. Potential confounding variables included age, marital status, education level, self-rated health, living in an asphalted or paved street, time living in the municipality, and socioeconomic position score. Prevalence ratios and respective confidence intervals were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULT Difficulty to cross streets presented an independent association with restricted social participation (PR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.93-0.98) among both women (PR = 0.96; 95%CI 0.92-0.99) and men (PR = 0.94; 95%CI 0.90-0.99). Concern about the difficulty to get on a bus, subway, or train was associated with the outcome only among men (PR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.91-0.99). The fear of falling because of defects in sidewalks and the perception of violence in the neighborhood were not associated with social participation. CONCLUSIONS Urban characteristics that hinder the crossing of streets and accessibility to public transport can be inferred as important barriers for the social participation of Brazilian older adults.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar o impacto do entorno físico e social da vizinhança, que se apresentam como facilitadores ou barreiras, para a participação social de adultos mais velhos brasileiros. MÉTODOS O estudo foi conduzido em amostra probabilística representativa da população brasileira, residente em áreas urbanas, com 50 anos ou mais de idade (n = 7.935). A variável resposta foi participação social, definida a partir de duas perguntas sobre atividades realizadas com outras pessoas: visitou seus amigos ou familiares em suas casas nos últimos 12 meses (sim, não); saiu com outras pessoas para lugares públicos, como restaurante, cinema, clube, praça, nos últimos 12 meses (sim, não). As variáveis explicativas incluíram medo de cair por causa de defeitos nos passeios, preocupação com a dificuldade de subir em ônibus, metrô ou trem, dificuldade em atravessar a rua e percepção de violência na vizinhança. As potenciais variáveis de confusão incluíram faixa etária, situação conjugal, escolaridade, autoavaliação da saúde, residência em rua asfaltada ou pavimentada, tempo de moradia no município e escore de indicador de posição socioeconômica. Razões de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança foram estimados por meio da regressão de Poisson. RESULTADO A dificuldade em atravessar a rua apresentou associação independente com a restrição para participação social (RP = 0,95; IC95% 0,93-0,98), tanto entre as mulheres (RP = 0,96; IC95% 0,92-0,99) quanto entre os homens (RP = 0,94; IC95% 0,90-0,99). A preocupação com a dificuldade de subir em ônibus, metrô ou trem apresentou associação com o desfecho somente entre os homens (RP = 0,95; IC95% 0,91-0,99). O medo de cair por causa de defeitos nos passeios e a percepção de violência na vizinhança não foram associados à participação social. CONCLUSÕES Características urbanas que ocasionam dificuldade em atravessar a rua e a acessibilidade ao transporte público podem ser inferidas como importantes barreiras para a participação social de adultos mais velhos brasileiros.

Caracterização da força da língua por meio de medidas objetivas / Characterization of tongue strength via objective measures

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a força axial da língua e parâmetros relacionados por meio do FORLING. Método: foram analisados os dados de 92 participantes, entre homens e mulheres, com média de 23,3±7,7 anos. Resultados: no parâmetro força média da língua, identificaram-se valores médios de 13,0 N, já para a força máxima observou-se valor médio de 18,3 N. A força média e a máxima da língua apresentaram correlação positiva e associação altamente significante (p<0,001). A energia acumulada pela língua indicou valores de 131,1 N/s. O tempo médio gasto para que se alcance a força máxima da língua foi de 3,8 segundos, indicando um efeito do treinamento ao se comparar a 1ª à 3ª medida, com redução dos valores (p<0,001). Conclusão: o instrumento demonstrou ser capaz de mensurar parâmetros importantes para o fonoaudiólogo, indicando ser uma promissora ferramenta complementar à avaliação clínica fonoaudiológica.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze axial tongue strength and related parameters by using the Forling. Methods: data regarding 92 participants, including men and women with a mean age of 23.3 ± 7.7 years, were analyzed. Results: the mean value of the mean tongue strength was 13.0 N, and the maximum strength value was 18.3 N. The mean and maximum tongue strengths showed positive correlation and highly significant association (p < 0.001). The energy accumulated by the tongue was 131.1 N/s. The mean time required for the maximum tongue strength to be reached was 3.8 s, and the decrease in time (p < 0.001) from the first to the third measurements indicates an effect of training. Conclusion: the instrument proved to be capable of measuring parameters that are important to the speech-language pathologist, indicating that it can be a promising complementary tool for clinical evaluation.

Perceived neighborhood characteristics and the functional performance of elderly people in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a quantile regression analysis.

This study aims to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and the functional performance of elderly people living in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data of a representative sample of 2,033 elderly were analyzed using quantile regression. Functional performance was measured by the number of activities of daily living (ADL) the elderly had difficulty to perform. The neighborhood characteristics evaluated were: maintenance, trust, insecurity and defective sidewalks. Functional performance was found positively associated with the characteristic defective sidewalks, whose effect increased as the number of ADL the elderly had difficulty to perform increased. The results suggest that inadequate sidewalk conditions can contribute to functional losses in elderly people, especially among those who are functionally more compromised.

Factors associated with agreement between self-perception and clinical evaluation of dental treatment needs in adults in Brazil and Minas Gerais. / Fatores associados à concordância entre autopercepção e avaliação clínica da necessidade de tratamento dentário em adultos do Brasil e de Minas Gerais.

This study sought to describe the agreement between self-perception and clinical evaluation of dental treatment needs in adults and analyze associated factors. The sample comprised adult individuals who took part in SBBrazil 2010 and SBMinas Gerais 2012. The study's outcome was agreement between self-perception and clinical evaluation of dental treatment needs. We used multiple Poisson regression in order to determine the factors associated with the outcome. Agreement between self-perception and clinical evaluation was 78.8% in Brazil and 73.8% in Minas Gerais. Clinical and self-reported oral health conditions that affect function and quality of life were associated with a higher agreement, while a recent visit to the dentist was associated with a lower agreement. Identifying associated factors may enable the development of questionnaires that favor correct self-perception regarding treatment needs.

Fatores associados à concordância entre autopercepção e avaliação clínica da necessidade de tratamento dentário em adultos do Brasil e de Minas Gerais / Factores asociados a la concordancia entre autopercepción y evaluación clínica de la necesidad de tratamiento dental en adultos de Brasil y de Minas Gerais / Factors associated with agreement between self-perception and clinical evaluation of dental treatment needs in adults in Brazil and Minas Gerais

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a concordância entre a autopercepção e a avaliação clínica das necessidades de tratamento dentário em adultos e analisar os fatores associados. A amostra foi composta por indivíduos adultos que participaram do SBBrasil 2010 e do SBMinas Gerais 2012. A variável resposta do estudo corresponde à concordância entre a autopercepção e a avaliação clínica da necessidade de tratamento dentário. Regressão de Poisson múltipla foi utilizada para determinar os fatores associados ao desfecho. A concordância entre a autopercepção e a avaliação clínica foi de 78,8% no Brasil e 73,8% em Minas Gerais. Condições clínicas e autorrelatadas de saúde bucal que afetam a função e a qualidade de vida estiveram associadas à maior concordância, enquanto a visita recente ao dentista esteve associada à menor concordância. A identificação dos fatores associados pode propiciar o desenvolvimento de questionários que favoreçam a avaliação correta dos indivíduos sobre as suas necessidades de tratamento.

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la concordancia entre la autopercepción y la evaluación clínica de las necesidades de tratamiento dental en adultos y analizar los factores asociados. La muestra estuvo compuesta por individuos adultos que participaron en el SBBrasil 2010 y en el SBMinas Gerais 2012. La variable respuesta del estudio corresponde a la concordancia entre la autopercepción y la evaluación clínica de la necesidad de tratamiento dental. Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson múltiple para determinar los factores asociados al desenlace. La concordancia entre la autopercepción y la evaluación clínica fue de un 78,8% en Brasil y un 73,8% en Minas Gerais. Condiciones clínicas y autorrelatadas de salud bucal que afectan la función y la calidad de vida estuvieron asociadas a una mayor concordancia, mientras que la visita reciente al dentista estuvo asociada a una menor concordancia. La identificación de los factores asociados puede propiciar el desarrollo de cuestionarios que favorezcan la evaluación correcta de los individuos sobre sus necesidades de tratamiento.

Abstract: This study sought to describe the agreement between self-perception and clinical evaluation of dental treatment needs in adults and analyze associated factors. The sample comprised adult individuals who took part in SBBrazil 2010 and SBMinas Gerais 2012. The study's outcome was agreement between self-perception and clinical evaluation of dental treatment needs. We used multiple Poisson regression in order to determine the factors associated with the outcome. Agreement between self-perception and clinical evaluation was 78.8% in Brazil and 73.8% in Minas Gerais. Clinical and self-reported oral health conditions that affect function and quality of life were associated with a higher agreement, while a recent visit to the dentist was associated with a lower agreement. Identifying associated factors may enable the development of questionnaires that favor correct self-perception regarding treatment needs.

Health self-assessment by hemodialysis patients in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the level of complexity of the services structure and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients in hemodialysis are associated with the prevalence of poor health self-assessment. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1,621 patients with chronic terminal kidney disease on hemodialysis accompanied in 81 dialysis services in the Brazilian Unified Health System in 2007. Sampling was performed by conglomerate in two stages and a structured questionnaire was applied to participants. Multilevel multiple logistic regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of poor health self-assessment was of 54.5%, and in multivariable analysis it was associated with the following variables: increasing age (OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01-1.02), separated or divorced marital status (OR = 0.62; 95%CI 0.34-0.88), having 12 years or more of study (OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.37-0.71), spending more than 60 minutes in commuting between home and the dialysis service (OR = 1.80; 95%CI 1.29-2.51), having three or more self-referred diseases (OR = 2.20; 95%CI 1.33-3.62), and reporting some (OR = 2.17; 95%CI 1.66-2.84) or a lot of (OR = 2.74; 95%CI 2.04-3.68) trouble falling asleep. Individuals in treatment in dialysis services with the highest level of complexity in the structure presented less chance of performing a self-assessment of their health as bad (OR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.42-0.84). CONCLUSIONS: We showed poor health self-assessment is associated with age, years of formal education, marital status, home commuting time to the dialysis service, number of self-referred diseases, report of trouble sleeping, and also with the level of complexity of the structure of health services. Acknowledging these factors can contribute to the development of strategies to improve the health of patients in hemodialysis in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Social Inequalities on Selected Determinants of Active Aging and Health Status Indicators in a Large Brazilian City (2003-2010).

OBJECTIVE: To assess trends in social inequalities among 2,624 elderly living in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in three domains of the World Health Organization's Active Aging model (physical environment, social determinants, use of health services) and health status indicators. METHOD: Data came from two representative household surveys conducted in 2003 and 2010. Social inequality was measured by the slope and the relative index of inequality. Educational level was used to define socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Significant improvements were observed in the prevalence rates of 7 out of 12 indicators. However, the social inequalities persisted through 10 out of 12 selected active aging and health status indicators, except for fear of falling on the sidewalks/crossing the streets and fear of being robbed. DISCUSSION: Social inequalities persistence might be assigned to the continuity of unequal distribution of resources among groups with different educational levels.

Health self-assessment by hemodialysis patients in the Brazilian Unified Health System / Autoavaliação de saúde por pacientes em hemodiálise no Sistema Único de Saúde

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine whether the level of complexity of the services structure and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients in hemodialysis are associated with the prevalence of poor health self-assessment. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1,621 patients with chronic terminal kidney disease on hemodialysis accompanied in 81 dialysis services in the Brazilian Unified Health System in 2007. Sampling was performed by conglomerate in two stages and a structured questionnaire was applied to participants. Multilevel multiple logistic regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of poor health self-assessment was of 54.5%, and in multivariable analysis it was associated with the following variables: increasing age (OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01-1.02), separated or divorced marital status (OR = 0.62; 95%CI 0.34-0.88), having 12 years or more of study (OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.37-0.71), spending more than 60 minutes in commuting between home and the dialysis service (OR = 1.80; 95%CI 1.29-2.51), having three or more self-referred diseases (OR = 2.20; 95%CI 1.33-3.62), and reporting some (OR = 2.17; 95%CI 1.66-2.84) or a lot of (OR = 2.74; 95%CI 2.04-3.68) trouble falling asleep. Individuals in treatment in dialysis services with the highest level of complexity in the structure presented less chance of performing a self-assessment of their health as bad (OR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.42-0.84). CONCLUSIONS We showed poor health self-assessment is associated with age, years of formal education, marital status, home commuting time to the dialysis service, number of self-referred diseases, report of trouble sleeping, and also with the level of complexity of the structure of health services. Acknowledging these factors can contribute to the development of strategies to improve the health of patients in hemodialysis in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar se nível de complexidade de estrutura dos serviços e características sociodemográficas e clínicas de pacientes em hemodiálise estão associados à prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde ruim. MÉTODOS Neste estudo transversal, foram avaliados 1.621 pacientes com doença renal crônica terminal em hemodiálise acompanhados em 81 serviços de diálise no Sistema Único de Saúde, no ano de 2007. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerado em dois estágios e um questionário estruturado foi aplicado aos participantes. Para análise dos dados, foi usada regressão logística múltipla multinível. RESULTADOS A prevalência de autoavaliação de saúde ruim foi de 54,5%, e na análise multivariada apresentou associação com as seguintes variáveis: aumento da idade (OR = 1,02; IC95% 1,01-1,02), estado civil separado ou divorciado (OR = 0,62; IC95% 0,34-0,88), ter doze anos ou mais de estudo (OR = 0,51; IC95% 0,37-0,71), gastar mais de 60 min no deslocamento entre a casa e o serviço de diálise (OR = 1.80; IC95% 1,29-2,51), apresentar três ou mais doenças autorreferidas (OR = 2,20; IC95% 1,33-3,62) e relatar alguma (OR = 2,17; IC95% 1,66-2,84) ou muita (OR = 2,74; IC95% 2,04-3,68) dificuldade para dormir. Indivíduos em tratamento nos serviços de diálise com maior nível de complexidade na estrutura apresentaram menor chance de autoavaliar sua saúde como ruim (OR = 0,59; IC95% 0,42-0,84). CONCLUSÕES Autoavaliação de saúde ruim mostrou-se associada à idade, anos de estudo, estado civil, tempo de deslocamento de casa até o serviço de diálise, número de doenças autorreferidas, relato de dificuldade para dormir e também ao nível de complexidade da estrutura dos serviços de saúde. O reconhecimento desses fatores pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para melhorar a saúde dos pacientes em hemodiálise no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Perceived neighborhood characteristics and the functional performance of elderly people in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a quantile regression analysis / Características percebidas da vizinhança e o desempenho funcional de pessoas idosas na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: uma análise utilizando regressão quantílica / Características percibidas del vecindario y el desempeño funcional de personas mayores en la Región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: un análisis utilizando regresión cuantílica

Abstract: This study aims to examine the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and the functional performance of elderly people living in the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data of a representative sample of 2,033 elderly were analyzed using quantile regression. Functional performance was measured by the number of activities of daily living (ADL) the elderly had difficulty to perform. The neighborhood characteristics evaluated were: maintenance, trust, insecurity and defective sidewalks. Functional performance was found positively associated with the characteristic defective sidewalks, whose effect increased as the number of ADL the elderly had difficulty to perform increased. The results suggest that inadequate sidewalk conditions can contribute to functional losses in elderly people, especially among those who are functionally more compromised.

Resumo: Este estudo pretende examinar a relação entre características da vizinhança e o desempenho funcional de pessoas idosas que vivem na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Dados de uma amostra representativa de 2,033 idosos foram analisados utilizando regressão quantílica. O desempenho funcional foi medido pelo número de atividades da vida diária (AVD) que os idosos tiveram dificuldade para executar. As características da vizinhança avaliadas foram: manutenção, confiança, insegurança e passeios defeituosos. O desempenho funcional foi encontrado associado positivamente com a característica passeios defeituosos, cujo efeito aumentou à medida que o número de AVD que os idosos tiveram dificuldades para executar aumentou. Os resultados sugerem que condições inadequadas de passeios podem contribuir para perdas funcionais em pessoas idosas, especialmente entre aqueles que são funcionalmente mais comprometidos.

Resumen: Este estudio pretende examinar la relación entre las características del vecindario y el desempeño funcional de las personas mayores que viven en la región metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Datos de una muestra representativa de 2,033 personas mayores fueron analizados utilizando regresión cuantílica. El desempeño funcional se midió por el número de actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) que las personas mayores tuvieron dificultad para ejecutar. Las características del vecindario fueron: mantenimiento, confianza, inseguridad y aceras defectuosas. El desempeño funcional fue encontrado asociado positivamente con la característica aceras defectuosas, cuyo efecto aumentó a medida que el número de AVD que las personas mayores tuvieron dificultad para ejecutar aumentó. Los resultados sugieren que condiciones inadecuadas de aceras pueden contribuir para pérdidas funcionales en personas mayores, especialmente entre aquellos que son funcionalmente más comprometidos.

Social context of neighborhood and socioeconomic status on leisure-time physical activity in a Brazilian urban center: The BH Health Study.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and investigate its association with contextual characteristics of the social and physical environment in different socioeconomic statuses, using a household survey in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (2008-2009). Leisure-time physical activity was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire; and the social and physical environment by scales arising from perception of neighborhood attributes. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed separately for each socioeconomic status stratum. The overall prevalence of leisure-time physical activity was 30.2%, being 20.2% amongst participants of low socioeconomic status, 25.4% in the medium and 40.6% in the high socioeconomic status group. A greater perception of social cohesion was associated with increased leisure-time physical activity only amongst participants of the lowest socioeconomic status even after adjusting for individual characteristics. The results demonstrate the importance of social cohesion for the promotion of leisure-time physical activity in economically disadvantaged groups, supporting the need to stimulate interventions for enhancing social relationships in this population.