A comparative analysis of chronic inducible urticaria in 423 patients: Clinical and laboratory features and comorbid conditions.

BACKGROUND: Chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) is a subtype of chronic urticaria (CU) which require specific physical or non-physical triggers to occur. They may be isolated or may coexist with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Despite their frequent appearance in dermatology clinics, there is scarce information on the distinguishing features among the most common subtypes of CIndU as well as isolated CIndU versus CSU plus CIndU. OBJECTIVES: To compare clinical and laboratory characteristics, and comorbid conditions among the most common CIndU types and isolated CIndU versus CSU plus CIndU. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed CIndU patients and compared patients' demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics across isolated CIndU, CSU plus CIndU, symptomatic dermographism (SD), cold urticaria (ColdU) and cholinergic urticaria (ChoU). RESULTS: A total of 423 patients (~70% isolated CIndU, ~30% CSU plus CIndU, ~5% mixed CIndU subtypes) were included in the study. The most frequent CIndU subtypes were SD (68.6%; 290/423), ColdU (11.4%; 48/423) and ChoU (10.9%; 46/423). Isolated CIndU patients were younger than CSU plus CIndU (33.74 ± 12.72 vs. 37.06 ± 11.84, p = 0.010). Angioedema, emergency referrals, need for systemic steroids, comorbid systemic disorders were more frequent and baseline urticaria control test scores were lower in CSU plus CIndU patients (vs. CIndU, p < 0.001, p = 0.008, p < 0.001, p = 0.031, p = 0.036, respectively). Among CIndU subtypes, ChoU patients were younger (24.9 ± 12.2 vs. 34.47 ± 12.12 vs. 31.38 ± 14.95; p < 0.001) and had male predominance (p < 0.001) while SD patients had no angioedema (p < 0.001) and had higher frequency of increased total IgE levels (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Isolated CIndU and CSU plus CIndU seems to be different endotypes of CU where CSU plus CIndU presents a more severe and refractory course. There are distinctive features of each CIndU subtype. These suggest involvement of different pathomechanistic pathways in these subtypes that need to be clarified in future studies.

Brooke-Spiegler syndrome: focus on reflectance confocal microscopy findings of trichoepithelioma and flat cylindroma.

Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multiple adnexal tumours, especially trichoepitheliomas, cylindromas and occasionally spiradenomas. These lesions usually begin to appear in the second or third decade of life. Malignant transformation of pre-existing tumours may occur. In vivo reflectance-mode confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive method that can be used to visualize the epidermis and the upper dermis at almost histological resolution. It has been used to evaluate several skin conditions, especially malignant lesions, and has been reported to be useful for differentiating between malignant and benign skin tumours. Only a few studies have reported on the use of confocal microscopy to characterize the features of benign adnexal neoplasms. We present a patient with BSS who presented to our clinic with multiple skin tumours. The possible utility of RCM for identifying adnexal neoplasms is emphasized in this report, which also describes the observed microscopic features.

A trade union perspective on AMT.

Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU) members often observe that poor design not only makes their work unnecessarily difficult, it also cuts into company profits. Sadly, mistakes 'scientific management' was intended to rectify 60 years ago are still being made in British manufacturing today, with consequences - especially for health and safety - that the trade union movement cannot accept. The introduction of the microprocessor, and of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT), have not always seen a comparable improvement in the design of tools or the workplace. Too often, lessons which should have been learned with the old technology are having to be learned all over again with the new. This points to the lack of a healthy management tradition in which lessons can be passed from one generation to another. One issue which is high-lighting this is repetitive stress injury (or occupationally-related musculo-skeletal disorders). The AEU is committed to the training and re-training of its members, and is convinced that this is part of the key to the successful introduction of AMT. Workers used to the physical disciplines of an older generation of technology will need re-training to make the most of the new. If this is to be done effectively, the employee's interest in having a satisfying and interesting job should be accepted as an ergonomic aim at least as important as the efficient use of time and space. In the past, workers and their unions have not been allowed a significant input in the decisions about their own workplaces and jobs. This has had two serious effects: design has been worse for it, and trade unions have not paid the attention to ergonomics they should have done, but have concentrated on other matters which they could influence. It is important for Britain's economic future that we listen to the voice of the workers.