Patients' perceptions of argentine physicians' empathy based on the jefferson scale of patient's perceptions of physician empathy: Psychometric data and demographic differences.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of a modified Spanish version of the Jefferson Scale of Patient's Perceptions of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE) in Argentine patients and to explore how local demographic characteristics influence patients' perceptions of their physicians' empathy. METHODS: A survey was conducted in March 2013 among 400 Spanish-speaking outpatients attending three different public or private hospitals of Buenos Aires. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the JSPPPE factor structure, and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to evaluate its construct validity. Demographic variables including age, gender, geographic origin, education, health coverage, regular physician-established and patient-perceived health status were used to find what factors may influence empathy rating. RESULTS: The PCA yielded a one-factor model that accounted for 77.5% of the variance, and an adequate model fit was observed with CFA indices. Male and elderly patients, South American descendants, less educated people, and public hospital attendants were associated with a higher JSPPPE score. Patients perceived a lower interest of physicians in their daily problems and a poorer capacity "to stand in their shoes." DISCUSSION: The JSPPPE provides a valid score to measure patients' perceptions of physician empathy in Argentina. These findings afford insight into Argentine patients' awareness of their doctors' empathic concern; however, JSPPPE scores may be alternatively interpreted in terms of patients' satisfaction or likeability.

Encuesta sobre la calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina / Survey on Professional Quality of Life of Argentine Cardiologists

Introducción: Pese a que los estudios sobre calidad de vida profesional han incluido distintas clases de profesionales de la salud, no existen publicaciones al respecto de los médicos cardiólogos en Latinoamérica y en particular en la Argentina. Objetivo: Estudiar mediante una encuesta la calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina. Material y métodos: Se trató de un estudio observacional y transversal con un cuestionario validado de acuerdo con distintas características métricas. La encuesta se realizó desde abril a junio de 2007 y tuvo carácter anónimo. El cuestionario autoadministrado estuvo constituido por 14 preguntas separadas en tres dominios que midieron: la percepción de la situación laboral del cardiólogo, la realización personal y la expectativa de futuro. Resultados: De 972 cardiólogos de todo el país contactados por e-mail, completaron la encuesta 717 (74%). Los indicadores de calidad de vida profesional mostraron que el 53,5% (383) de los cardiólogos cree que su situación laboral actual es regular o mala y el 61,0% (437) cree que esto no mejorará en el futuro. El 77,4% (555) está preocupado por su estabilidad laboral y el 82,9% (595) cree que podría ser demandado por mala praxis. En relación con la expectativa de futuro, el 17,3% (124) de los cardiólogos no volvería a elegir la especialidad, el 24,3% (174) no volvería a estudiar medicina y el 37,7% (270) no estaría satisfecho si un hijo decidiese estudiar medicina. Conclusiones: Esta primera encuesta sobre calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina describe la percepción de estos especialistas sobre su situación laboral, realización personal y profesional y expectativa de futuro. Los datos que surgen de la encuesta revelan un claro panorama de insatisfacción de los cardiólogos argentinos en el actual sistema organizativo de la salud.

Background: Despite studies on professional quality of life have included different types of health care professionals, there are no publications addressing the professional quality of life of cardiologists in Latin America, particularly in Argentina. Objective: The aim of this study is to use a survey to evaluate the professional quality of life of Argentine cardiologists. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study consisted of a questionnaire validated according to different metric characteristics. The survey was conducted from April to June 2007 and was anonymous. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of 14 questions, separated in three domains measuring the cardiologist perception of the work situation, self-fulfillment and expectation about the future. Results: Among 972 cardiologists from all the country contacted by e-mail, 717 (74%) completed the survey. The indicators of professional quality of life demonstrated that 53.5% (383) of cardiologists believe that their current work situation is fair or bad and 61.0% (437) believe that this situation will not improve in the future; 77.4% (555) are worried about their job security and 82.9% (595) believe they could be sued for malpractice. Regarding the expectation about the future domain, 17.3% (124) of cardiologists would not choose the specialty again, 24.3% (174) would not study medicine again and 37.7% (270) would not be satisfied if one of his/her children decided to study medicine. Conclusions: This first survey on professional quality of life of Argentine cardiologists describes how these specialists perceive their work situation, self-fulfillment, professional achievement and expectation about the future. This information reveals a clear state of dissatisfaction among Argentine cardiologists within the current organization of the health care system.

Social networks on smoking, alcohol use and obesity among adolescents attending a school in the city of Lobos, Buenos Aires.

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to study different social networks of adolescents regarding the use of tobacco, alcohol use or obesity, in order to know to what extent friends and schoolmates influenced them in keeping or quitting these habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and ninety six adolescents aged 14-18 years attending an urban school in the province of Buenos Aires were surveyed and clinically studied. Information was obtained on anthropometric parameters, tobacco and alcohol use and friendship relations were assessed so as to construct different social networks. RESULTS: 18.8% of female adolescents and 16.5% of male adolescents were smokers; 23.3 and 39.4% drank alcohol and 15.3 and 19.0% were overweight. The networks showed that both smokers and alcohol users have close connections and a high level of centrality. The analysis showed that there is a strong affinity among people sharing the same habits. CONCLUSIONS: The study of adolescent social networks allowed to show the relation of affinity among people having the habit of smoking, alcohol use or presenting obesity. Both smokers and alcohol users are closely connected in the network, while obese adolescents seem to stay marginal. Knowledge on social networks and the possibility of working on their members could be used to disseminate healthy behaviors among adolescents.

Smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity in a social network of adolescents attending school in the city of Lobos, Buenos Aires / Redes sociales de tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y obesidad en adolescentes escolarizados de la ciudad de Lobos

Introduction. The objective was to study different social networks of adolescents regarding the use of tobacco, alcohol use or obesity, in order to know to what extent friends and schoolmates influenced them in keeping or quitting these habits. Materials and Methods. Two hundred and ninety six adolescents aged 14-18 years attending an urban school in the province of Buenos Aires were surveyed and clinically studied. Information was obtained on anthropometric parameters, tobacco and alcohol use and friendship relations were assessed so as to construct different social networks. Results: 18.8% of female adolescents and 16.5% of male adolescents were smokers; 23.3 and 39.4% drank alcohol and 15.3 and 19.0% were overweight. The networks showed that both smokers and alcohol users have close connections and a high level of centrality. The analysis showed that there is a strong affinity among people sharing the same habits. Conclusions. The study of adolescent social networks allowed to show the relation of affinity among people having the habit of smoking, alcohol use or presenting obesity. Both smokers and alcohol users are closely connected in the network, while obese adolescents seem to stay marginal. Knowledge on social networks and the possibility of working on their members could be used to disseminate healthy behaviors among adolescents.

Introducción. El objetivo fue estudiar las estructuras de distintas redes sociales de adolescentes con respecto a la presencia de tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y obesidad, para conocer las vías de influencia que pudieran ejercer las amistades sobre el mantenimiento o cesación de estos hábitos. Material y métodos. Mediante una encuesta y mediciones directas se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal en 296 adolescentes de entre 14 y 18 años de una escuela de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Se obtuvo información sobre parámetros antropométricos, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y sobre las relaciones de amistades entre los encuestados, a fin de construir las redes sociales. Resultados. El 18,8% de las mujeres y el 16,5% de los varones fumaban, el 23,3% y el 39,4% consumían alcohol y el 15,3% y el 19,0% presentaban sobrepeso, respectivamente. Las redes construidas mostraron que tanto los tabaquistas como los consumidores de alcohol tenían un alto grado de conexión y centralidad en la red. El análisis de afinidad demostró que la formación de conglomerados favorece el contacto entre quienes tienen los mismos hábitos. Conclusiones. El estudio de redes sociales de adolescentes permitió conocer las relaciones de afinidad entre quienes presentaban hábitos de consumo de tabaco o alcohol, u obesidad. Tanto los fumadores como los bebedores parecen estar estrechamente enlazados en la red, mientras que los obesos ocuparían una ubicación más marginal. El conocimiento de la conformación de las redes sociales y la intervención sobre sólo algunos de sus actores podrían usarse para propagar conductas saludables entre los adolescentes.

The production of articles on cardiology from Latin America in Medline indexed journals.

INTRODUCTION: Latin America has dramatically increased the number of articles Publisher from 1995 to 2002, but the individual contribution of each country appears to be very unequal. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the production of articles on Cardiology research published in Latin American countries in the past years in international journals. METHODS: A bibliography search was carried out throughout PubMed in regards to biomedical articles in general and on Cardiology in particular, corresponding to the period 1987-2006. RESULTS: A total of 106,871 biomedical articles was identified, and 11,416 on Cardiology published between 1997 and 2006 by Latin American countries. This corresponds to 10.6% of articles on cardiovascular disease over the total. Brazil, Mexico and Argentina contributed with 80% of the publications in Latin America in the same period. The magnitude of growth since 1987 was between 5.9- and 15-fold for these countries. In regards to Brazil, since 1998 a significant increased number of publications was noted compared to Mexico and Argentina (P=0.0001). The impact factor of the journals where each country published during 2006 showed that it was in average higher in the publications from Chile and Argentina compared to Brazil and Mexico (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The scientific production in Cardiology from Latin America shows dramatic differences among the countries, and Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina alone provide 80% of the publications. Brazil seems to have led the region for 20 years, especially since 1998. From the quality of the articles point of view, considering the impact factor, Chile and Argentina appear to be better positioned.

The production of articles on cardiology from Latin America in Medline indexed journals / La producción de artículos cardiológicos latinoamericanos indizados en Medline

Introduction: Latin America has dramatically increased the number of articles published from 1995 to 2002, but the individual contribution of each country appears to be very unequal. Objectives: To analyze the production of articles on Cardiology research published in Latin American countries in the past years in international journals. Methods: A bibliography search was carried out throughout PubMed in regards to biomedical articles in general and on Cardiology in particular, corresponding to the period 1987 - 2006. Results: A total of 106 871 biomedical articles was identified, and 11 416 on Cardiology published between 1997 and 2006 by Latin American countries. This corresponds to 10.6% of articles on cardiovascular disease over the total. Brazil, Mexico and Argentina contributed with 80% of the publications in Latin America in the same period. The magnitude of growth since 1987 was between 5.9- and 15-fold for these countries. In regards to Brazil, since 1998 a significant increased number of publications was noted compared to Mexico and Argentina (P = 0.0001). The impact factor of the journals where each country published during 2006 showed that it was in average higher in the publications from Chile and Argentina compared to Brazil and Mexico (P <0.001). Conclusions: The scientific production in Cardiology from Latin America shows dramatic differences among the countries, and Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina alone provide 80% of the publications. Brazil seems to have led the region for 20 years, especially since 1998. From the quality of the articles point of view, considering the impact factor, Chile and Argentina appear to be better positioned.

Introducción: La estimación de la producción científica en enfermedades cardiovasculares indica que América Latina incrementó el número de artículos publicados desde 1995 hasta 2002, pero la contribución individual de cada país parece ser desigual. Objetivo: Analizar la producción de artículos de investigación cardiológica publicados por los países latinoamericanos en revistas internacionales. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed de artículos biomédicos y cardiológicos. Correspondientes al periodo de 1987 a 2006. Resultados: Se identificaron 106 871 artículos biomédicos y 11 416 cardiológicos (10.6%) publicados entre 1997 y 2006 por países latinoamericanos. En orden de importancia, Brasil, México y Argentina contribuyeron con 80% de las publicaciones. La magnitud del crecimiento de los artículos cardiológicos desde 1987 estuvo entre 5.9 y 15 veces para estos tres países. En Brasil se observó a partir de 1998, un aumento significativo del número de publicaciones con respecto a México y Argentina (P = 0.0001). El factor de impacto de las revistas en que publicaron sus artículos cardiológicos cada país durante 2006 mostró que éste fue en promedio superior en las publicaciones de Chile y Argentina con respecto a Brasil y México (P <0.001). Conclusiones: La producción científica cardiológica de América Latina tiene marcadas diferencias entre los países, y solamente Brasil, México y Argentina aportan 80% de lo publicado. Brasil lidera la región desde hace 20 años; en cuanto al factor de impacto, Chile y Argentina parecen estar mejor posicionados. Esta información serviría para conocer la situación individual de cada país y para establecer políticas de promoción científica.

Relación entre el nivel de ingresos y la calidad de vida profesional de los cardiólogos en la Argentina / Relationship between Income Level of Cardiologists in Argentina and their Professional Quality of Life

La satisfacción de los trabajadores en su ámbito laboral es una de las variables más importantes que suelen relacionarse con el funcionamiento eficiente de las organizaciones. La calidad de vida profesional (CVP) en particular, medida a través de cuestionarios, sirve para evaluar el grado de satisfacción de los médicos con su profesión. Por otra parte, existen resultados contradictorios cuando se analiza la relación entre el ingreso o el salario de los médicos y el nivel de satisfacción alcanzado en la profesión. Objetivos Analizar la relación entre el nivel de ingresos económicos de los médicos cardiólogos en la Argentina y la CVP referida por ellos en una encuesta. Material y métodos Entre abril y junio de 2007 se realizó una encuesta para evaluar la CVP de los cardiólogos con un cuestionario autoadministrado constituido por 14 preguntas separadas en tres dominios que midieron la percepción de la situación laboral, la realización personal y la expectativa de futuro. En este estudio se analizó la relación entre el nivel de ingresos económicos y los dominios antes descriptos. Los encuestados indicaron sus ingresos mediante la elección de una de cuatro opciones: < $2.000, de $2.000 a $4.000, de $4.000 a $6.000 o > $6.000; luego, estos valores se convirtieron en U$S por año. Resultados La distribución de los ingresos en los 717 cardiólogos encuestados fue la siguiente: menos de U$S 8.000 anuales, 15,9%; entre U$S 8.000 y 16.000 anuales, 33,9%; entre U$S 16.000 y 24.000 anuales, 25,0%; y más de U$S 24,000 anuales, 25,2%. La percepción de la situación laboral y el grado de realización profesional mejoró en forma lineal a medida que crecía el nivel de los ingresos (p < 0,0001 y p = 0,0033, respectivamente). De la misma forma se observó un patrón similar al preguntar sobre la situación hipotética de volver a estudiar medicina (p = 0,0086) o de elegir la especialidad (p = 0,0019) o el deseo de que un hijo siga la carrera de medicina (p = 0,0003). En estos últimos tres casos por igual se demostró mayor satisfacción con la carrera y la especialidad cuando los ingresos de los cardiólogos superaban los U$S 24.000 anuales. Conclusiones Este estudio demostró una clara asociación entre el nivel de ingresos de los cardiólogos encuestados y el grado de satisfacción medido a través de un cuestionario de CVP. La percepción de la situación laboral y la realización profesional mejoró linealmente con el nivel de los ingresos. Ante la situación hipotética de volver a estudiar medicina o de elegir la especialidad o el deseo de que un hijo siga la carrera de medicina se demostró mayor acuerdo cuando los ingresos de los cardiólogos superaban los U$S 24.000 anuales. La importancia de conocer la CVP de los médicos estriba en las posibles consecuencias de la insatisfacción con la profesión, la que podría promover el abandono de la actividad, la restricción de las horas dedicadas a la atención, la disminución de la calidad asistencial y la transmisión del desaliento a los colegas y a los futuros médicos.

Job satisfaction is one of the most important variables related to the efficient operation of the organizations. In particular, professional quality of life (PQL) measured through questionnaires is useful to assess the degree of job satisfaction among physicians. However, some contradictory results arise while assessing the relationship between physicians’ income or salary and job satisfaction. Objectives To analyze the relationship between the income levels of cardiologists in Argentina and the PQL they have reported in a survey. Material and Methods Between April and June 2007 we conducted a survey to assess the PQL of cardiologists. The respondents answered a self-administrated questionnaire that consisted of 14 questions separated in three domains: perception of their working situation, personal accomplishment and expectancy in the future. The present study analyzed the relationship between cardiologists’ income and the aforementioned domains. The survey respondents reported their income levels choosing one out of four options: < $2,000, from $2,000 to $4,000, from $4,000 to $6,000 or > $6,000; then, these values were converted into American dollars (U$S) per year. Results Seventy hundred and seventeen cardiologists participated in the survey. The distribution of their income levels was as follows: less than U$S 8,000/year, 15.9%; U$S 8.000 - 16.000/year, 33.9%; U$S 16.000 - 24.000/year, 25%; and more than U$S 24.000, 25.2%. The perception of the working situation and of the degree of professional accomplishment improved in a linear form as the income level rose (p<0.0001 and p=0.0033, respectively). A similar pattern was observed when the physicians were asked about the hypothetical situation of studying Medicine again (p=0.0086), or choosing the same specialty (p=0.0019) or if they wished their offspring studied Medicine (p=0.0003). Cardiologists with an annual income greater than U$S 24.000 were those most satisfied with the career and with the specialty. Conclusions This study demonstrated a clear association between the income levels of the survey respondents and the degree of satisfaction measured by a PQL questionnaire. The perception of the working situation and of the degree of professional accomplishment improved in a linear form as the income level rose. Cardiologists with an annual income greater than U$S 24,000 were those most satisfied with the career and with the specialty, and they were more likely to agree with the hypothetical situation of studying Medicine again, or choosing the same specialty or wishing their offspring studied Medicine. The importance of knowing physicians PQL is based on the possible negative consequences of job dissatisfaction, which might lead to giving up the practice, to reduce the hours spent in medical practice, to reduce the quality of the practice and to transmit their own disappointment to their colleagues and to future physicians.

Características métricas de un cuestionario para evaluar la calidad de vida profesional de los médicos cardiólogos / Metric Characteristics of a Professional Quality of Life Questionnaire in Cardiologists

Introducción La calidad de la atención médica de los sistemas de salud parece relacionarse con la satisfacción de los profesionales que los integran; es por ello que el estudio del estrés y la insatisfacción laboral de los profesionales es de especial interés. Por otra parte, es sabido que la medición de la calidad de vida profesional (CVP) puede variar de acuerdo con el instrumento que se utilice, con el entorno organizativo del sistema de salud y con el tipo de profesional o la especialidad que ejerza. Objetivo Evaluar la factibilidad, la consistencia interna, la capacidad discriminativa y la composición factorial de un cuestionario de CVP aplicado a una población de médicos cardiólogos en la Argentina. Material y métodos Entre abril y junio de 2007 se propuso un cuestionario anónimo a 717 cardiólogos a fin de evaluar distintos aspectos de la CVP, a saber: percepción de la situación laboral, posibilidad de realización personal y expectativa de futuro. Se realizó un análisis de factores y se midieron la validez de construcción y la confiabilidad del cuestionario. Resultados El análisis identificó los tres dominios antes señalados. En conjunto, estos tres componentes explicaron el 46% de la variabilidad total del instrumento, nivel exigible para una validez estructural adecuada. Por su parte, el α de Cronbach total del cuestionario fue 0,76. Por último, la confiabilidad se demostró con una buena correlación entre el puntaje total del instrumento y los parciales obtenidos en cada dominio (factor 1: rho = 0,806, p < 0,0001; factor 2: rho = 0,726, p < 0,0001 y factor 3: rho = 0,754, p < 0,0001). Conclusiones El análisis de las características métricas de este cuestionario demostró la fiabilidad y la validez del instrumento para evaluar la CVP del médico cardiólogo en la Argentina.

Background Health care systems quality seems to be related with the professional satisfaction of health care providers; for this reason there is a special interest in studying occupational stress and job dissatisfaction among physicians. In addition, it is well known that measuring the professional quality of life (PQL) may vary according to the instrument used, to the organizational environment of the health care system and to the type of professional or medical specialty practiced. Objective To assess the feasibility, internal consistency, discriminative capacity and factorial composition of a PQL questionnaire used in a population of cardiologists in Argentina. Material and Methods Between April and June 2007 we offered an anonymous questionnaire to 717 cardiologists in order to assess different aspects related to the PQL: perception of their working situation, personal accomplishment and expectancy in the future. An analysis of factors was performed and the validity of construction and the reliability of the questionnaire were measured. Results The analysis identified the three aforementioned domains. These three components altogether explained the 46% of the total variability of the instrument, a level considered necessary for an adequate structural validity. The Cronbach’s α for the total questionnaire was 0.76. Finally, a good correlation was observed between the total score of the instrument and the partial score in each domain (factor 1: rho=0.806, p<0.0001; factor 2: rho=0.726, p<0.0001 and factor 3: rho=0.754, p<0.0001). Conclusions The analysis of the metric characteristics of this questionnaire demonstrated the feasibility and validity of the instrument as a tool to measure the QPL among cardiologists in Argentina.