[Spontaneous splenic rupture. Case report and literature review]. / Ruptura esplénica espontánea. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura.

Background: Spontaneous splenic rupture is often life threatening due to delay in diagnosis and treatment. Abdominal pain, Kehr's sign, nausea, bloating, altered consciousness, and intestinal obstruction may be present. In larger splenic lesions, signs of peritonitis and hypovolemic shock are present. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography is the election study. Diagnosis is confirmed by negative viral serology and normal spleen on gross and histopathologic inspection. The most frequent treatment in splenectomy. Clinic case: A 30-year-old male with no medical history presented with generalized abdominal pain accompanied by Kehr's sign. He is diagnosed with ruptured spleen by contrast-enhanced computed tomography and successfully treated with splenectomy. He was discharged 6 days after surgery. Conclusions: Spontaneous rupture of the spleen is uncommon, but with high morbidity and mortality. It must be a differential diagnosis in the face of abdominal and/or chest pain, and the corresponding imaging studies should be carried out if the patient's conditions allow it, or their search during an exploratory laparotomy.

Introducción: la ruptura esplénica espontánea frecuentemente es mortal debido a la demora en el diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se puede presentar dolor abdominal, signo de Kehr, náuseas, distensión abdominal, alteración de la consciencia y obstrucción intestinal. En lesiones esplénicas más grandes, se presentan signos de peritonitis y shock hipovolémico. El estudio de elección es la tomografía computarizada contrastada. El diagnóstico se confirma por serología viral negativa y bazo normal en la inspección macroscópica e histopatológica. El tratamiento más frecuente es la esplenectomía. Caso clínico: paciente hombre de 30 años de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos, con dolor abdominal generalizado, acompañado del signo de Kehr. Es diagnosticado con ruptura de bazo por tomografía computarizada contrastada y tratado exitosamente con esplenectomía. Se egresa a los 6 días postquirúrgicos. Conclusiones: la ruptura espontánea del bazo es poco común, pero con alta morbimortalidad. Debe ser un diagnóstico diferencial ante un dolor abdominal y/o torácico, y realizar los estudios de imagen correspondientes si las condiciones del paciente lo permiten o bien su búsqueda durante una laparotomía exploratoria.

[Pylephlebitis related to acute appendicitis. Case and review]. / Pileflebitis relacionada a apendicitis aguda. Caso y revisión.

Background: The pilephlebitis is the septic thrombophlebitis of the portal venous system ranging from asymptomatic to severe complications. Diagnosed based on imaging tests, and their treatment is based on antibiotics and anticoagulant therapy. Clinic case: 24 years male, appendectomy 12 days before. Readmission for 3 days with fever, jaundice and choluria; hyperbilirrubinemia. Intravenous contrast CT is performed, showed thrombus in portal, splenic and mesenteric vein system. Diagnosis of pylephlebitis is established, initiating managed with antibiotics and anticoagulant, with favorable clinical outcome. The pylephlebitis has an estimated incidence of 2.7 cases per year, with an unspecified clinical picture ranging from asymptomatic to severe cases with septic shock and hepatic failure. There may be accompanying fever and abdominal pain in more than 80% of the cases and presenting in some cases with leukocytosis and hyperbilirrubinemia. Intravenous contrast CT is the gold standard. The treatment is based on 4 points: Septic focus control, antibiotics, early anticoagulant and resolution of complications. Conclusions: The pylephlebitis should be taken into consideration as a possible secondary complication of intraabdominal infections. A timely diagnosis with a imaging tests and apply treatment reduce their morbidity and mortality.

Introducción: la pileflebitis es la tromboflebitis séptica del sistema venoso portal, que puede variar desde un cuadro asintomático hasta complicaciones severas. Su diagnóstico requiere estudios de imagen y su tratamiento se basa en la antibioticoterapia y anticoagulación. Caso clínico: paciente hombre de 24 años de edad, posoperado de apendicetomía 12 días previos. Reingresa por fiebre de tres días, ictericia y coluria, hiperbilirrubinemia. Se realiza tomografía con contraste intravenoso, evidenciando trombo en sistema portoesplemesaraico. Se establece diagnóstico de pileflebitis, iniciando manejo con antibióticos y anticoagulación, con evolución clínica favorable. La pileflebitis tiene una incidencia estimada de 2.7 casos por año, con un cuadro clínico inespecífico, que va desde un estado asintomático a casos graves con choque séptico y falla hepática. Puede haber dolor abdominal y fiebre en más del 80% de los casos, presentando en algunos casos leucocitosis e hiperbilirrubinemia. La tomografía con contraste intravenoso es el estudio de elección. El tratamiento se basa en cuatro puntos: control del foco séptico, antibióticos, anticoagulación precoz y resolución de las complicaciones. Conclusiones: se debe tener en cuenta a la pileflebitis como una posible complicación secundaria en casos de infecciones intraabdominales, estableciendo un diagnóstico oportuno con estudio de imagen y otorgar tratamiento temprano para reducir su morbimortalidad.

[Cecal volvulus: one case and literature review]. / Vólvulo cecal: un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Background: Cecal volvulus is a rare disease that causes intestinal obstruction. It has various congenital and acquired risk factors. It is frequently associated with abnormal cecal fixation, and it is caused by torsion of the cecum in one of its three axes. It is not different from other causes of intestinal obstruction, but a delay in its diagnosis can lead to ischemia, necrosis and colon perforation. Its management depends on the viability of the tissues, ranging from untwisting and cecopexy to hemicolectomy with or without anastomosis. We present a case of caecal volvulus (caecal bascule) and review the literature as well. Clinical case: 43-year-old female, who was admitted to an emergency department with data of intestinal obstruction. A simple tomography of the abdomen was performed, where a dilated colon and an image that resembles an inverted coffee bean were identified. An exploratory laparotomy was performed, identifying a bascule-type cecal volvulus, without vascular compromise. Devolvulation, decompression through appendectomy, and caecopexy were performed. After the surgical event, the patient recovered without incident and was discharged with adequate controls by external consultation. Conclusions: Cecal volvulus is a cause of intestinal obstruction with a low incidence, which is why early recognition and treatment are key to avoiding the complications that its evolution entails. This type of disease should be among our differential diagnoses, since treatment is surgical and delay leads to a high mortality rate.

Introducción: el vólvulo cecal es una enfermedad poco común que causa obstrucción intestinal. Tiene diversos factores de riesgo congénitos y adquiridos. Se suele asociar a una fijación cecal anormal y se produce por la torsión del ciego en alguno de sus tres ejes. No se diferencia de otras causas de obstrucción intestinal, pero un retraso en su diagnóstico puede derivar en isquemia, necrosis y perforación del colon. El manejo depende de la viabilidad de los tejidos y va desde la destorsión y cecopexia hasta la hemicolectomía con o sin anastomosis. Se presenta un caso de vólvulo cecal (báscula cecal) y se hace una revisión del tema. Caso clínico: mujer de 43 años que ingresó a un servicio de urgencias con datos de obstrucción intestinal. Se realizó tomografía simple de abdomen donde se identificó dilatación del colon e imagen que semejaba un grano de café invertido. Se hizo laparotomía exploradora y se identificó vólvulo cecal del tipo báscula, sin compromiso vascular. Se realizó desvolvulación, descompresión a través de apendicectomía, y cecopexia. Posterior a evento quirúrgico, la paciente se recuperó sin incidentes y fue dada de alta con controles adecuados por consulta externa. Conclusiones: el vólvulo cecal es una causa de obstrucción intestinal con baja incidencia, por lo que el reconocimiento y tratamiento precoz son claves para evitar las complicaciones que conlleva su libre evolución. Este tipo de enfermedad debe de estar entre nuestros diagnósticos diferenciales, ya que el tratamiento es quirúrgico y el retraso conlleva a una alta tasa de mortalidad.

Management protocol for surgical patients and COVID-19. / Protocolo de manejo de pacientes quirúrgicos y COVID-19.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, poses a huge challenge to all healthcare teams. The surgical personnel must deal with surgical cases in patients who have acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection. This document includes the strategies that have to be implemented, in order to reduce the risk of contagion to surgical personnel and ordinary patients not infected with SARS-CoV-2.

La pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, les impone un reto enorme a todos los equipos sanitarios. El grupo quirúrgico debe hacer frente a casos quirúrgicos de pacientes contagiados con SARS-CoV-2. En el presente documento se contemplan las estrategias que hay que implementar, a fin de disminuir el riesgo de contagio al personal quirúrgico y a pacientes ordinarios no infectados con el SARS-CoV-2.

[Damage control surgery: a review]. / Cirugía de control de daños: una revisión.

OBJECTIVE: To present a monographic review of the damage control surgery. DATA COLLECTION: Consult and literature review (131 references). SELECTION OF STUDIES: We analyzed these relevant articles in relation to damage control surgery. DATA EXTRACTION: From each reference we obtain concepts, data and techniques derivates of damage control surgery. RESULTS: Damage control surgery is a surgical technique that attempts to avoid the triad of coagulopathy,hypothermia and acidosis through application of three phases in patients with multiple lesions. These phases are: Initial laparotomy, stabilization in ICU and definitive surgery. During initial laparotomy efforts are made to controlling the surgical and non surgical bleeding (through packing) and avoid peritoneal contamination. During the stabilization phase the hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy are corrected in ICU. In definitive surgery, packing is removed and makes the definitive repair of lesions. CONCLUSION: For the trauma surgeon is important the knowledge about the concepts related to damage control surgery. This is applicable to multiple trauma patients, and disaster situations like terrorism acts and natural disasters.

[Charcot and his legacy to medicine]. / Charcot y su Legado a la Medicina.

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) was a French physician whose professional life is divided into two phases: the first dedicated to neurology, and the second dedicated to the psychiatry area. Charcot is considered the father of modern neurology. In the Hospice de la Salpêtrière he began his research on neurological diseases, founded a laboratory of pathology (including microscopy and photography), and gave hospital classes based on pathological anatomy related to clinical manifestations based in the field of neurology. His research led to the description and study of different neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, lateral amyotrophic sclerosis, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, motor ataxia, Parkinson`s disease, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, epilepsy, visual aphasia and agnosia, to name a few. Some signs and diseases took their name as an eponym, and some are still mentioned in the current medicine, while others are left in oblivion.

["Candy cane" Roux syndrome in laparoscopic gastric by-pass]. / Síndrome del "bastón de caramelo" en derivación gástrica por laparoscopia.

BACKGROUND: With the worldwide epidemic of obesity, there has been an increase in the numbers of procedures of bariatric surgery such as the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Nevertheless, this type of surgery is not exempt from complications such as those described as "candy cane" Roux syndrome. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a 34-year-old female with previous diagnosis of morbid obesity (BMI 38.5 kg/m(2)) who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass 2 years previously. Six months ago the patient presented intermittent epigastric pain of moderate intensity radiating towards the left hypochondrium. The patient reported no limitations of activities of daily living. Pain was associated with ingestion of carbonated beverages and ventral decubitus position. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) series was done, observing a blind, dilated jejunal loop adjacent to the gastrojejunal anastomosis. Suspicion of "candy cane" Roux syndrome was established. Exploratory laparoscopy and resection of the blind jejunal loop with stapler was done. Nine months later the patient is asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms of these patients are nonspecific, and a high level of suspicion is required. The best study to evaluate this clinical entity is the upper GI series. The recommendation for bariatric surgeons is to minimize the length of the blind loop in the gastrojejunal anastomosis and to place it towards the right side to favor its drainage by gravity and eliminate problems in the jejuno-jejuno anastomosis that cause a retrograde expansion of the Roux-en-Y limb. Therefore, laparoscopic resection is the best method for the treatment of this syndrome.

Tumor sólido pseudopapilar del páncreas pediátrico. Presentación de un caso y revisión en la literatura / Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas in pediatric patients. Case report and literature review

Introducción. El tumor sólido pseudopapilar del páncreas (TSP) es un tumor epitelial de baja malignidad que afecta principalmente a mujeres jóvenes y comprende aproximadamente 1-2% de todas las neoplasias de páncreas. Presentamos un caso de este tipo de tumor tratado en el Hospital General de Tijuana en el Servicio de Cirugía Pediátrica, así como una revisión de la literatura. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente femenino de 12 años de edad con la única sintomatología de tumor palpable en epigastrio de crecimiento progresivo. Es diagnosticada con un tumor sólido pseudopapilar localizado en la cola del páncreas y tratada exitosamente con pancreatectomía distal sin esplenectomía. Se egresa a los 3 días de postquirúrgico. Discusión. Se concluye que el TSP es un diagnóstico diferencial ante la presencia de masas a nivel del páncreas, aunque por su rareza no debe ser la primera opción a descartar, especialmente en pacientes pediátricos. La cirugía por sí sola representa el mejor tratamiento para esta entidad patológica, ya que demuestra un nivel de curación excelente, y se debe intentar en todos los casos independientemente del tamaño de la lesión pancreática.

Background: Solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) of the pancreas is a low-grade epithelial malignant tumor principally affecting young women and represents ~1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. We present a case of this type of tumor treated at the General Hospital of Tijuana in the service of pediatric surgery. We also present a review of the literature. Case: We present the case of a 12-year-old female with symptomatology of a progressively growing palpable tumor in the upper abdomen. She was diagnosed with SPT located in the tail of the pancreas. It was treated successfully with distal pancreatectomy without splenectomy. The patient was discharged on the third post-surgical day. Discussion: SPT is a differential diagnosis with the presence of a mass at the level of the pancreas. Due to its rarity, it is not the first option to rule out, especially in pediatric patients. Surgery alone represents the best treatment for this pathological entity and should be attempted in all cases, independent of the size of the pancreatic lesion.

Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is an epithelial tumor of low malignancy that primarily affects young women and represents approximately 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. We present a case of this type of tumor treated in the General Hospital of Tijuana, Mexico, as well as a review of the literature. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a 37-year-old female with symptomatology of early satiety and abdominal distension. During open cholecystectomy we found a tumor in the body of the pancreas. Biopsy was done, establishing the diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. The patient was treated successfully with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. DISCUSSION: Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm. It is more frequent in young women and has an unknown etiology. Clinical manifestations include abdominal pain, sensation of plenitude or early satiety, abdominal mass, nausea and vomiting. Laboratory tests are usually normal. Computerized axial tomography may show a large encapsulated heterogeneous mass. Diagnosis is established through biopsy and surgery is the best treatment for this pathological entity. CONCLUSIONS: One may conclude that the solid pseudopapillary tumor is a differential diagnosis in the presence of pancreatic tumors, although due to its rarity it is not the first option to discard. Surgery represents the best treatment for this pathological entity and should be attempted in all cases, independent of the size of the pancreatic injury.

Tumor sólido pseudopapilar de páncreas: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: case report and literature review

Introducción: El tumor sólido pseudopapilar del páncreas es un tumor epitelial de baja malignidad que afecta a mujeres jóvenes y corresponde de 1 a 2 % de todas las neoplasias del páncreas. Presentamos un caso tratado en el Hospital General de Tijuana, y revisión de la literatura. Caso clínico: Mujer de 37 años de edad, con síntomas de saciedad temprana y distensión abdominal. Durante una colecistectomía abierta se identificó un tumor en el cuerpo del páncreas, se tomó biopsia y estableció el diagnóstico de tumor sólido pseudopapilar páncreas. Fue tratada con pancreatectomía distal y esplenectomía. Conclusiones: El tumor sólido pseudopapilar del páncreas es la neoplasia de etiología desconocida más frecuente en mujeres jóvenes, de diagnóstico diferencial ante tumor en páncreas, aunque por su rareza no debe ser la primera opción a descartar. Las manifestaciones clínicas incluyen dolor abdominal, sensación de plenitud o saciedad temprana, masa abdominal, náusea y vómito, entre otras. Los exámenes de laboratorio por lo general son normales. La tomografía axial computarizada puede revelar masa heterogénea grande con una cápsula. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante biopsia y la cirugía por sí sola tiene un nivel de curación excelente y se debe intentar en todos los casos.

BACKGROUND: Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is an epithelial tumor of low malignancy that primarily affects young women and represents approximately 1-2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. We present a case of this type of tumor treated in the General Hospital of Tijuana, Mexico, as well as a review of the literature. CLINICAL CASE: We present the case of a 37-year-old female with symptomatology of early satiety and abdominal distension. During open cholecystectomy we found a tumor in the body of the pancreas. Biopsy was done, establishing the diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. The patient was treated successfully with distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. DISCUSSION: Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm. It is more frequent in young women and has an unknown etiology. Clinical manifestations include abdominal pain, sensation of plenitude or early satiety, abdominal mass, nausea and vomiting. Laboratory tests are usually normal. Computerized axial tomography may show a large encapsulated heterogeneous mass. Diagnosis is established through biopsy and surgery is the best treatment for this pathological entity. CONCLUSIONS: One may conclude that the solid pseudopapillary tumor is a differential diagnosis in the presence of pancreatic tumors, although due to its rarity it is not the first option to discard. Surgery represents the best treatment for this pathological entity and should be attempted in all cases, independent of the size of the pancreatic injury.