Exploring nasopharyngeal microbiota profile in children affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The relationship between COVID-19 and nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiota has been investigated mainly in the adult population. We explored the NP profile of children affected by COVID-19, compared to healthy controls (CTRLs). NP swabs of children with COVID-19, collected between March and September 2020, were investigated at the admission (T0), 72 h to 7 days (T1), and at the discharge (T2) of the patients. NP microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA targeted-metagenomics. Data from sequencing were investigated by QIIME 2.0 and PICRUSt 2. Multiple machine learning (ML) models were exploited to classify patients compared to CTRLs. The NP microbiota of COVID-19 patients (N = 71) was characterized by reduction of α-diversity compared to CTRLs (N = 59). The NP microbiota of COVID-19 cohort appeared significantly enriched in Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Staphylococcus, Veillonella, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Moraxella, Enterobacteriaceae, Gemella, Bacillus, and reduced in Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, Blautia, Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus, and Bacteroides, compared to CTRLs (FDR < 0.001). Exploiting ML models, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Capnocytopagha, Tepidiphilus, Porphyromonas, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella resulted as NP microbiota biomarkers, in COVID-19 patients. No statistically significant differences were found comparing the NP microbiota profile of COVID-19 patients during the time-points or grouping patients on the basis of high, medium, and low viral load (VL). This evidence provides specific pathobiont signatures of the NP microbiota in pediatric COVID-19 patients, and the reduction of anaerobic protective commensals. Our data suggest that the NP microbiota may have a specific disease-related signature since infection onset without changes during disease progression, regardless of the SARS-CoV-2 VL. IMPORTANCE: Since the beginning of pandemic, we know that children are less susceptible to severe COVID-19 disease. A potential role of the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiota has been hypothesized but to date, most of the studies have been focused on adults. We studied the NP microbiota modifications in children affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection showing a specific NP microbiome profile, mainly composed by pathobionts and almost missing protective anaerobic commensals. Moreover, in our study, specific microbial signatures appear since the first days of infection independently from SARS-CoV-2 viral load.

Improved Sensitivity to Determine Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat by In-Line Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled to Capillary Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.

Traditionally, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been ruled out of many food safety applications, despite its inherent advantages, because its concentration sensitivity has been not high enough, mainly in relation to the monitoring of contaminants and residues, such as pesticides, veterinary medicines, environmental contaminants, toxins, etc. For this reason, researchers have proposed several strategies to overcome this limitation. So far, approaches based on chromatographic principles have been the most successful solutions. These approaches, known as in-line solid phase extraction, consist of the introduction of a small amount of stationary phase in the inlet section of the electrophoretic capillary (analyte concentrator, AC) to retain the analytes before separation takes place. In this chapter, this strategy is applied to CE coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the multiresidue detection of quinolone antibiotic residues in chicken meat. A previous sample treatment based on pressurized liquid extraction to obtain an optimum performance is also described.

Engineering of keratin functionality for the realization of bendable all-biopolymeric micro-electrode array as humidity sensor.

The technological quest for flexible devices to be interfaced with the biological world has driven the recent reinvention of bioderived polymers as multifunctional active and passive constituent elements for electronic and photonic devices to use in the biomedical field. Keratin is one of the most important structural proteins in nature to be used as biomaterial platform in view of the recently reported advances in the extraction and processing from hair and wool fibers. In this article we report for the first time the simultaneous use of naturally extracted keratin as both active ionic electrolyte for water ions sensing and as bendable and insoluble substrate into the same multielectrode array-based device. We implemented the multifunctional system exclusively made by keratin as a bendable sensor for monitoring the humidity flow. The enhancement of the functional and structural properties of keratin such as bendability and insolubility were obtained by unprecedented selective chemical doping. The mechanisms at the basis of the sensing of humidity in the device were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and rationalized by reversible binding and extraction of water ions from the volume of the keratin active layer, while the figures of merit of the biopolymer such as the ionic conductivity and relaxation time were determined by means of electrical impedance and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. A reliable linear correlation between the controlled-humidity level and the amperometric output signal together with the assessment on measure variance are demonstrated. Collectively, the fine-tuned ionic-electrical characterization and the validation in controlled conditions of the free-standing insoluble all-keratin made microelectrode array ionic sensor pave the way for the effective use of keratin biopolymer in wearable or edible electronics where conformability, reliability and biocompatibility are key-enabling features.

Social transformation, collective health and community-based arts: 'Buen Vivir' and Ecuador's social circus programme.

Worldwide, interest is increasing in community-based arts to promote social transformation. This study analyzes one such case. Ecuador's government, elected in 2006 after decades of neoliberalism, introduced Buen Vivir ('good living' derived from the Kichwan sumak kawsay), to guide development. Plans included launching a countrywide programme using circus arts as a sociocultural intervention for street-involved youth and other marginalised groups. To examine the complex ways by which such interventions intercede in 'ways of being' at the individual and collective level, we integrated qualitative and quantitative methods to document relationships between programme policies over a 5-year period and transformations in personal growth, social inclusion, social engagement and health-related lifestyles of social circus participants. We also conducted comparisons across programmes and with youth in other community arts. While programmes emphasising social, collective and inclusive pedagogy generated significantly better wellbeing outcomes, economic pressures led to prioritising productive skill-building and performing. Critiques of the government's operationalisation of Buen Vivir, including its ambitious technical goals and pragmatic economic compromising, were mirrored in social circus programmes. However, the programme seeded a grassroots social circus movement. Our study suggests that creative programmes introduced to promote social transformation can indeed contribute significantly to nurturing a culture of collective wellbeing.

Development of a QuEChERS-based extraction method for the determination of destruxins in potato plants by UHPLC-MS/MS.

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization has been proposed for the determination of fifteen natural destruxins (A, B, C, D, E, Ed, Ed1, A2, B2, D2, E2, Cl, DesmA, DesmB, and DH-A), secondary metabolites with insecticidal and phytotoxic activities produced by Metarhizium species fungus, which are being studied as biological agents in pest control. Therefore, procedures to control them in the food chain are required, starting with crops. As a consequence, in this study, a simple QuEChERS-based destruxin (dtx) extraction procedure has been developed and validated in four different parts of potato plant (tuber, root, stem and leaves) for the first time. For dtx A, the limits of detection obtained, ranged between 0.5 and 1.3 µg/kg, and for quantification, ranged between 1.7 and 4.2 µg/kg. Precision values were below 8.5%; and in all cases, recoveries were higher than 91%. Finally, the method has been applied in potato samples inoculated by EAMa 01/58-Su strain, where dtxs A and B were detected and quantified. In all cases, dtx B concentration was higher than dtx A.

[Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis related to breast cancer: rare clinical association in two patients]. / Dermatomiositis paraneoplásica relacionada a cáncer de mama: asociación clínica en dos pacientes.

Paraneoplastic dermatomyositis is an inflammatory disease of the connective tissue that is caused by inmmunologic events in the presence of malignant tumors. It is more likely to happen in middle aged women and is related to ovarian, pancreatic, stomach and colon cancer and non Hogdkin lymphoma. We present two cases of dermatomyositis, with amyopathic origin associated to breast cancer. The first case occurs as the neoplasia evolves and the second one as an initial manifestation that leads to the search and subsequent diagnosis of cancer.

Fat gain with physical detraining is correlated with increased glucose transport and oxidation in periepididymal white adipose tissue in rats

As it is a common observation that obesity tends to occur after discontinuation of exercise, we investigated how white adipocytes isolated from the periepididymal fat of animals with interrupted physical training transport and oxidize glucose, and whether these adaptations support the weight regain seen after 4 weeks of physical detraining. Male Wistar rats (45 days old, weighing 200 g) were divided into two groups (n=10): group D (detrained), trained for 8 weeks and detrained for 4 weeks; and group S (sedentary). The physical exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks, at 50-60% of the maximum running capacity. After the training protocol, adipocytes isolated from the periepididymal adipose tissue were submitted to glucose uptake and oxidation tests. Adipocytes from detrained animals increased their glucose uptake capacity by 18.5% compared with those from sedentary animals (P<0.05). The same cells also showed a greater glucose oxidation capacity in response to insulin stimulation (34.55%) compared with those from the S group (P<0.05). We hypothesize that, owing to the more intense glucose entrance into adipose cells from detrained rats, more substrate became available for triacylglycerol synthesis. Furthermore, this increased glucose oxidation rate allowed an increase in energy supply for triacylglycerol synthesis. Thus, physical detraining might play a role as a possible obesogenic factor for increasing glucose uptake and oxidation by adipocytes.

Fat gain with physical detraining is correlated with increased glucose transport and oxidation in periepididymal white adipose tissue in rats.

As it is a common observation that obesity tends to occur after discontinuation of exercise, we investigated how white adipocytes isolated from the periepididymal fat of animals with interrupted physical training transport and oxidize glucose, and whether these adaptations support the weight regain seen after 4 weeks of physical detraining. Male Wistar rats (45 days old, weighing 200 g) were divided into two groups (n=10): group D (detrained), trained for 8 weeks and detrained for 4 weeks; and group S (sedentary). The physical exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks, at 50-60% of the maximum running capacity. After the training protocol, adipocytes isolated from the periepididymal adipose tissue were submitted to glucose uptake and oxidation tests. Adipocytes from detrained animals increased their glucose uptake capacity by 18.5% compared with those from sedentary animals (P<0.05). The same cells also showed a greater glucose oxidation capacity in response to insulin stimulation (34.55%) compared with those from the S group (P<0.05). We hypothesize that, owing to the more intense glucose entrance into adipose cells from detrained rats, more substrate became available for triacylglycerol synthesis. Furthermore, this increased glucose oxidation rate allowed an increase in energy supply for triacylglycerol synthesis. Thus, physical detraining might play a role as a possible obesogenic factor for increasing glucose uptake and oxidation by adipocytes.

New concepts in white adipose tissue physiology.

Numerous studies address the physiology of adipose tissue (AT). The interest surrounding the physiology of AT is primarily the result of the epidemic outburst of obesity in various contemporary societies. Briefly, the two primary metabolic activities of white AT include lipogenesis and lipolysis. Throughout the last two decades, a new model of AT physiology has emerged. Although AT was considered to be primarily an abundant energy source, it is currently considered to be a prolific producer of biologically active substances, and, consequently, is now recognized as an endocrine organ. In addition to leptin, other biologically active substances secreted by AT, generally classified as cytokines, include adiponectin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, resistin, vaspin, visfatin, and many others now collectively referred to as adipokines. The secretion of such biologically active substances by AT indicates its importance as a metabolic regulator. Cell turnover of AT has also recently been investigated in terms of its biological role in adipogenesis. Consequently, the objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive critical review of the current literature concerning the metabolic (lipolysis, lipogenesis) and endocrine actions of AT.

Chronic glucocorticoid treatment enhances lipogenic activity in visceral adipocytes of male Wistar rats.

AIM: Glucocorticoid (GC) in excess promotes the redistribution of adipose tissue from peripheral to central sites of the body. In this study, we characterized an experimental condition of prolonged GC excess and investigated its effect on the lipogenic metabolism in white adipose tissue. METHODS: Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into control (CON) and dexamethasone-treated (DEX) groups. DEX group received dexamethasone (0.25 mg kg(-1) day(-1) ) during 4 weeks, while CON group received saline. Animals were killed and subcutaneous (SC), retroperitoneal (RP) and mesenteric (MS) fat pads were excised, weighed and processed for adipocyte isolation, morphometric cell analysis and incorporation of glucose into lipids. RESULTS: The treatment effectively blocked hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as verified by a 58% decrease in plasma corticosterone levels and 19% atrophy in adrenal glands in DEX group. Animals from DEX group presented insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia and increased insulin and leptin plasma levels and hypertrophied adipocytes. They showed increased lipogenesis in RP and MS depots, with increased incorporation of glucose into fatty acids of triacylglycerol. Increased activity of lipogenic enzymes ATP-citrate lyase, fatty acid synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic was only seen in the MS depot in DEX group, while gene expression of these enzymes was enhanced in SC and MS fat depots. CONCLUSION: The adaptations promoted by GC treatment in adipose metabolism seemed to be mainly due to the increased activity of enzymes that supply the NADPH required for lipogenesis than to the increase in enzymes that more directly deal with fatty acid synthesis itself.

Water-gated organic field effect transistors - opportunities for biochemical sensing and extracellular signal transduction.

There is a quest for electronic biosensors operated in water for biomedical applications and environmental monitoring. Water is an aggressive medium for standard electronics materials and devices due to its strong polarizability and electrochemical activity. Thick dielectric encapsulation provides necessary stability while it damps the sensitivity of the device to sensing events occurring in the aqueous environment. Organic electronics provides materials that exhibit stable electronic conduction in direct contact with water combined with other desirable properties like mechanical softness, biocompatibility and processability onto flexible substrates. In this review, we introduce an emerging class of organic transistors, in which the current across the organic film is gated by the electric field of the Debye-Helmholtz layer. We discuss the device physics, the sensing mechanism and the relevant electrochemical processes. Applications of water-gated transistors range from the sensing of biologically relevant molecules like DNA, proteins or hormones to non-invasive recording and stimulation of electrical activity of neurons. Materials chemistry is crucial to control properties of electrically active films and to allow the introduction of specific chemical functionalities and receptors at sensing interfaces of the device.

Trace determination of 10 beta-lactam antibiotics in environmental and food samples by capillary liquid chromatography.

A sensitive and reliable method using capillary HPLC with UV-diode array detection (DAD) has been developed and validated for the trace determination of residues of 10 beta-lactam antibiotics of human and veterinary use, in milk, chicken meat and environmental water samples. The analytes included ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin V, penicillin G, cloxacillin, oxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, piperacillin and clavulanic acid. Legal levels are regulated by the EU Council regulation 2377/90 in animal edible tissues for these compounds. For food analysis, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure consisting in a tandem of Oasis HLB and Alumina N cartridges was applied for off-line preconcentration and cleanup. For water analysis, the first step was only necessary. The limits of detection for the studied compounds were between 0.04-0.06 microg l(-1) for water samples and 0.80-1.40 microg l(-1) (or microg kg(-1)) in the case of foods derived from animals. Average recoveries for fortified samples at different concentration levels ranged between 82.9% and 98.2%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 9%. The method showed the advantages of capillary HPLC for the detection of these widely applied antibiotics in different samples at very low concentration levels.

Capillary zone electrophoresis with diode-array detection for analysis of local anaesthetics and opium alkaloids in urine samples.

The present study describes the simultaneous determination of four drugs, two local anaesthetics (lidocaine and bupivacaine) and two opium alkaloids (noscapine and papaverine) by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure using Oasis HLB cartridges. Their recoveries ranged from 81 to 107% at the target concentrations of 2.0, 5.0 and 8.0 microgmL(-1) in spiked urine samples. Coefficients of variation of the recoveries ranged from 2.1 to 11.3% at these concentrations. The quantitation limits of the method were approximately 300 ngmL(-1) for the different compounds studied. The assay is very specific for these compounds and requires a short sample preparation procedure prior to the electrophoretic analysis.

Effect of three exercise programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

We compared the effect of three different exercise programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including strength training at 50_80% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) (ST; N = 11), low-intensity general training (LGT; N = 13), or combined training groups (CT; N = 11). Body composition, muscle strength, treadmill endurance test (TEnd), 6-min walk test (6MWT), Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and baseline dyspnea (BDI) were assessed prior to and after the training programs (12 weeks). The training modalities showed similar improvements (P > 0.05) in SGRQ-total (ST = 13 +/- 14%; CT = 12 +/- 14%; LGT = 11 +/- 10%), BDI (ST = 1.8 +/- 4; CT = 1.8 +/- 3; LGT = 1 +/- 2), 6MWT (ST = 43 +/- 51 m; CT = 48 +/- 50 m; LGT = 31 +/- 75 m), and TEnd (ST = 11 +/- 20 min; CT = 11 +/- 11 min; LGT = 7 +/- 5 min). In the ST and CT groups, an additional improvement in 1-RM values was shown (P < 0.05) compared to the LGT group (ST = 10 +/- 6 to 57 +/- 36 kg; CT = 6 +/- 2 to 38 +/- 16 kg; LGT = 1 +/- 2 to 16 +/- 12 kg). The addition of strength training to our current training program increased muscle strength; however, it produced no additional improvement in walking endurance, dyspnea or quality of life. A simple combined training program provides benefits without increasing the duration of the training sessions.

Effect of three exercise programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

We compared the effect of three different exercise programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including strength training at 50_80 percent of one-repetition maximum (1-RM) (ST; N = 11), low-intensity general training (LGT; N = 13), or combined training groups (CT; N = 11). Body composition, muscle strength, treadmill endurance test (TEnd), 6-min walk test (6MWT), Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and baseline dyspnea (BDI) were assessed prior to and after the training programs (12 weeks). The training modalities showed similar improvements (P > 0.05) in SGRQ-total (ST = 13 ± 14 percent; CT = 12 ± 14 percent; LGT = 11 ± 10 percent), BDI (ST = 1.8 ± 4; CT = 1.8 ± 3; LGT = 1 ± 2), 6MWT (ST = 43 ± 51 m; CT = 48 ± 50 m; LGT = 31 ± 75 m), and TEnd (ST = 11 ± 20 min; CT = 11 ± 11 min; LGT = 7 ± 5 min). In the ST and CT groups, an additional improvement in 1-RM values was shown (P < 0.05) compared to the LGT group (ST = 10 ± 6 to 57 ± 36 kg; CT = 6 ± 2 to 38 ± 16 kg; LGT = 1 ± 2 to 16 ± 12 kg). The addition of strength training to our current training program increased muscle strength; however, it produced no additional improvement in walking endurance, dyspnea or quality of life. A simple combined training program provides benefits without increasing the duration of the training sessions.

Trace determination of beta-lactam antibiotics in environmental aqueous samples using off-line and on-line preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis.

A sensitive and reliable method using capillary zone electrophoresis with UV-diode array detection (CZE-DAD) has been developed and validated for trace determination of beta-lactam antibiotics in waste, well and river water matrices. Due to the lack of sensitivity of the UV-vis detection, a solvent extraction/solid-phase extraction (SPE) method applied for off-line preconcentration and cleanup of water samples, in combination with an on-line preconcentration methodology named large volume sample stacking (LVSS) have been applied. The analytes included nafcillin, dicloxacillin, cloxacillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, penicillin G and amoxicillin. Average recoveries for water samples fortified with the studied beta-lactams at different concentration levels (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 microg/L) were ranging between 94 and 99%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 10%. The precision, calculated as intra-day and inter-day standard deviations fell within acceptable ranges (3.3-7.2%). The limits of detection were estimated to range between 0.08 and 0.80 microgL(-1) for the studied compounds. All the samples analyzed were negative for all the analytes at these levels of concentration and the method showed its usefulness for the detection of these widely applied beta-lactam antibiotics in different kinds of waters.

Medical versus surgical methods for first trimester termination of pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Induced abortions are very commonly practiced interventions worldwide. A variety of medical abortion methods have been introduced during the last decade in addition to existing surgical methods. In this review we systematically searched for and combined all evidence from randomised controlled trials comparing surgical with medical abortion. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate medical methods in comparison to surgical methods for first-trimester abortion with respect to efficacy, side effects and acceptability. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, MEDLINE (with the Cochrane 3-stage search strategy)(1966-2000) and Popline (1970-2000) were systematically searched. There were no language preferences in searching. Reference lists of retrieved papers were searched. Experts in WHO/HRP were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of any surgical abortion method compared with any medical abortion method in the first trimester. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trial quality was assessed and data extraction was made independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Six studies mostly with small sample sizes, comparing 4 different interventions (prostaglandins alone, mifepristone alone, and mifepristone/misoprostol and methotrexate/misoprostol versus vacuum aspiration) were included. Results are sometimes based on one trial only. Prostaglandins vs vacuum aspiration: the rate of abortions not completed with the intended method was statistically significant higher in the prostaglandin group (2.7, 95% CI 1.1 to 6.8) compared to surgery. There are no data on the most commonly medical (mifepristone/misoprostol) and surgical abortion available to be included in the review. Duration of bleeding was longer in the medical abortion groups compared to vacuum aspiration. There was only one major complication (uterine perforation) in one trial in the surgical group. There was no difference between the groups for ongoing pregnancies at the time of follow-up or pelvic infections. No data on acceptability, side effects or women's satisfaction with the procedure were available for inclusion in the review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results are derived from relatively small trials. Prostaglandins used alone seems to be less effective and more painful compared to surgical first-trimester abortion. However, there is inadequate evidence to comment on the acceptability and side effects of medical compared to surgical first-trimester abortions. There is a need for trials to address the efficacy of currently used methods and women's preferences more reliably.