Environmental impact assessment due to the intake of uranium contained in surface waters in a semi-arid region in Brazil.

In Santa Quitéria City, part of the population uses surface water for potation. These waters do not undergo any treatment before consumption. As the region has a deposit of uranium, assessing water quality becomes important. In the present study, the uranium activity concentration (AC) in becquerels per liter was determined in water samples from six points. Univariate statistics showed differences between the soluble and the particulate fraction (soluble AC > particulate AC). The particulate fraction showed no variation in AC among the six points. On the other hand, the soluble fraction and the total fraction presented different ACs between them. The multivariate statistics allowed to separate the soluble from the particulate fraction of the points. The same tools applied to the total fraction made it possible to differentiate the sampling points, grouping them ((#1, #2); (#3, #4), and (#5, #6)). The maximum mean value of AC found was 0.177 Bq∙L-1, corresponding to 25% of the chemical toxicity limit (0.72 Bq∙L-1). The maximum mean dose rate, 2.25 µSv∙year-1, is lower than the considered negligible dose rate (> 10 µSv∙year-1). The excess lifetime cancer risk was 10-6, two orders of magnitude smaller than the threshold considered for taking action. The assessment parameters used in this work indicate that the risk due to the uranium intake by the local population is negligible.

Postmortem data related to drug and toxic substance use in the Federal District, Brazil, from 2006 to 2008.

This study describes the substances involved in fatal events that were investigated by the Forensic Medicine Institute of the Federal District, Brazil, from 2006 to 2008. The presence of pesticides was investigated in liver or stomach content samples by thin-layer chromatography; amphetamines, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, tetra-hydro-cannabinol (THC), cocaine and opioids were analyzed in urine samples by immunoassay. A total of 8736 exams were performed, of which 21.7% tested positive for at least one compound investigated. Men were involved in over 90% of positive cases; most individuals were between the ages of 18 and 30. Alcohol was detected in 47.4% of the blood samples, with over 30% presenting BAC levels higher than 1g/L. Cocaine was present in 21.6%, and THC in 17.5% of the urine samples analyzed. Pesticides were found in 13.3% of the 188 cases investigated, mostly aldicarb, which is the main component of chumbinho, an illegal rodenticide available in the country. Among pharmaceutical drugs, benzodiazepines were the most detected, with 29 samples testing positive (4.6% of the samples analyzed). Most of the individuals who died from traumatism or hypovolemia tested positive for alcohol. Death from intoxication/poisoning corresponded to 1.8% of all positive cases, mainly from the ingestion of pesticides. This is the first Brazilian study reporting data on toxic chemicals from postmortem material. The results confirm other epidemiological data that indicate pesticide as the major cause of fatal poisonings in Brazil.