SEIS: Insight's Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure of Mars.

By the end of 2018, 42 years after the landing of the two Viking seismometers on Mars, InSight will deploy onto Mars' surface the SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Internal Structure) instrument; a six-axes seismometer equipped with both a long-period three-axes Very Broad Band (VBB) instrument and a three-axes short-period (SP) instrument. These six sensors will cover a broad range of the seismic bandwidth, from 0.01 Hz to 50 Hz, with possible extension to longer periods. Data will be transmitted in the form of three continuous VBB components at 2 sample per second (sps), an estimation of the short period energy content from the SP at 1 sps and a continuous compound VBB/SP vertical axis at 10 sps. The continuous streams will be augmented by requested event data with sample rates from 20 to 100 sps. SEIS will improve upon the existing resolution of Viking's Mars seismic monitoring by a factor of ∼ 2500 at 1 Hz and ∼ 200 000 at 0.1 Hz. An additional major improvement is that, contrary to Viking, the seismometers will be deployed via a robotic arm directly onto Mars' surface and will be protected against temperature and wind by highly efficient thermal and wind shielding. Based on existing knowledge of Mars, it is reasonable to infer a moment magnitude detection threshold of M w ∼ 3 at 40 ∘ epicentral distance and a potential to detect several tens of quakes and about five impacts per year. In this paper, we first describe the science goals of the experiment and the rationale used to define its requirements. We then provide a detailed description of the hardware, from the sensors to the deployment system and associated performance, including transfer functions of the seismic sensors and temperature sensors. We conclude by describing the experiment ground segment, including data processing services, outreach and education networks and provide a description of the format to be used for future data distribution. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0574-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

[Cost analysis comparing single-use (Ambu® aScope™) and conventional reusable fiberoptic flexible scopes for difficult tracheal intubation]. / Analyse de coût comparant les fibroscopes à usage unique (Ambu®aScope™) et les fibroscopes réutilisables pour l'intubation difficile.

OBJECTIVE: Recommendations on difficult tracheal intubation constrain each surgical block to have a fiberscope available. Reusable fiberscope presents the problem of availability, the risk of non-conventional infections transmission and the cost. Single-use fiberscopes are presently available (Ambu® aScope™). This medico-economic study aims to assess the cost of using a reusable fiberscope as compared to the single use fiberscope. STUDY DESIGN: Cost minimization analysis. MATERIAL: Reusable fiberscope Pentax® FB 15P (Pentax France, Argenteuil) and single-use fiberscope Ambu® aScope™ (Ambu A/S, Ballerup, Denmark). METHOD: Minimization-cost analysis conducted between 2006 and 2012. The amortization cost per utilization for two reusable fiberscopes took into account the acquisition and maintenance costs, as well as the costs related to disinfection. The cost of the single use fiberscope was calculated according to its acquisition cost. RESULTS: The total cost of the reusable material was 55,874€ over 6years, corresponding to a unitary cost of 206€ per fiberscopy. During this period, 780 sterilizations were carried out for a total cost of 32,611€. Acquisition and maintenance costs were respectively 18,382€ and 4880€. The cost of the single use fiberscope is of 200€ per fiberscopy. CONCLUSION: This medico-economic evaluation shows that the utilization cost of single use and reusable fiberscopes are very close. This should be analyzed at the light of some benefits of using single use devices for the difficult tracheal intubation.

[Management of newborns with meconium-stained amniotic fluid: prospective evaluation of practice]. / Prise en charge des nouveau-nés naissant dans un liquide méconial: évaluation prospective des pratiques.

OBJECTIVE: Regional guideline for immediate tracheal suctioning (ITS) in vigorous and non-vigorous infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) has been established in 2003. The objective of this study was to evaluate guideline application. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The first part of the study was a short survey about ITS practices in maternity hospitals then, management and early evolution of babies born through particulate MSAF was evaluated by questionnaire. RESULTS: Among 6761 neonates, 199 (3%) were born with MSAF. Early clinical evaluation showed 52 (26%) non-vigorous neonates; 22 of them (42%) have had an ITS. One hundred and forty-seven neonates were vigorous (74%); 27 of them (18%) have had an ITS. Implementation of recommendations in non-vigorous babies was better in maternities of level III, while they were lower in maternities of level IIA for vigorous babies. Among 52 non-vigorous children, eight had a meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), including five who had an ITS. One MAS occurred in vigorous babies but infection could not be excluded. CONCLUSION: Recommendations for ITS were implemented in 70% of cases but only in 42% of cases in non-vigorous babies. We have to improve formation and circulation of new recommendations.