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1.
Cancer Treat Res Commun ; 19: 100124, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30851645

RESUMO

Urothelial cancer is one of the most common malignancies; after relapse or disease progression available therapeutic options are limited. We analyze efficacy and toxicity of local treatment on metastases using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in selected patients with oligometastatic disease from urothelial cancer. A significant percentage of treated lesions achieved local control, with a promising overall response rate. OBJECTIVES: to analyze efficacy and toxicity of local treatment on metastases using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in selected patients with oligometastatic disease from urothelial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from clinical records of 19 patients treated in our institution since May 2011 to October 2017 with SBRT for oligometastatic/oligoprogressive urothelial carcinoma were retrospectively collected. Clinical outcomes in terms of local control (LC), response rate, symptoms control, progression free and overall survival (PFS and OS), and adverse events were analyzed and reported. RESULTS: Nineteen patients were treated on 25 metastatic lesions; 5 of them received treatment on multiple sites. After an average follow up of 11.5 months, LC was achieved in 17 lesions (68%) and there was no local recurrence in lesions with complete or partial response. OS was 13.8 months. Adverse events were reported only in 3 patients (5 overall events). No late toxicity was reported. CONCLUSIONS: An approach consisting in SBRT for local treatment of oligometastatic or persistent disease can be effective and safe in selected patients. Prospective studies are needed, to find correct selection criteria and optimal dose and fractionation.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Radiocirurgia/métodos , Neoplasias Urológicas/cirurgia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Neoplasias Encefálicas/secundário , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Urológicas/patologia
2.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol ; 131: 24-29, 2018 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30293702

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is characterized by the delivery of high doses of ionizing radiation in few fractions. It is highly effective in achieving local control, and, due to the high biological effective dose administered, it seems to overcome the radioresistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Thus, SBRT could constitute a treatment option for the management of localized RCC in patients who are not surgical candidates. In this paper, we report an overview about data from the current evidence about SBRT in patients affected by localized RCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A non-systematic review was performed, including data from both retrospective and prospective studies focusing on the use of SBRT for localized RCC and its biological rationale. Furthermore, ongoing trials on this issue are reported. CONCLUSION: Currently, SBRT might be considered a treatment alternative in inoperable patients affected by primary RCC. Currently, dose-escalation to 48 Gy in 3-4 fractions are effective and well tolerated. Emerging role of immune therapies in RCC patients warrant further studies to explore interactions between SBRT and immune response.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/cirurgia , Neoplasias Renais/cirurgia , Radiocirurgia/instrumentação , Radiocirurgia/métodos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/patologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Prognóstico
3.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 36(2): 65-73, 2014.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25004639

RESUMO

The author refers to his "love" for butter and joy to eat and enjoy, during his childhood, bread, butter and jam at a time in which butter was still made with milk from cows that grazed and/or ate the hay. Subsequently the great bitterness occurred, due to the fact that many distinguished researchers have attributed to the the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and cholesterol, abundant in butter, the origin of atherosclerotic cardio vascular diseases (CVD) epidemic exploded in North America from the years 1920-1930. This happened in spite of the fact that various data did not overlap, and also that the most famous of cardiologists, worldwide known at the time, had written and pointed out that, if such a condition were caused by saturated fat animals, a corresponding increase in their consumption in the diet would be recorded, while it had actually dropped 20 percent. The prestige of some, alongside the desire to win their case, associated to the modest epidemiological skills of the time, have led them to fall into the error of "cherry picking", i.e. to choose only those data in support of their theory while ignoring others that contradicted that, for decades, the SFA were banned by encouraging the consumption of margarine and vegetable oils. Only in recent times it has emerged from indisputable surveys, that in the diet, if an excess of SFA is harmful, even an excess of simple carbohydrates or protein or polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-6 are responsible for atherosclerotic CD. The problem is not to eliminate from the SFA diet, as they look toxic while actually in some situations are indispensable, but to reach a correct balance of all the different nutrients in the diet, and not only of the SFA, plus physical activity. Butter, then, also in the light of new and important acquisitions, was rehabilitated. This brings to mind a claim issued by Hippocrates (460-377 BC), the pioneer of Western medicine, about 2400 years ago: "If you were to give each the right amount of nourishment and exercise, we found the road to health".


Assuntos
Manteiga , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Manteiga/efeitos adversos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Colesterol/química , Dieta/normas , Gorduras na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Ácidos Graxos/química , Humanos
4.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 35(4): 177-82, 2013.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24245100

RESUMO

The swimmer's otitis or acute otitis externa, is a pathology that often occurs in those who practice swimming at a competitive level. The same problem often occurs in the summer with the attendance of swimming pools and bathing areas. A survey made in the United States in 2007 confirms the dynamics of the onset of this pathology, because the contamination of fungi and bacteria in the waters of the swimming pools and the sea cause the inflammation of the epithelium of the auditory canal. To face this issue, in addition to a correct diagnosis, and the necessary and appropriate therapies, it may follow the use of these medicinal preparations. The first one (A) is protective-acting, the second one (B) is characterized as a preventive, hygroscopic, moistening, antiseptic and antimycotic-acting solution. Swimmers who have been using the two (pre-and post) preparations daily for about a year have reported sporadic episodes of otitis. However, there is no doubt that these two compounds deserve a meticulous clinical trial in order to confirm their preventive and therapeutic potentials in external acute otitis.


Assuntos
Otite/prevenção & controle , Natação , Criança , Humanos , Otite/diagnóstico , Otite/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Piscinas
5.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 34(4): 169-78, 2012.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23173408

RESUMO

In ancient Greece, the chronological boundaries of the stages of life hinged upon Solon's theory of human life as divided into ten seven year stages. At the peak of Latin civilization, the chronological limits of the infant, pueritia and adulescentia were respectively 0-8 years, 8-16 years and 16-17 years, when in a ceremony the adolescent (a term derived from adolescente (m) present participle of the Latin verb adolescere = to grow) wearing the "toga of manhood" is declared an adult (teenager adult) and up to 30 years later iuventus. Throughout the following centuries, the chronological boundaries of the various ages came to acquire only a theoretical worth, since the child, once introduced to the world of work, used to suddenly become an adult. Only in the wave of Humanism in the XVI-XVII century, people started to rediscover the Greek 'paideia' (education), the Latin Humanitas' (recognition and respect towards manhood in every man), and, through the Christian 'caritas' (to recognize and to love the son of God in every man) begins a moral vision of childhood, of his weakness and innocence, a reflection of the 'divine purity'. In this evolution, the twentieth century identifies itself with adolescence, so that history moves from an era devoiced of adolescence to an age in which adolescence appears to be the privileged age: the adolescent is the hero of the twentieth century. Several and many important institutions have proceeded to recognize the essential rights of adolescent care in pediatric departments, but many are still admitted to adult wards with suboptimal therapeutic results, particularly for blood-cancer. The pediatrician, both the family one and the one in the hospital, must be the referees for the health of the adolescent, especially in cases of chronic diseases or in those of psychosocial relevance, following her in the path of the disease especially if other specialists are involved with a view to further investigation, and establishing, since early childhood, communication, dialogue and compliance with her and the whole family. One of the greatest philosophers and sophists of Magna Graecia, Gorgia of Lentini, used to state that the word has tremendous power: it can instill the joy, eliminate pain, enhance compassion, put an end to fear: then be medicine for the suffering. The doctor is in fact, in certain situations of life, a drug for his patient. He is the most widely used drug because drugs are not the only thing that matters: the soul of medicine lies in the relationship, in the communication between the healer and the healed.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/história , Atenção à Saúde/história , Educação/história , Relações Médico-Paciente , Adolescente , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Adulto , Europa (Continente) , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Itália , Masculino , Relações Pais-Filho , Esportes/história , Estados Unidos
6.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 34(3): 148-54, 2012.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22966729

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Amoxicillin is one of the most used antibiotics among pediatric patients for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections and specially for acute otitis media (AOM), a common diseases of infants and childhood. It has been speculated that the use of amoxicillin during early childhood could be associated with dental enamel fluorosis, also described in literature with the term Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH), because they are generally situated in one or more 1st permanent molars and less frequently in the incisors. The effect ofAmoxicillin seems to be independent of other risk factors such as fluoride intake, prematurity, hypoxia, hypocalcaemia, exposure to dioxins, chikenpox, otitis media, high fever and could have a significant impact on oral health for the wide use of this drug in that period of life. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was to review the current literature about the association between amoxicillin and fluorosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: A literature survey was done by applying the Medline database (Entrez PubMed); the Cochrane Library database of the Cochrane Collaboration (CENTRAL). The databases were searched using the fol-lowing strategy and keywords: amoxicillin* AND (dental fluorosis* OR dental enamel*) and MIH*. After selecting the studies, only three relevant articles published between 1966 and 2011 were included in the review. CONCLUSION: The presence of several methodological issues does not allow to draw any evidence-based conclusions. No evidence of association was detected, therefore, there is a need of further well-designed studies to assess the scientific evidence of the relationship between amoxicillin and fluorosis and to restrict the prescription of this drug for recurrent upper respiratory tract infections especially acute otitis media (AOM) during the first two years of life. When it is possible can be opportune to use an alternative antibiotic treatment.


Assuntos
Amoxicilina/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Esmalte Dentário/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluorose Dentária/etiologia , Criança , Humanos
7.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 34(2): 53-64, 2012.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22730629

RESUMO

The use of eggs in human diet has been object of many prejudices which are not yet completely disappeared The evolution of knowledge in the field of nutrition has, partially, countered these prejudices by highlighting the biological importance of several compounds present in the eggs. The nutritional and commercial revaluation of the eggs are passed through the enrichment of the lipid fraction in omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA omega3) which, have shown positive effects against cardiovascular diseases and development of the central nervous system and retina. The enrichment of eggs lipid with omega3 fatty acids is carried out by the integration of feeding hens with oils rich in omega3 fatty acids such as plant or marine oils. The results showed that the accumulation of omega3 in the egg yolk lipids is strongly affected by the type of oil used as supplement and by the amounts of oils administrated to the hens.


Assuntos
Dieta , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ovos , Epigênese Genética , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/etiologia
8.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 34(2): 65-72, 2012.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22730630

RESUMO

In 1929 Burr and Burr discovered the essential fatty acids omega-6 and omega-3. Since then, researchers have shown a growing interest in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as precursors of "lipid mediator" molecules, often with opposing effects, prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipossines, resolvines, protectines, maresins that regulate immunity, platelet aggregation, inflammation, etc. They showed that the balance between omega-3 and omega-6 acids has a profound influence on all the body's inflammatory responses and a raised level of PUFA omega-3 in tissue correlate with a reduced incidence of degenerative cardiovascular disease, some mental illnesses such as depression, and neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. The CYP-catalyzed epoxidation and hydroxylation of arachidonic acid (AA) were established recently as the so-called third branch of AGE cascade. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) epoxygenases convert AA to four epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, that produce vascular relaxation anti-inflammatory effects on blood vessels and in the kidney, promote angiogenesis, and protect ischemic myocardium and brain. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are accessible to CYP enzymes in the same way as AA. Metabolites derived from EPA include epoxye-icosatetraenoic acids (EETR) and hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids (19- and 20-HEPE), whereas DHA include epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (21- and 22-HDoHE). For many of the CYP isoforms, the n-3 PUFAs are the preferred substrates and the available data suggest that some of the vasculo- and cardioprotective effects attributed to dietary n-3 PUFAs may be mediated by CYP-dependent metabolites of EPA and DHA. From AA derives also endocannabinoids like anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, capable of mimicking the pharmacological actions of the active principle of Cannabis sativa preparations such as hashish and marijuana (-)-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. They act as true 'endogenous cannabinoids' by binding and functionally activating one or both cannabinoid receptor present on nervous and peripheral cell membranes. Enzymes that carry out anandamide oxidation are the same fatty acid oxygenases that are known to act on endogenous arachidonic acid namely, the members of the COX, LOX, and P450 families of enzymes. Recent advances in the biochemistry and pharmacology of the endocannabinoid system, also for its central and peripheral roles in regulating food intake, will offer the development of novel therapeutic agents.


Assuntos
Endocanabinoides/fisiologia , Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/fisiologia , Lipídeos/fisiologia , Humanos
9.
Minerva Pediatr ; 64(2): 225-37, 2012 Apr.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22495196

RESUMO

Antibiotics have always been considered one of the wonder discoveries of the 20th century. The use of penicillin by Flaming, opened up the golden era of antibiotics and now is hard to imagine the practice of medicine without antibiotics. Life-threatening infections, such as meningitis, endocarditis, bacteremic pneumonia sepsis, would again prove fatal. Also aggressive chemotherapy and transplant procedures would prove impossible. Another real wonder has been the rise of antibiotic resistance soon after the clinical use of penicillin in hospitals and communities. Several study demonstrated an excessive amount of antibiotic prescribing for communities patients and inpatients and in some hospital up to 50% of antibiotic usage is inappropriate: the benefits of antibiotic treatment come with the risk of antibiotic resistance development. In hospitals, infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are associated with higher mortality, morbidity and prolonged hospital stay compared with infections caused by antibiotic-susceptible bacteria. A variety of strategies has been proposed to reduce the cost and improve the quality of medication use. Education, guidelines and evidence based recommendations are considered to be essential elements of any program designed to influence prescribing behavior and can provide a foundation of knowledge that will enhance and increase the acceptance of stewardship strategies. Evidence-based recommendations, an approach to clinical practice helping to make decisions based on clinical expertise and on intimate knowledge of the individual patient's situations, beliefs, and priorities, enhance antimicrobial stewardship, that include appropriate selection, dosing, route, and duration of antimicrobial therapy can maximize clinical cure or prevention of infection while limiting the unintended consequences, such as the emergence of resistance, adverse drug events, and cost. These evidence-based guidelines are not a substitute for clinical judgment, and clinical discretion is always required in their application. Genome studies have identified hundreds of genetic polymorphism important determinants of the efficacy of therapy and several trial demonstrated the successful use of pharmacogenomic testing to reduce the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions in patients. Knowing the phenotype of a patient prior to therapy, optimal dose and type drugs can be prescribed to achieve better management of patients.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Testes Genéticos , Farmacogenética , Padrões de Prática Médica , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Cefalexina/uso terapêutico , Cloranfenicol/uso terapêutico , Ciprofloxacina/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Testes Genéticos/tendências , Variação Genética , Hospitais , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Penicilinas/uso terapêutico , Farmacogenética/tendências , Padrões de Prática Médica/tendências , Estreptomicina/uso terapêutico , Tetraciclinas/uso terapêutico
10.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 34(6): 266-82, 2012.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24364133

RESUMO

The evolution in the history of nutrition knowledge towards dairy products, is strictly related to the socio-cultural development of humans. In fact, milk and butter have accompanied humans since ancient times, which traces of the consumption of such products are dated back about the earliest times after the last (glaciation) ice age, while the application for extra nutritional uses, such as cosmetics and ceremonial rites, are reported in the writings of the Old Testament. Even in Italy, before the Roman Empire, were known rudimentary techniques of production and storage of dairy products. But only with the advent of the Etruscans, and the Romans later, that the use of milk and dairy products reach a wide diffusion in several applications. Since the advent of Christ until today, milk and its derivatives have maintained a privileged place in the human diet, but it is only with the advent of modern medicine and new findings in lipidic chemistry that emerged multiple biological and nutritional properties, very important for human health. After a short summary of the ancient history of the milk and butter, the role of dairy products in cancer, in hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular disease are reported. Moreover, the current opinions on saturated fatty acids, the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their lipid mediators obtained by the action of cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and the cytochrome P450 enzymes, are treated. Even if sometimes mistreated, the milk, but most of all its high fat content derivatives such as butter, is a rich source of biologically active compounds that foster a controversial action against neolplastic and cardiovascular disease. These compounds, mainly contained in the lipid fraction, for the more obvious relationships that exist between nutrition and health status, have been the subject in the last decades of intense scientific investigation in which there were expressed lights and shadows, but recognizing that not all fats are harmful and further thorough studies are necessary, in particular, on the derived lipid mediators. This will allow a significant progress based on new scientific evidences, further orienting researchers and clinicians on evidence-based nutritional science.


Assuntos
Manteiga/história , Leite/história , Ciências da Nutrição/história , Animais , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/etiologia , Neoplasias/etiologia
11.
Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol ; 55(3): 237-72, 2009 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês, Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19829283

RESUMO

Starting from Metchnikoff's theory of cell-mediated immunity and work on lactobacillus over 100 years ago, more and more applications for probiotics have been developed. Research into the health properties of probiotics has focused primarily on two areas: the interaction between intestinal microflora and enterocytes and the immune system and the use of probiotic products in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in adults and children. This review examines recent studies on the clinical use of monostrain and multistrain probiotic products in gastroenterology. The most widely studied strains are lactobacilli and yeasts, specifically, Lacto-bacillus rhamnosus GG and Saccharomices boulardii; the gastrointestinal disorders most commonly treated with probiotics are inflammatory bowel disease and dysbiosis, both of which clinically manifest as diarrhea.


Assuntos
Gastroenteropatias/terapia , Probióticos , Diarreia/etiologia , Diarreia/terapia , Enterocolite Necrosante/terapia , Infecções por Helicobacter/terapia , Helicobacter pylori , Humanos , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/terapia , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiologia , Síndrome do Intestino Irritável/terapia , Viagem
13.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 30(3): 121-40, 2008.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19024856

RESUMO

This work, in addition to the peculiar medical aspects of the children obesity, synthesize the experimental findings about the main plasmatic antioxidants (uric acid, ascorbic acid, retinol, coenzyme Q10, lycopene) and the platelet fatty acids profile in groups of children according to the following BMI criteria: 43 with a BMI ranging between 25 and 29; 43 with a BMI ranging between 21.7 e 22.9 and 20 with a BMI ranging between 18.5 e 20; average age 10.49 +/- 2.66. The antioxidants show a particular behaviour: in fact they decrease according to the BMI recorded within the groups. About this issue the international literature is not consistent. Probably different results can be found in more severe condition of obesity. Another important result is for the platelet fatty acid, independently from the BMI, weight etc. compared to the other subjects. The difference found is for the stearic acid, from 15 to 21 point of percentage, compared to all the other groups investigated. In agreement with the international literature, stearic acid seems to have an important role in the control of the platelet activation. This finding, could offer a better possibility to understand the progression of the atherosclerosis towards the ischemic condition, according to the age. The utilisation of particular mathematic models, the Artificial Neural Network, beyond the normal advanced statistic methods, has open to the understanding of phenomena, otherwise, inexplicable. With the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) it has been possible to classify the children using the ANN map built for the depressive condition (platelet fatty acids markers: palmitic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid) and the ANN map built for the ischemic condition (platelet fatty acids markers: oleic acid, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid). Examining the maps, a certain percentage of children seems to be at high risk for several psychiatric conditions with respect to the major depression, while for the ischemic pathology the children are in the same position of the ischemic subjects. Because we know that the children are not ischemic, probably they have the same biochemical characteristics but are protected by the high level of stearic acid and by the high degree of saturation of the platelets. For this reason, children cannot belong to the map area of the major depression, which, in turn, is characterized by a very high degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids. Further studies are needed to better understand the complex situation of the children from the biochemical and psychiatric point of view.


Assuntos
Obesidade , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Peso Corporal , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Transtorno Depressivo/complicações , Humanos , Isquemia Miocárdica/etiologia , Redes Neurais de Computação , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/etiologia , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais
14.
Minerva Pediatr ; 60(6): 1417-35, 2008 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês, Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18971903

RESUMO

Acute gastroenteritis, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile and traveller's diarrhea, Helicobacter pylori infection and intestinal inflammatory diseases are primitive and/or secondary pathological conditions that alter the intestinal mucosa and microbiota. For years researchers have searched for solutions to restore and rebalance normal transit and intestinal flora. Elia Metchnikoff was the first one to introduce oral bacteriotherapy, that uses very efficient microorganisms that prevent putrefaction and aging. Oral bacteriotherapy has now evolved in probiotics, whose helpful action to prevent and treat some gastroenteric pathologies is currently being studied.


Assuntos
Gastroenterite/terapia , Lactobacillus , Probióticos , Doença Aguda , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/microbiologia , Diarreia/terapia , Diarreia Infantil/terapia , Enterocolite Necrosante/terapia , Enterocolite Pseudomembranosa/terapia , França , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Metanálise como Assunto , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Probióticos/história , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Rússia (pré-1917)
15.
Minerva Pediatr ; 60(4): 443-55, 2008 Aug.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18511896

RESUMO

The leading role of cod-liver oil on rickets was a relevant factor in the knowledge of this disease. In 1922 the preventive and therapeutic value of cod-liver oil and sunlight against rickets in young infants was confirmed. The seasonal variation in the incidence of rickets, the role of skin pigmentation, of diet and the fact that breast milk was not an adequate source of vitamin D were understood. The discovery of essential fatty acids omega-6 and omega-3 have shown that deficiencies, mainly of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, result in visual and cognitive impairment and disturbances in mental functions in infants and also in cognitive function in adults, as fatty acids are beneficial to vascular health and may forestall cerebrovascular disease and thus dementia. An adequate ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may promote a healthier balance of eicosanoids, which would protect membrane function with a nutraceutical function. Dietary lipids not only influence the biophysical state of the cell membranes but, via direct and indirect routes, they also act on multiple pathways including signalling, gene and protein activities, protein modifications and they probably play important role in modulating protein aggregation. Significant advances have been made in understanding the relation between dietary factors and inflammation, which is a central component of many chronic diseases, including coronary artery disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer prevention. However, the identification of those who will or will not benefit from dietary intervention strategies remains a major obstacle. Adequate knowledge about how the responses depend on an individual's genetic background (nutrigenetic effects), the cumulative effects of food components on genetic expression profiles through nutrigenomics mechanism, may assist in identifying responders and non-responders. Thus, fish and fish oil consumption might encourage brain development and gene expression to brain maintenance during aging through nutrigenomic mechanism.


Assuntos
Óleo de Fígado de Bacalhau/história , Óleo de Fígado de Bacalhau/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/uso terapêutico , Serviços de Saúde/história , Nutrigenômica/métodos , Raquitismo/terapia , Saúde Global , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História Medieval , Humanos , Raquitismo/prevenção & controle
16.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 30(1): 25-30, 2008.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18491675

RESUMO

During the last 30 years, a huge research has been performed about the markers involved in the atherogenetic process and in the fatty acid thrombogenetic effect. More recently many studies have been made on the biochemical aspects of the saturated fatty acids with respect to the cardiovascular risk, in particular, the Stearic Acid (SA). Because of the peculiar characteristic of the platelets in the control of the thrombogenetic risk, we have investigated the platelet fatty acid profile in three groups of subjects: supposed healthy (n = 60), ischemic (n = 50), young children (n = 118). The aim of the study was to understand wich of the fatty acids could be evaluated as markers of the ischemic cardiovascular pathology and to have the possibility to classifie the subjects using the artificial neural network (ANN) system. The results highlight the peculiar position of the Oleic Acid, Linoleic Acid and Arachidonic Acid. According to the ANN results of the ischemic subjects, the young children were in the same position. Because this result is not commonly accepted, as children are healty, we have looked for a reason. There are well strong reasons to believe that all this is due to the stearic acid wich is extremely higher than the stearic acid of all the other subjects investigated. Particularly it has been underlined the possibility to modify the platelet stearic and oleic acid to obtain a better saturation index (Stearic/Oleic ratio). This could bring to a better control of the cardiovascular risk. It is possible, according with the results obtained, to open a new field of research on the lipid metabolism of the young children in relation to the atherogenesis. It is the first time that an observation on the platelet membrane phospholipid stearic acid is made in comparison to other adult subjects and a plausible explanation is given about the protection of the young children against the cardiovascular disease.


Assuntos
Plaquetas/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Isquemia Miocárdica/metabolismo , Redes Neurais de Computação , Ácido Oleico/sangue , Ácidos Esteáricos/sangue , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Algoritmos , Análise de Variância , Ácido Araquidônico/sangue , Biomarcadores , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Criança , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Humanos , Ácido Linoleico/sangue , Lipídeos de Membrana/sangue , Isquemia Miocárdica/sangue , Isquemia Miocárdica/epidemiologia , Fosfolipídeos/sangue , Fatores de Risco , Trombose/epidemiologia
17.
Minerva Pediatr ; 60(2): 219-33, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18449139

RESUMO

In 1929 Burr and Burr discovered the essential fatty acids omega-6 and omega-3. Since then, researchers have shown a growing interest in unsaturated essential fatty acids as they form the framework for the organism's cell membranes, particularly the neurones in the brain, are involved in the energy-transformation process, regulate the information flows between cells. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are also precursors of ''hormonal'' molecules, often with opposing effects, prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, lipossines, resolvines, protectines that regulate immunity, platelet aggregation, inflammation, etc. They showed that raised levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 in tissue correlate with a reduced incidence of degenerative cardiovascular disease, some mental illnesses such as depression, and neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. The balance between omega-3 and omega-6 acids allows the cell membranes to develop with exactly the right flexibility and fluidity, to carry messages between neurones, that is a determining factor in physical and mental well-being and has a profound influence on all the body's inflammatory responses. The results of a number of scientific studies suggest that omega-3 acids contribute to measuring and restricting inflammatory symptoms, whereas omega-6 acids (and saturated fats) give free range to inflammatory responses and amplify allergic reactions. Today in the Western countries, the ratio of omega-3 acids to omega-6 in the diet is weighted 1:10 in favour of omega-6 to up to 1:25 in some areas, while for proper functioning a 4:1 ratio of omega-6 acids to omega-3 acids is generally considered the optimum. In addition, the type of diet followed in the Western countries is very rich in saturated fats like butter and animal fats, but because of an excessive supply of these less noble fats, the cell membranes lose flexibility and this can affect the way they work. An appropriate supplement can be an efficient, effective and often necessary way to meet the body's needs, enhance its daily functions and promote health and longevity.


Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/uso terapêutico , Envelhecimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Citocinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Depressão/metabolismo , Gorduras Insaturadas na Dieta/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/história , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/história , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/farmacologia , Saúde , História do Século XX , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Itália , Transtornos Mentais/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Mentais/metabolismo , Necessidades Nutricionais , Estado Nutricional/efeitos dos fármacos , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados Unidos
19.
Urol Int ; 79 Suppl 1: 47-50, 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17726352

RESUMO

Based on our own experiences and a review of the recent literature, this article evaluates recent developments in predicting outcomes and failures of shockwave lithotripsy when treating patients with urinary tract stones. After a detailed MEDLINE research, the authors identified several variables that influence and predict extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) success. These variables may be categorized as stone variables, patient variables and operator variables. Only multivariate analysis on a large number of homogenous patients may offer an objective evaluation of the factors conditioning ESWL outcome.


Assuntos
Litotripsia , Urolitíase/terapia , Competência Clínica , Humanos , Cooperação do Paciente , Falha de Tratamento , Resultado do Tratamento , Cálculos Urinários/química , Cálculos Urinários/patologia , Urolitíase/metabolismo , Urolitíase/patologia
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