LiPo batteries dataset: Capacity, electrochemical impedance spectra, and fit of equivalent circuit model at various states-of-charge and states-of-health.

This dataset contains experimental data of capacity and electrochemical impedance of five Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries (model LP-503562-IS-3 manufactured by BAK Technology). All batteries have been subjected to hundreds of charge-discharge cycles to obtain their characteristics at different states-of-health. Capacities have been measured under both standard and stress conditions. At fixed intervals (45 cycles in most cases) batteries have been subjected to partial discharge cycles to measure impedance spectra at different values of the state-of-charge. Impedance spectra have been fitted by using an equivalent circuit model; estimated circuit parameters are included in the dataset.

Dataset on broadband electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of Lithium-Ion batteries for different values of the state-of-charge.

This dataset consists of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements on commonly-used batteries, namely Samsung ICR18650-26J cylindrical Lithium-Ion cells. The complex impedance of the batteries was measured at a set of fourteen different frequencies from 0.05 Hz to 1000 Hz, using a random-phase multi-sine excitation signal. For each excited frequency, the current amplitude was 50 mA, resulting in a measurement uncertainty of approximately 0.1 mΩ. Six measurement repetitions are provided at ten different states-of-charge of four different brand-new batteries. Repeated EIS measurement results were obtained, for each individual battery cell, from six separate discharge cycles. All measurements were performed with the battery placed in a temperature-controlled chamber at 25 ± 1 °C. Batteries were allowed to thermalize before each measurement.

Digital Impedance Emulator for Battery Measurement System Calibration.

Meaningful information on the internal state of a battery can be derived by measuring its impedance. Accordingly, battery management systems based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are now recognized as a feasible solutions for online battery control and diagnostic. Since the impedance of a battery is always changing along with its state of charge and aging effects, it is important to have a stable impedance reference in order to calibrate and test a battery management system. In this work we propose a programmable impedance emulator that in principle could be used for the calibration of any battery management system based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A digital finite-impulse-response filter is implemented, whose frequency response is programmed so as to reproduce exactly the impedance of a real battery in the frequency domain. The whole design process of the filter is presented in detail. An analytical expression for the impedance of real battery in the frequency domain is derived from an equivalent circuit model. The model is validated both through numerical simulations and experimental tests. In particular, the filter is implemented on a low-cost microcontroller unit, and the emulated impedance is measured by means of a custom-made electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measuring system, and verified by using standard commercial bench instruments. Results on this prototype show the feasibility of using the proposed emulator as a fully controllable and low-cost reference for calibrating battery impedance measurement systems.

Parkinson's Disease Patient Monitoring: A Real-Time Tracking and Tremor Detection System Based on Magnetic Measurements.

Reliable diagnosis of early-stage Parkinson's disease is an important task, since it permits the administration of a timely treatment, slowing the progression of the disease. Together with non-motor symptoms, other important signs of disease can be retrieved from the measurement of the movement trajectory and from tremor appearances. To measure these signs, the paper proposes a magnetic tracking system able to collect information about translational and vibrational movements in a spatial cubic domain, using a low-cost, low-power and highly accurate solution. These features allow the usage of the proposed technology to realize a portable monitoring system, that may be operated at home or in general practices, enabling telemedicine and preventing saturation of large neurological centers. Validation is based on three tests: movement trajectory tracking, a rest tremor test and a finger tapping test. These tests are considered in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and are provided as case studies to prove the system's capabilities to track and detect tremor frequencies. In the case of the tapping test, a preliminary classification scheme is also proposed to discriminate between healthy and ill patients. No human patients are involved in the tests, and most cases are emulated by means of a robotic arm, suitably driven to perform required tasks. Tapping test results show a classification accuracy of about 93% using a k-NN classification algorithm, while imposed tremor frequencies have been correctly detected by the system in the other two tests.

Development of an IoT Structural Monitoring System Applied to a Hypogeal Site.

This paper describes the development of a distributed sensing system that can be disseminated in an environment of interest to monitor the vibration of a structure. This low-cost system consists of several sensor nodes and a central receiving node. All nodes are built using off-the-shelf electronic components. Each of the sensor nodes is battery-powered and equipped with a triaxial MEMS accelerometer, a wireless Long Range (LoRa) transceiver module for data transmission, a GPS module used for synchronization, and a microcontroller. The operation of the sensor node is validated by controlled laboratory tests where it is compared to a commercial reference accelerometer. Furthermore, the feasibility and potential benefits of the application of the proposed system to a structure in an archaeological site is investigated. Results show that the proposed sensor node could successfully monitor the vibration at several locations within the site. Therefore, it may be employed to detect the most relevant stresses to the structure, allowing for the identification of risks.

A Multi-Node Magnetic Positioning System with a Distributed Data Acquisition Architecture.

We present a short-range magnetic positioning system that can track in real-time both the position and attitude (i.e., the orientation of the principal axes of an object in space) of up to six moving nodes. Moving nodes are small solenoids coupled with a capacitor (resonant circuit) and supplied with an oscillating voltage. Active moving nodes are detected by measuring the voltage that they induce on a three-dimensional matrix of passive coils. Data on each receiving coil are acquired simultaneously by a distributed data-acquisition architecture. Then, they are sent to a computer that calculates the position and attitude of each moving node. The entire process is run in real-time: the system can perform 62 position and attitude measurements per second when tracking six nodes simultaneously and up to 124 measurements per second when tracking one node only. Different active nodes are identified using a frequency-division multiple access technique. The position and angular resolution of the system have been experimentally estimated by tracking active nodes along a reference trajectory traced by a robotic arm. The factors limiting the viability of upscaling the system with more than six active nodes are discussed.

A structural interpretation of measurement and some related epistemological issues.

Measurement is widely applied because its results are assumed to be more reliable than opinions and guesses, but this reliability is sometimes justified in a stereotyped way. After a critical analysis of such stereotypes, a structural characterization of measurement is proposed, as partly empirical and partly theoretical process, by showing that it is in fact the structure of the process that guarantees the reliability of its results. On this basis the role and the structure of background knowledge in measurement and the justification of the conditions of object-relatedness ("objectivity") and subject-independence ("intersubjectivity") of measurement are specifically discussed.

Comparison of Measurement Models for 3D Magnetic Localization and Tracking.

In this paper, we consider magnetic positioning and tracking of objects and provide a comparison of the characteristics of two major measurement models: the magnetic dipole model and the mutual inductance model. The numerical results obtained by applying these models to a short-range position measurement application, with a maximum operating distance of approximately 50 cm, are compared. Based on the results of this comparison, a prototype 9-sensor array is developed, experimental tests are performed, and extensive measurement results are presented. Outcomes show the feasibility of tracking the position and orientation of a mobile coil in real time with a median positioning error below 1 cm and a worst-case error of about 2 cm and 11 degrees inside a spatial region of 30 × 30 × 30 cm³ operational volume.