[Implantation of a pacemaker through persistent left superior vena cava]. / Implantación de un marcapaso a través de una vena cava superior izquierda persistente: utilidad del registro de actividad eléctrica endocavitaria.

Persistent left superior vena is a relatively rare congenital variant. It is, however, the most common variation of the thoracic venous system. Prevalence is estimated in about 0.6 to 1.0% during pacemaker placement. This finding, often incidental, can difficult the lead progression through the left jugular or subclavian routes. This report describes a case of successful pacemaker implantation through a persistent left superior vena. Technical difficulties were overcome using the pacemaker electrode as unipolar lead. Endocavitary ECG recording helped us to guide the lead through the tortuous anatomy. A stable lead position was finally achieved by means of the active fixation system of the pacemaker electrode.

Implantación de un marcapaso a través de una vena cava superior izquierda persistente: Utilidad del registro de actividad eléctrica endocavitaria / Implantation of a pacemaker through persistent left superior vena cava

La presencia de una vena cava superior izquierda persistente es una variante congénita poco frecuente. Es, sin embargo, la anomalía más común del sistema venoso torácico. Su prevalencia ha sido estimada en 0.6 a 1.0% durante la implantación de marcapasos. Este hallazgo, frecuentemente incidental, puede dificultar la progresión del electrodo del marcapaso a través de los abordajes yugular o subclavio izquierdos. En este reporte presentamos la exitosa implantación de un marcapaso a través de una vena cava superior izquierda persistente. Las dificultades técnicas durante el procedimiento fueron resueltas usando el cable del marcapaso a manera de electrodo unipolar. El registro del electrograma endocavitario nos ayudó a guiar el electrodo a través de la anatomía difícil. Una posición estable final se logró mediante la utilización de un sistema de fijación activa.

Persistent left superior vena is a relatively rare congenital variant. It is, however, the most common variation of the thoracic venous system. Prevalence is estimated in about 0.6 to 1.0% during pacemaker placement. This finding, often incidental, can difficult the lead progression through the left jugular or subclavian routes. This report describes a case of successful pacemaker implantation through a persistent left superior vena. Technical difficulties were overcome using the pacemaker electrode as unipolar lead. Endocavitary ECG recording helped us to guide the lead through the tortuous anatomy. A stable lead position was finally achieved by means of the active fixation system of the pacemaker electrode.

[Decrease of total hemorrhage with reduced doses of enoxaparin in high risk unstable angina. ENHNFAI study. (Enoxaparin vs non-fractionated heparin in unstable angina). Preliminary report]. / Disminución de hemorragias totales con dosis reducidas de enoxaparina en angina inestable de alto riesgo. Estudio ENHNFAI. (ENoxaparina vs Heparina No Fraccionada en Angina inestable). Informe preliminar.

UNLABELLED: In this prospective, randomized and controlled study, we compare complications in 2 groups of patients: group 1, enoxaparin 0.8 mg/kg, subcutaneous every 12 hours during 5 days, and group 2, intravenous unfractionated heparin during 5 days, by infusion treated to activate partial tromboplastin time 1.5-2 the upper limit of normal. Blood samples were obtained at 4, 12, 24 hours and at day 5 of treatment, to measure anti-Xa levels, and also, evaluated end points at 30 days, between groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with clinical and angiographic variables between groups, with p < 0.05. RESULTS: 203 consecutive patients, average age of 60.5 +/- 11.2 years, and 80% men, were included. There were no differences in clinical and angiographic characteristics. All patients with enoxaparin had therapeutic levels of anti-Xa, of 0.5 to 0.67 U/mL. There was increasing risk of total bleeding in group 2 (18.7%) than in group 1 (5.6%), with RR = 1.72 (95% CI 1.29, 2.29), p = .003. Also, there was 33.3% of MACE in group 2, and only 17.8% in group 1, with RR = 1.88 (CI 95% 1.29, 2.29), p = .011. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Low doses of enoxaparine achieve therapeutic levels, since the first 4 hours of treatment. 2) A significant reduction of total bleeding occurred with the low doses of enoxaparin, with the same efficacy to reduce MACE during follow-up.