Physical activity and sedentary behavior levels among individuals with mental illness: A cross-sectional study from 23 countries.

People with mental illness tend to present low levels of physical activity and high levels of sedentary behavior. The study aims to compare these levels in mental illness patients, exploring the role of socioeconomic development and treatment setting. This cross-sectional study used accelerometers and the Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ) to assess physical activity and sedentary behavior in mental illness individuals living in 23 countries. Two-way ANOVAs were used to evaluate the interaction between socioeconomic development and the treatment settings on physical activity and sedentary behavior. A total of 884 (men = 55.3%) participants, mean age of 39.3 (SD = 12.8), were evaluated. A significant interaction between socioeconomic development and treatment settings was found in sedentary behavior (F = 5.525; p = 0.019; η2p = 0.009; small effect size). Main effects were observed on socioeconomic development (F = 43.004; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.066; medium effect size) and treatment setting (F = 23.001; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.036; small effect size) for sedentary behavior and physical activity: socioeconomic development (F = 20.888; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.033; small effect size) and treatment setting (F = 30.358; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.047; small effect size), showing that HIC patients were more active, while MIC patients were more sedentary. Moreover, despite of inpatients had presented higher levels of physical activity than outpatients, they also spent more time sitting. Socioeconomic development plays an important role in sedentary behavior in patients with mental disorders, warning the need to develop new strategies to reduce these levels in this population.

The importance of cancer prevention policies to inform and guide preventative and screening measures for people with intellectual disabilities: The COST project "Cancer- Understanding Prevention in Intellectual Disabilities".

Cancer is a global public health problem, but its exact prevalence in people with intellectual disabilities is still uncertain. This population, with limited health skills and complex health needs, faces many challenges in cancer prevention, screening, timely diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, they are often underrepresented in general cancer prevention and screening policies across Europe, leading to widened disparities in health outcomes and premature mortality. Thus, unified national and local policies are needed to reduce inequalities and promoting a pan-European inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities. Our goal is to raise public awareness of this issue, including the involvement of people with intellectual disabilities, and promote engagement from relevant stakeholders. The COST Action 'Cancer- Understanding Prevention in Intellectual Disabilities' (CUPID) project will address health inequalities faced by people with intellectual disabilities in relation to cancer, and support the development of policy recommendations specifically tailored to their unique cognitive and healthcare needs, having a positive long-term impact on quality of life.

The Glycoside Hydrolase Family 35 ß-galactosidase from Trichoderma reesei debranches xyloglucan oligosaccharides from tamarind and jatobá.

Trichoderma reesei (anamorph Hypocrea jecorina) produces an extracellular beta-galactosidase from Glycoside Hydrolase Family 35 (TrBga1). Hydrolysis of xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOs) by TrBga1 has been studied by hydrolysis profile analysis of both tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril) seed storage xyloglucans using PACE and MALDI-ToF-MS for separation, quantification and identification of the hydrolysis products. The TrBga1 substrate preference for galactosylated oligosaccharides from both the XXXG- and XXXXG-series of jatobá xyloglucan showed that the doubly galactosylated oligosaccharides were the first to be hydrolyzed. Furthermore, the TrBga1 showed more efficient hydrolysis against non-reducing end dexylosylated oligosaccharides (GLXG/GXLG and GLLG). This preference may play a key role in xyloglucan degradation, since galactosyl removal alleviates steric hindrance for other enzymes in the xyloglucanolytic complex resulting in complete xyloglucan mobilization. Indeed, mixtures of TrBga1 with the α-xylosidase from Escherichia coli (YicI), which shows a preference towards non-galactosylated xyloglucan oligosaccharides, reveals efficient depolymerization when either enzyme is applied first. This understanding of the synergistic depolymerization contributes to the knowledge of plant cell wall structure, and reveals possible evolutionary mechanisms directing the preferences of debranching enzymes acting on xyloglucan oligosaccharides.

Effects of Physical Exercise on Executive Function in Adults with Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Executive function is among the most affected cognitive dimensions in depression. Physical exercise may improve executive function (e.g., working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility), although this is without consensus on adults with depression. Through this systematic review, we aim to elucidate the effects of physical exercise programs on executive functions in adults with depression. The literature search was performed in four relevant electronic databases, combining keywords and medical subject headings, from inception until September 2022. Controlled interventions, involving adults with depression, and reporting working memory, inhibition, and/or cognitive flexibility pre-post-intervention data, were considered includable. Results from meta-analyses included effect size (ES, i.e., Hedges' g) values reported with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs), with p set at ≤0.05. Seven studies were included, including 202 men and 457 women (age: 21.0-51.2 years; mild-moderate depression). For working memory, a small favoring effect was observed in the experimental groups compared with controls (ES = 0.33, 95%CI = 0.04-0.61; p = 0.026; I2 = 64.9%). For inhibition, physical exercise had a small favoring non-significant effect compared with controls (ES = 0.28, 95%CI = -0.17-0.74; p = 0.222; I2 = 72.4%). Compared with the control group, physical exercise had a trivial effect on cognitive flexibility (ES = 0.09, 95%CI = -0.21-0.39; p = 0.554; I2 = 68.4%). In conclusion, physical exercise interventions may improve working memory behavioral measures in adults with mild-to-moderate depression when compared with active and passive control conditions. However, the reduced number of available high-quality studies precludes more lucid conclusions.

Web-based exercise interventions for patients with depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Objective: The number of people suffering from depression and/or anxiety has increased steadily due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this context, web-based exercise interventions have emerged as a potential treatment strategy. The objective of this study was to synthetize evidence from randomized controlled trials regarding the effects of web-based exercise interventions on patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders. Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Six databases were searched (Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science), and eligible articles were identified according to a PICOS inclusion-exclusion approach (participants with depressive or anxiety disorders; web-based exercise interventions; active or passive control group; assessment of changes in depressive or anxiety disorders; randomized design). Primary outcomes were depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. The quality of evidence was assessed with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Results: Of 7,846 search results, three studies met the inclusion criteria (172 participants between 18 and 65 years of age, 95.9% women). The web-based exercise interventions lasted 8-12 weeks and involved endurance training, yoga, or combined endurance and strength training. The comparators involved non-exercise controls or active controls. Compliance rates were low. Web-based exercise interventions were not superior to controls regarding anxiety symptoms, and only one study found benefits for depressive symptoms (p ≤ 0.05). The quality of the cumulative evidence was low. Conclusion: The available data regarding the effects of web-based exercise interventions on depression and/or anxiety symptoms is scarce, the risk of bias is high, and the quality of the cumulative results is low. Currently, no clear recommendations can be provided. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42021225938.

Influence of Islamic religion and spirituality on the well-being and quality of life of cancer patients: a meta-analysis and a hypothetical model of cerebral mechanisms / Influência da religião e da espiritualidade islâmica no bem-estar e na qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer: uma metanálise e um modelo hipotético de mecanismos cerebrais

OBJECTIVE: To systematically analyze quantitative data about the effects of religion/spirituality and the well-being/quality of life of cancer patients. The second aim was to hypothesize a neurophysiological model of the association between religion/spirituality and the brain. METHODS: This study met the PRISMA Statement and was registered at PROSPERO database. Randomized and Controlled trials investigating religion/spirituality and well-being/quality of life of cancer patients were included. Based on neuroimaging and neurophysiology studies, a neuroanatomical model was developed to hypothesize the relationship between neuroscience and religion/spirituality. RESULTS: A large effect size was found on the improvement of well-being/quality of life (SMD = 3.90 [2.43-5.38], p < 0.01). Heterogeneity was high among studies (I2 = 98%, p < 0.01). Specific regions of the brain, such as the temporal lobes, amygdalae and hippocampus, regions from the limbic system, were hypothesized to take part in the religion/spirituality phenomena and the well-being/quality of life improvement. CONCLUSION: Religion/spirituality intervention, mainly the Islamic, promotes an improvement on wellbeing/quality of life of cancer patients.

OBJETIVO: Analisar sistematicamente dados quantitativos sobre os efeitos da religião/espiritualidade e o bem-estar/qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer. O segundo objetivo foi levantar a hipótese de um modelo neurofisiológico da associação entre religião/espiritualidade e o cérebro. MÉTODOS: Este estudo seguiu as recomendações do PRISMA e foi registrado no PROSPERO. Estudos randomizados e controlados investigando religião/espiritualidade e o bem-estar/qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer foram incluídos. Com base em estudos de neuroimagem e neurofisiologia, um modelo neuroanatômico foi desenvolvido para hipotetizar relações entre neurociência e religião/espiritualidade. RESULTADOS: Um tamanho de efeito grande foi encontrado na melhoria do bem-estar/qualidade de vida (SMD = 3,90 [2,43-5,38], p < 0,01). A heterogeneidade foi alta entre os estudos (I2 = 98%, p < 0,01). Regiões específicas do cérebro, como lobos temporais, amídalas e hipocampo, regiões do sistema límbico, foram hipotetizadas como participantes dos fenômenos religião/espiritualidade e melhoria do bem-estar/qualidade de vida. CONCLUSÃO: A intervenção religiosa/espiritual, principalmente islâmica, promove melhora no bem-estar/qualidade de vida em pacientes com câncer.

Selective xyloglucan oligosaccharide hydrolysis by a GH31 α-xylosidase from Escherichia coli.

Xyloglucan is ubiquitous in the cell walls of land plants and is also an essential storage polymer in seeds of many species. We studied the hydrolysis of the non-reducing end xylosyl residue of xyloglucan oligosaccharides (XGOs) by the Escherichia coli α-xylosidase (YicI). Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and ion fragmentation analysis together with high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection revealed that YicI preferentially removes the xylosyl residue from the glycosyl residue of non-galactosylated oligosaccharides. The YicI shows decreasing activity against the galactosylated oligosaccharides XXXG>XXLG≥XLXG. Studies of the XGOs interaction with active site residues by molecular dynamics simulations suggested that hydrogen bond interactions between the D49 and galactosylated oligosaccharides play an important role in enzyme-XGO interactions. This was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis, where the D49A mutant affected catalytic efficiency against galactosylated XGOs. Our findings advance xyloglucan disassembly models and highlight the importance of YicI for biotechnology applications.

Web-based exercise interventions for patients with depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: The number of people suffering from depression and/or anxiety has increased steadily due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this context, web-based exercise interventions have emerged as a potential treatment strategy. The objective of this study was to synthetize evidence from randomized controlled trials regarding the effects of web-based exercise interventions on patients with depressive and/or anxiety disorders. METHODS: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Six databases were searched (Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science), and eligible articles were identified according to a PICOS inclusion-exclusion approach (participants with depressive or anxiety disorders; web-based exercise interventions; active or passive control group; assessment of changes in depressive or anxiety disorders; randomized design). Primary outcomes were depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. The quality of evidence was assessed with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. RESULTS: Of 7,846 search results, three studies met the inclusion criteria (172 participants between 18 and 65 years of age, 95.9% women). The web-based exercise interventions lasted 8-12 weeks and involved endurance training, yoga, or combined endurance and strength training. The comparators involved non-exercise controls or active controls. Compliance rates were low. Web-based exercise interventions were not superior to controls regarding anxiety symptoms, and only one study found benefits for depressive symptoms (p ≤ 0.05). The quality of the cumulative evidence was low. CONCLUSION: The available data regarding the effects of web-based exercise interventions on depression and/or anxiety symptoms is scarce, the risk of bias is high, and the quality of the cumulative results is low. Currently, no clear recommendations can be provided. REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42021225938.

Effect of Aerobic-Based Exercise on Psychological Well-Being and Quality of Life Among Older People: A Middle East Study.

The aimed to evaluate the effects of low and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on psychological well-being (PWB) and quality of life (QoL) among older people. Forty-five male Iranian adults aged 65-80 years were selected according to the eligibility criteria and randomly assigned to a low-intensity group (LIG) (40-50% of maximum heart rate), moderate-intensity group (MIG) (60-70% of maximum heart rate) and control group (CG). The exercise protocols consisted of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise (two sessions per week). Psychological well-being and QoL were assessed through the Ryff's Psychological Well-being Scale and the World Health Organization QoL Questionnaire. The statistical analysis for psychological well-being indicated that a significant main group (between-group) (F = 11.777, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.359), time (within-group) (F = 58.983, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.584) and interaction effect (group × time) (F = 20.146, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.490) for PWB total score. Bonferroni post-hoc tests revealed that the PWB total score in the MIG group was more significant than both LIG (p = 0.003) and CG (p < 0.001). Results for PWB components including self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, autonomy, purposeful life, and environmental mastery revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05). While there was a significant difference between the groups for personal growth component. Bonferroni post-hoc tests revealed that the personal growth in the MIG group was more significant than both LIG (p = 0.028) and CG (p < 0.001). Result for QoL indicated significant differences for the main group (F = 13.277, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.387), time (F = 25.533, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.378) and interaction effect (F = 9.992, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.332) for QoL total scale. Bonferroni post-hoc tests revealed that the QoL total scale in the MIG group was more significant than both LIG (p = 0.003) and CG (p < 0.001). Results for QoL components including Physical health, Social relationships, Health environment revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05), while there was a significant difference between the groups for the Psychological health component. Bonferroni post-hoc tests revealed that the Psychological health in the MIG group was more significant than both LIG (p = 0.009) and CG (p = 0.002). Therefore, aerobic exercise improves PWB and QoL in older adults, moderate-intensity exercise seems to produce higher benefits than low-intensity, demonstrating a positive dose-response relationship.

Acute response of prefrontal cortex in institutionalized older adults undergoing a single exergames session.

Virtual reality-based exercise (exergames) improves cognition of the elderly but the neurophysiological effects are poorly understood. The hypothesis herein established is that an ultrafast neurophysiological adaptation occurs in prefrontal cortex of elderly after completion of a single exergames session. To reinforce the aforementioned hypothesis, individuals living in a Long-Term Care Home (LTCH) participated in the study and were randomly allocated into two groups (Virtual Reality Group, VRG, n = 5; and Active Control Group, ACG n = 5). VRG performed six exercises with exergames and ACG performed exercises with the same VRG movements but with no virtual reality. Assessment of frontal cortical activity at rest and during cognitive testing via electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was performed before and immediately after the intervention. Significant decrease in relative power of EEG (RPEEG) Beta brainwave (-29 ± 18%) in the left prefrontal cortex of VRG compared to ACG (4 ± 9%) (p = 0.007). A slight improvement on semantic fluency in VRG (ES=0.21) was noted. An ultrafast prefrontal cortical adaptation may occur as an effect of a single exergames session, causing a small improvement on cognition of institutionalized elderly.

Dementia among older adults living in long-term care facilities: an epidemiological study / Demência em idosos residentes em instituições de longa permanência: um estudo epidemiológico

ABSTRACT Institutionalization has been associated with social isolation, psychological and cognitive changes, and decreased levels of physical activity in older adults. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and functional dependence in older adults dwelling in two different Brazilian long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 185 older people of both sexes, aged 60 years or over, residing in two LTCFs in the city of Montes Claros-MG, Brazil. The diagnosis of MCI and dementia was performed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Results: Prevalence rates of dementia, MCI, and functional dependence in institutionalized older participants were 62.3, 15.1, and 78.9%, respectively. There was a significant reduction of the Mini-Mental State Examination scores according to the increase of the institutionalization period in LCTFs and the age of older adults (p<0.001). Conclusions: Prevalence of dementia and functional dependence of older adults residing in LTCFs exhibited higher rates compared to the other older population worldwide. A higher institutionalization period is related to a greater cognitive decline.

RESUMO A institucionalização tem sido associada ao isolamento social, a alterações psicológicas e cognitivas e à diminuição dos níveis de atividade física em idosos. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de demência, declínio cognitivo leve (DCL) e dependência funcional em idosos residentes em duas instituições de longa permanência (ILPI) brasileiras. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 185 idosos de ambos os sexos, com 60 anos ou mais, residentes em duas ILPI. O diagnóstico de DCL e demência foi realizado por meio do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais. Resultados: As taxas de prevalência de demência, DCL e dependência funcional em participantes idosos institucionalizados foram 62,3, 15,1 e 78,9%, respectivamente. Houve redução significativa dos escores do miniexame do estado mental de acordo com o aumento do período de institucionalização nas ILPI e a idade dos idosos (p<0,001). Conclusões: A prevalência de demência e dependência funcional de idosos residentes em ILPI foi mais elevada em comparação com outras populações idosas em todo o mundo. Um período maior de institucionalização está relacionado a maior declínio cognitivo.

Prevalence of dementia in long-term care institutions: a meta-analysis / Prevalência de demência em instituições de longa permanência: uma metanálise

ABSTRACT Objective: This study comprises a systematic review and meta-analysis that aimed to estimate the prevalence of dementia in long-term care institutions (LTCIs). Methods: We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Original transversal and longitudinal articles published until July 2020 were eligible in this review. Databases PubMed/MedLine, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect were searched. Overall prevalence and confidence intervals were estimated. Heterogeneity was calculated according to the index of heterogeneity (I2). Results: One hundred seventy-five studies were found in all databases and 19 studies were meta-analyses, resulting in an overall prevalence of 53% (CI 46-59%; p < 0.01) of demented older adults living in LTCIs. Conclusion: Prevalence of dementia is higher in older adults living in LTCIs than those living in general communities. This data shows a worrying reality that needs to be changed. There is a need for a better understanding of the elements that cause this increase in dementia in LTCFs to direct actions to improve the quality of life and health of institutionalized elderly.

RESUMO Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática e metanálise objetiva estimar a prevalência de demência em instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPIs). Métodos: Utilizou-se o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Artigos originais transversais e longitudinais publicados até julho de 2020 foram elegíveis para esta revisão. As buscas foram conduzidas por meio das bases de dados do PubMed/MedLine, Web of Science, Scopus e Science Direct. A prevalência geral e o intervalo de confiança foram estimados. A heterogeneidade foi calculada de acordo com o índice de heterogeneidade (I2). Resultados: Cento e setenta e cinco estudos foram encontrados em todas as bases de dados e 19 estudos foram analisados, resultando em uma prevalência geral de idosos com demência de 53% (IC 46-59%; p < 0,01) que habitam em ILPIs. Conclusão: A prevalência de demência é maior em idosos moradores de ILPIs que em idosos da população geral. Tal dado mostra uma realidade preocupante e que precisa ser modificada. Há necessidade de melhor entendimento dos elementos que causam esse aumento de demência nas ILPIs para direcionar ações para melhorar a qualidade de vida e a saúde dos idosos institucionalizados.

Dementia among older adults living in long-term care facilities: an epidemiological study.

Institutionalization has been associated with social isolation, psychological and cognitive changes, and decreased levels of physical activity in older adults. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and functional dependence in older adults dwelling in two different Brazilian long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with 185 older people of both sexes, aged 60 years or over, residing in two LTCFs in the city of Montes Claros-MG, Brazil. The diagnosis of MCI and dementia was performed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Results: Prevalence rates of dementia, MCI, and functional dependence in institutionalized older participants were 62.3, 15.1, and 78.9%, respectively. There was a significant reduction of the Mini-Mental State Examination scores according to the increase of the institutionalization period in LCTFs and the age of older adults (p<0.001). Conclusions: Prevalence of dementia and functional dependence of older adults residing in LTCFs exhibited higher rates compared to the other older population worldwide. A higher institutionalization period is related to a greater cognitive decline.

A institucionalização tem sido associada ao isolamento social, a alterações psicológicas e cognitivas e à diminuição dos níveis de atividade física em idosos. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de demência, declínio cognitivo leve (DCL) e dependência funcional em idosos residentes em duas instituições de longa permanência (ILPI) brasileiras. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 185 idosos de ambos os sexos, com 60 anos ou mais, residentes em duas ILPI. O diagnóstico de DCL e demência foi realizado por meio do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais. Resultados: As taxas de prevalência de demência, DCL e dependência funcional em participantes idosos institucionalizados foram 62,3, 15,1 e 78,9%, respectivamente. Houve redução significativa dos escores do miniexame do estado mental de acordo com o aumento do período de institucionalização nas ILPI e a idade dos idosos (p<0,001). Conclusões: A prevalência de demência e dependência funcional de idosos residentes em ILPI foi mais elevada em comparação com outras populações idosas em todo o mundo. Um período maior de institucionalização está relacionado a maior declínio cognitivo.

Acute effects of 2D exergame on cognitive functions and frontal cortical activity / Efeitos agudos do exergame 2D nas funções cognitivas e na atividade do córtex frontal / Efectos agudos del exergame 2D sobre las funciones cognitivas y la actividad cortical frontal

ABSTRACT This study aims to evaluate the effect of an exercise with a 2D virtual reality session on the cognition and cortical activity of young males. This is a randomized controlled trial with ten men aged 18 to 23 years. They were randomly assigned under two conditions: 1) exercise session with 2D virtual reality games and 2) control, which consisted of watching a two-episode video of a comic TV show. Cognition and frontal cortical activity were assessed immediately before and after the intervention, using the Mindset, performing the Digit Span Test, semantic verbal fluency, and executive function. Executive function improved with the exergame session (p=0.025). Exergames partially promote an immediate increase in the executive function of young people.

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito de um exercício com sessão de realidade virtual 2D na cognição e atividade cortical de jovens do sexo masculino. Trata-se de um ensaio controlado randomizado com dez homens de 18 a 23 anos. Os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em duas condições: 1) sessão de exercícios com jogos de realidade virtual 2D e 2) controle, que consistia em assistir a um vídeo de dois episódios de um programa de TV. A cognição e a atividade cortical frontal foram avaliadas imediatamente antes e após a intervenção, por meio do Mindset, realização do Digit Span Test, fluência verbal e função executiva. A função executiva melhorou com a sessão de exergame (p=0,025). Exergames promove parcialmente um aumento imediato na função executiva dos jovens.

RESUMEN Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de un ejercicio con sesión de realidad virtual 2D sobre la cognición y la actividad cortical de varones jóvenes. Este es un ensayo controlado aleatorio con diez hombres de 18 a 23 años. Fueron asignados aleatoriamente bajo dos condiciones: 1) sesión de ejercicios con juegos de realidad virtual 2D y 2) control, que consistía en ver dos episodios de un programa de televisión. Se evaluó la cognición y la actividad cortical frontal inmediatamente antes y después de la intervención, utilizando el Mindset, realizando el Digit Span Test, la fluidez verbal y la función ejecutiva. La función ejecutiva mejoró con la sesión de exergame (p=0.025). Exergames promueven parcialmente un aumento de la función ejecutiva de los jóvenes.

The Effects of Exclusively Resistance Training-Based Supervised Programs in People with Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the effects of supervised resistance training (RT) programs in people diagnosed with depression or depressive symptoms. The following databases were used to search and retrieve the articles: Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PEDro, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The search was conducted in late June 2020. Search protocol required the title to contain the words depression or depressive or dysthymia. Furthermore, the title, abstract or keywords had to contain the words or expressions: "randomized controlled trial"; and "strength training" or "resistance training" or "resisted training" or "weight training". The screening provided 136 results. After the removal of duplicates, 70 records remained. Further screening of titles and abstracts resulted in the elimination of 57 papers. Therefore, 13 records were eligible for further scrutiny. Of the 13 records, nine were excluded, and the final sample consisted of four articles. Results were highly heterogeneous, with half of the studies showing positive effects of resistance training and half showing no effects. In two of the four combinations, the meta-analysis revealed significant benefits of RT in improving depressive symptoms (p ≤ 0.05). However, considering significant differences with moderate (Effect Size = 0.62) and small (ES = 0.53) effects, the heterogeneity was above 50%, thus suggesting a substantial level. To draw meaningful conclusions, future well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed that focus on understudied RT as a treatment for depression.

Pre-Exercise Screening Questionnaire: tradução do instrumento de triagem relacionado à COVID-19 / Pre-Exercise Screening Questionnaire: translation of the screening instrument related to COVID-19

A pandemia causada pela doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) e as medidas de distanciamento social provocaram reduções nos níveis de atividade física das pessoas. A atividade física está associada a uma melhor saúde física e mental, e manter a população ativa durante a pandemia é essencial. No entanto, ainda não se sabe se exercícios podem, em pessoas infectadas, causar uma potencial exacerbação de sintomas da COVID-19. O presente estudo objetivou traduzir o Pre-exercise screening questionnaire (PESQ) para o Português Brasileiro e de Portugal, para facilitar a sua utilização por profissionais ligados ao exercício físico não fluentes na língua inglesa. O PESQ contém sete perguntas diretas sobre os sintomas mais comuns de COVID-19 mais comumente encontrado em adultos e idosos, para orientação segura para prática de exercício físico. A tradução foi feita em 5 etapas: Tradução inicial, tradução cega, revisão da tradução, adequação da língua Portuguesa e ajustes e finalização. As etapas foram realizadas por pesquisadores experientes, com fluência em língua inglesa e nativos em português Brasileiro e de Portugal. No processo de tradução não houve divergências importantes entre os tradutores. A adaptação transcultural foi importante, pois, o português de Portugal difere-se do brasileiro. O instrumento foi devidamente traduzido e pode ser utilizado como ferramenta de screening para os sintomas da COVID-19 por profissionais do exercício durante a pandemia. No momento, o PESQ é a principal ferramenta disponível para prevenir danos relacionados à COVID-19 e a prática de exercícios

The 2019 pandemic caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and measures of social detachment caused reductions in people's physical activity levels. Physical activity is associated with better physical and mental health, and keeping the population active during the pandemic is essential. However, it remains to be determined whether exercise can potentially exacerbate symptoms of COVID-19 in infected people. This study aimed to translate the Pre-exercise screening questionnaire (PESQ) into Brazilian Portuguese and Portugal, to facilitate its use by professionals linked to physical exercise who are not fluent in the English language. The PESQ has seven questions about the most common symptoms of COVID-19 seen in adults and older adults, providing safety to perform exercise. The translation was done in 5 steps: initial translation, blind translation, revision of the translation, adequacy of the Portuguese language and adjustments and finalization. The stages were carried out by experienced researchers, fluent in English and native speakers in Brazilian and Portuguese. There was no relevant disagreement within assessor in the translating procedure. The transcultural adaptation was crucial because Portuguese language varies across Brazil and Portugal. The instrument has been properly translated and can be used as a screening tool for the symptoms of COVID-19 by exercise professionals during the pandemic. Nowadays, the PESQ is the main available tool to prevent burden regarding COVID-19 and exercise practice

The Xbox/Kinect use in poststroke rehabilitation settings: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Active games based on virtual reality have been widely used in the rehabilitation of many clinical conditions. However, studies on the use of Xbox/Kinect are rare, and technology application in stroke treatment is not clear yet. OBJECTIVE: To verify the outcomes (O) analyzed in randomized controlled trials (C; S) that investigated the use of Xbox/Kinect (I) in patients with stroke (P). METHODS: This is a systematic literature review that meets PRISMA standards and the eligibility criteria according to the PICOS strategy. The search procedure was performed by two researchers. The research strategy was repeated in case of divergence. Effect size was calculated by Cohen's formula and Hopkins rank. The risk of individual bias was assessed using PEDro Score and Higgins Classification. RESULTS: The main outcomes were postural balance and activities of daily living, with four studies addressing these variables. However, only one study showed the effect of Xbox/Kinect intervention on balance as large, as in two other studies evaluating manual dexterity and depression, respectively. CONCLUSION: The greater use of Xbox/Kinect in treating patients after stroke is in recovery of balance and motor function, and the evidence support its application. These findings enable the use of virtual reality technology through Xbox/Kinect in rehabilitation programs, focusing on postural balance and motor skills. However, conclusive results are still not possible. Therefore, caution in the use of this technology is required.

The Xbox/Kinect use in poststroke rehabilitation settings: a systematic review / A utilização do Xbox/Kinect na reabilitação pós-acidente vascular cerebral: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Background: Active games based on virtual reality have been widely used in the rehabilitation of many clinical conditions. However, studies on the use of Xbox/Kinect are rare, and technology application in stroke treatment is not clear yet. Objective: To verify the outcomes (O) analyzed in randomized controlled trials (C; S) that investigated the use of Xbox/Kinect (I) in patients with stroke (P). Methods: This is a systematic literature review that meets PRISMA standards and the eligibility criteria according to the PICOS strategy. The search procedure was performed by two researchers. The research strategy was repeated in case of divergence. Effect size was calculated by Cohen's formula and Hopkins rank. The risk of individual bias was assessed using PEDro Score and Higgins Classification. Results: The main outcomes were postural balance and activities of daily living, with four studies addressing these variables. However, only one study showed the effect of Xbox/Kinect intervention on balance as large, as in two other studies evaluating manual dexterity and depression, respectively. Conclusion: The greater use of Xbox/Kinect in treating patients after stroke is in recovery of balance and motor function, and the evidence support its application. These findings enable the use of virtual reality technology through Xbox/Kinect in rehabilitation programs, focusing on postural balance and motor skills. However, conclusive results are still not possible. Therefore, caution in the use of this technology is required.

RESUMO Introdução: Jogos ativos baseados em realidade virtual têm sido amplamente utilizados na reabilitação de muitas condições clínicas. No entanto, estudos sobre a utilização do Xbox/Kinect são raros, e não está clara a aplicabilidade da tecnologia no tratamento de pacientes que tiveram acidente vascular cerebral. Objetivo: Verificar os desfechos (O) analisados em ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados (C; S), que investigaram a utilização do Xbox/Kinect (I) em pacientes que tiveram acidente vascular cerebral (P). Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura que atende aos padrões do PRISMA e aos critérios de elegibilidade, de acordo com a estratégia PICOS. O procedimento de busca foi realizado por dois pesquisadores e, em caso de divergência, a estratégia de busca foi repetida. O tamanho do efeito foi calculado por meio da fórmula de Cohen e da escala de Hopkins. O risco de viés individual foi analisado utilizando o escore PEDro e a classificação de Higgins. Resultados: Os principais desfechos foram o equilíbrio postural e as atividades de vida diária, com quatro estudos abordando essas variáveis. No entanto, apenas um estudo mostrou o efeito da intervenção com Xbox/Kinect sobre o equilíbrio como sendo grande, assim como em dois outros artigos que avaliaram destreza manual e depressão, respectivamente. Conclusão: A utilização mais comum do Xbox/Kinect no tratamento de pacientes que tiveram acidente vascular cerebral acontece na recuperação do equilíbrio e da função motora, e as evidências apoiam o seu uso. Esses achados permitem o uso da tecnologia de realidade virtual por meio do Xbox/Kinect em programas de reabilitação, com foco no equilíbrio postural e nas habilidades motoras. Porém, resultados conclusivos ainda não são possíveis, o que exige cautela no uso dessa tecnologia.

2D Virtual Reality-Based Exercise Improves Spatial Navigation in Institutionalized Non-robust Older Persons: A Preliminary Data Report of a Single-Blind, Randomized, and Controlled Study.

Background: Spatial navigation is a prodromal dementia marker. Exercise used alongside virtual reality improves many cognitive functions, but effects on spatial navigation are still unclear. Objective: To investigate the effect of virtual reality-based physical exercise with 2D exergames on spatial navigation in institutionalized non-robust older persons. Method: A total of 14 older persons (aged ≧ 60) were randomly allocated to the exergame (EG) and active control (ACG) groups. EG performed exercises with 2D exergames, while the ACG used the same movements as the EG, but without the use of virtual reality. Spatial navigation was assessed through the Floor Maze Test, where the immediate maze time (IMT) and delayed maze time (DMT) were recorded. Results: Spatial navigation was enhanced in EG participants compared to ACG individuals. A significant (p = 0.01) IMT reduction between groups was observed, while DMT time without prior planning was significantly different at the significance threshold (p = 0.07). Conclusions: Virtual reality-based exercise improves the spatial navigation of institutionalized non-robust older persons. This study should be replicated to confirm the findings reported herein. Clinical Trial Registration: This study was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (Protocol RBR-8dv3kg - https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-8dv3kg).