AVONET: morphological, ecological and geographical data for all birds.

Functional traits offer a rich quantitative framework for developing and testing theories in evolutionary biology, ecology and ecosystem science. However, the potential of functional traits to drive theoretical advances and refine models of global change can only be fully realised when species-level information is complete. Here we present the AVONET dataset containing comprehensive functional trait data for all birds, including six ecological variables, 11 continuous morphological traits, and information on range size and location. Raw morphological measurements are presented from 90,020 individuals of 11,009 extant bird species sampled from 181 countries. These data are also summarised as species averages in three taxonomic formats, allowing integration with a global phylogeny, geographical range maps, IUCN Red List data and the eBird citizen science database. The AVONET dataset provides the most detailed picture of continuous trait variation for any major radiation of organisms, offering a global template for testing hypotheses and exploring the evolutionary origins, structure and functioning of biodiversity.

Tratamento de fraturas múltiplas da face associadas a ferimento extenso: relato de caso / Reconstruction of multiple face fractures associated with extensive injury: case report

As fraturas panfaciais acometem concomitantemente os terços superior, médio e inferior da face, decorrentes de acidentes automobilísticos, arma de fogo, atropelamento, agressão física, entre outros. Essas fraturas geralmente envolvem osso frontal, zigomático, maxila, mandíbula e ossos nasais, necessitando assim, fixação interna rígida através do uso de miniplacas e parafusos com o propósito de estabilizar as estruturas fraturadas, dar suporte aos tecidos moles e evitar deformidades estéticas da face. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o manejo cirúrgico de um caso clinico atendido em um hospital público de Salvador/BA, no qual a vítima apresenta ampla laceração na face e fratura exposta do terço médio da face. O tratamento executado sob anestesia geral foi redução dos cotos ósseos fraturados, fixação com miniplacas e parafusos, reconstrução imediata dos tecidos moles acometidos(AU)

Panfacial fractures affect concomitantly the upper, middle, lower third of the face, resulting from automobile accidents, firearms, hit-and-run, physical aggression, among others. These fractures usually involve frontal bone, zygomatic, maxilla, jaw and nasal bones, thus requiring rigid internal fixation through the use of miniplates and screws in order to stabilize fractured structures, support soft tissues avoiding aesthetic face deformities. The objective of this work is to report the surgical management of a clinical case attended in a public hospital in Salvador/BA, in which the victim has wide laceration of the face and exposed fracture of the middle third of the face. Treatment performed under general anesthesia was reduction of fractured bone stumps, fixation with miniplates and screws, immediate reconstruction of the affected soft tissues(AU)

A dynamic continental moisture gradient drove Amazonian bird diversification.

The Amazon is the primary source of Neotropical diversity and a nexus for discussions on processes that drive biotic diversification. Biogeographers have focused on the roles of rivers and Pleistocene climate change in explaining high rates of speciation. We combine phylogeographic and niche-based paleodistributional projections for 23 upland terra firme forest bird lineages from across the Amazon to derive a new model of regional biological diversification. We found that climate-driven refugial dynamics interact with dynamic riverine barriers to produce a dominant pattern: Older lineages in the wetter western and northern parts of the Amazon gave rise to lineages in the drier southern and eastern parts. This climate/drainage basin evolution interaction links landscape dynamics with biotic diversification and explains the east-west diversity gradients across the Amazon.

Molecular systematics and biogeography of lowland antpittas (Aves, Grallariidae): The role of vicariance and dispersal in the diversification of a widespread Neotropical lineage.

We infer phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and the diversification history of the avian Neotropical antpitta genera Hylopezus and Myrmothera (Grallariidae), based on sequence data (3,139 base pairs) from two mitochondrial (ND2 and ND3) and three nuclear nuclear introns (TGFB2, MUSK and FGB-I5) from 142 individuals of the 12 currently recognized species in Hylopezus and Myrmothera and 5 outgroup species. Phylogenetic analyses recovered 19 lineages clustered into two major clades, both distributed in Central and South America. Hylopezus nattereri, previously considered a subspecies of H. ochroleucus, was consistently recovered as the most divergent lineage within the Grallaricula/Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade. Ancestral range estimation suggested that modern lowland antpittas probably originated in the Amazonian Sedimentary basin during the middle Miocene, and that most lineages within the Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade appeared in the Plio-Pleistocene. However, the rate of diversification in the Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade appeared to have remained constant through time, with no major shifts over the 20 million years. Although the timing when most modern lineages of the Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade coincides with a period of intense landscape changes in the Neotropics (Plio-Pleistocene), the absence of any significant shifts in diversification rates over the last 20 million years challenges the view that there is a strict causal relationship between intensification of landscape changes and cladogenesis. The relative old age of the Hylopezus/Myrmothera clade coupled with an important role ascribed to dispersal for its diversification, favor an alternative scenario whereby long-term persistence and dispersal across an ever-changing landscape might explain constant rates of cladogenesis through time.