Evaluating the success of vegetation restoration in rewilded salt marshes.

Floodbank realignment is a common practice aimed at restoring salt marsh vegetation on previously embanked land. However, experiences indicate that it may take several years before salt marsh vegetation becomes fully established. Various challenges arising from ecogeomorphic feedback mechanisms could pose significant setbacks to vegetation recolonization. The widespread adoption of transplantation techniques for the restoration and rehabilitation of rewilded landscapes has indeed proven to be a valuable tool for accelerating plant development. In the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon (South of Portugal), a pilot plan was implemented, and two salt marsh pioneer species, Spartina maritima (syn. Sporobolus maritimus) and Sarcocornia perennis (syn. Salicornia perennis), were transplanted from a natural salt marsh to a rewilded marsh. Biodegradable 3D porous structures were installed to mimic transplant clumping, aid sedimentation, and enhance the plant's initial adjustment. Ecological, sediment, and hydrodynamic data were collected during the 12-month pilot restoration plan. The environmental profiles of the donor and restoration sites were compared to substantiate the success of the transplants in the rewilded salt marsh. Results show that although plant shoot density decreased after the transplanting, Spartina maritima acclimated well to the new environmental conditions of the restoration site, showing signs of growth and cover increase, whilst Sarcocornia perennis was not able to acclimatize and survive in the restoration site. The failure behind the Sarcocornia perennis acclimation might be related to the bed properties and topographic properties of the restoration site in the rewilded marsh. Major findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how salt marsh pioneering vegetation successfully colonizes disturbed habitats, facilitated using 3D-biodegradable structures.

Unplanned excision of soft tissue sarcomas of the musculoskeletal system. / Resección no planificada en sarcomas de partes blandas del aparato locomotor.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis process of soft tissue sarcomas of the musculoskeletal system (SPBAL) continues to be complex, with cases of unplanned excisions ("whoops" surgeries). This study evaluates the frequency of these type of procedures, trying to indentify patient characteristics, tumors, surgical treatment and final results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 131 patients treated surgically between October 2018 and December 2021 of a SPBAL were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with SPBAL located in the viscera, mediastinum, heart, retroperitoneum, peritoneum and genital tract were excluded. Differences between patients with planned and unplanned excisions were assessed with chi2 tests and a Cox multivariate regression model. RESULTS: Unplanned excisions of SPBAL have taken place in 18% of the patients in our área, mainly in tumors of less than 5 cm and located superficial to the fascia. 29,2% of these patients did not have a previous imaging test. It has not been shown that a "whoops" surgery can lead to a decrease in survival or a higher rate of recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend carrying out an imaging test always prior to the removal of any type of soft tissue tumor, as well as adherence to the referral guidelines to reference centers.

[Translated article] Unplanned excision of soft tissue sarcomas of the musculoskeletal system.

INTRODUCTION: The diagnosis process of soft tissue sarcomas of the musculoskeletal system (SPBAL) continues to be complex, with cases of unplanned excisions ("whoops" surgeries). This study evaluates the frequency of these type of procedures, trying to identify patient characteristics, tumours, surgical treatment and final results. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 131 patients treated surgically between October 2018 and December 2021 of a SPBAL were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with SPBAL located in the viscera, mediastinum, heart, retroperitoneum, peritoneum and genital tract were excluded. Differences between patients with planned and unplanned excisions were assessed with Chi2 tests and a Cox multivariate regression model. RESULTS: Unplanned excisions of SPBAL have taken place in 18% of the patients in our area, mainly in tumours of less than 5cm and located superficial to the fascia. 29.2% of these patients did not have a previous imaging test. It has not been shown that a "whoops" surgery can lead to a decrease in survival or a higher rate of recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend carrying out an imaging test always prior to the removal of any type of soft tissue tumour, as well as adherence to the referral guidelines to reference centres.

Flow cytometric analysis of duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes (celiac lymphogram): A diagnostic test for celiac disease.

Celiac disease (CD) diagnosis in adults and certain cases of children mainly relies on the assessment of histopathological features in duodenal biopsies. However, none of the histological findings that characterize CD are pathognomonic. This, in addition to the clinical heterogeneity of the disease and the presence of seronegative forms, makes the diagnosis of CD still a challenge. A hallmark of the celiac mucosa is the elevated number of TCRγδ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in the epithelium, which may remain increased even long after gluten withdrawal. Active disease is also characterized by the decreased CD3- IEL subset. The use of flow cytometry enables a precise cell counting and phenotyping, allowing the ascertainment of both TCRγδ+ and CD3- IEL subsets, what is known as the "IEL lymphogram." Although determination of this lymphogram has become a routine evaluation tool in numerous hospitals, standardization of the technical method will guarantee an accurate performance in order to become a pivotal technique for CD diagnosis. Here we describe the protocol to process duodenal biopsies in order to obtain the IELs from the mucosa and to characterize lymphocyte populations by flow cytometry to obtain the IEL lymphogram.

Recurrent cerebellar ischemic infarctions and stereotyped peri-ictal sympathetic responses in a near-SUDEP patient with cardiovascular risk factors.

We report a 60-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department after experiencing a witnessed unknown onset bilateral tonic clonic seizure (GTCS) that culminated in cardiac arrest. A neurology consultant uncovered a years-long history of frequent episodic staring followed by confusion and expressive aphasia, which strongly suggested that she suffered from epilepsy. Thus, her cardiac arrest and subsequent resuscitation met criteria for a near-sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) diagnosis. Serial bloodwork demonstrated transient troponin I elevations and leukocytoses, while a brain MRI revealed global cerebral anoxic injury and a small acute right cerebellar ischemic infarction. A review of her medical record uncovered a hospitalization sixteen months earlier for a likely GTCS whose workup showed similar troponin I elevations and leukocytoses, and surprisingly, a different small acute right cerebellar ischemic infarction in the same vascular territory. To our knowledge, this is the first report of subcortical ischemic infarctions occurring concurrently with GTCSs in a near-SUDEP patient. Aside from illustrating the key role of inpatient neurologists in the diagnosis of near-SUDEP, this manuscript discusses the potential significance of postictal ischemic infarctions, transient asymptomatic troponin elevations, and transient non-infectious leukocytoses in epilepsy patients with cardiovascular risk factors.

Short-term sedimentation dynamics in mesotidal marshes.

One of the key questions about wetlands resilience to sea-level rise is whether sediment supply will be enough to keep them coping with growing inundation levels. To address this question, researchers have put a lot of effort into field data collection and ecogeomorphic modelling, in an attempt to identify the tipping points of marsh survival. This study uses fieldwork data to characterize the sediment fluxes between the tidal flats and salt marshes, in the Ria Formosa lagoon (Portugal). Sediment fluxes were measured from the tidal channel towards the mid-upper marsh, during neap and spring tide conditions. The flow magnitude was measured, and induced transport was determined based on shear velocities. Deposition rates, instantaneous suspended sediment and near-bed velocities were linked through theoretical formulas and used to characterize time-averaged conditions for sediment delivery and deposition to the site. The results showed that suspended sediment concentrations and sediment deposition varied across the transect with no specific relation to elevation. Maximum water depths were recorded in the vegetated tidal flat, and the maximum currents were flood dominated, in the order of 0.20 m/s, in the low marsh due to flow-plant interactions and an increase of turbulence. Deposition rates ranged between 20 to 45 g/m2/hr, after a complete tidal cycle, and were higher in the mid-upper marsh. Hydroperiod was not the main contributor to sediment deposition in the study area. Sediment transport was tidally driven, strongly two-dimension during the cycle, and highly influenced by the vegetation. Measurements of marsh sediment flux obtained in our work are diverse from the ones found in the literature and evidence the importance of considering spatio-temporal variability of vegetated platforms in assessing overall marsh bed level changes.

Update on the use of ultrasound in the diagnosis and monitoring of the critical patient.

Hemodynamic and respiratory complications are the main causes of morbidity and mortality in in critical care units (CCU). Imaging techniques are a key tool in differential diagnosis and treatment. In the last decade, ultrasound has shown great potential for bedside diagnosis of respiratory disease, as well as for the hemodynamic assessment of critically ill patients. Ultrasound has proven to be a useful guide for identifying the type of shock, estimating cardiac output, guiding fluid therapy and vasoactive drugs, providing security in the performance of percutaneous techniques (thoracentesis, pericardiocentesis, evacuation of abscesses/hematomas), detecting dynamically in real time pulmonary atelectasis and its response to alveolar recruitment maneuvers, and predicting weaning failure from mechanical ventilation. Due to its dynamic nature, simple learning curve and absence of ionizing radiation, it has been incorporated as an essential tool in daily clinical practice in CCUs. The objective of this review is to offer a global vision of the role of ultrasound and its applications in the critically ill patient.

[History and challenges of clinical simulation in the learning of procedural skills by nursing students]. / El rol de la simulación en el aprendizaje de habilidades procedimentales en estudiantes de enfermería: historia y desafíos.

Procedural skills are essential in the nursing profession and should be acquired during undergraduate training according to new regulations. Clinical simulation is a good alternative to teach such skills. During COVID pandemic, face-to-face learning activities were reduced to a minimum amount, thus hampering the use of clinical simulations. Since simulations should adapt to the new scenario, their virtual implementation appears as an alternative. The latter should become an important teaching tool while restrictions in mobility last. We herein review the evolution of clinical simulation as a teaching tool and to determine its future challenges.

The complexity of cancer immunotherapy illustrated through skin tumors.

Skin tumours are among the cancer types most sensitive to immunotherapy, due to their unique immunogenic features including skin-associated lymphoid tissue, high mutational load, overexpression of tumour antigens, and high frequency of viral antigens. Despite this high immunotherapy response rate, however, ultimately most skin tumours develop similar treatment resistance to most other malignant tumours, which highlights the need for in-depth study of mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy. A bibliographic review of the most recent publications regarding currently in use and emerging biomarkers on skin tumors has been done. Predictive biomarkers of treatment response, biomarkers that warn of possible resistance, and emerging markers, the majority of a systemic nature, are described. Including factors affecting not only genomics, but also the immune system, nervous system, microbiota, tumour microenvironment, metabolism and stress. For accurate diagnosis of tumour type, knowledge of its functional mechanisms and selection of a comprehensive therapeutic protocol, this inclusive view of biology, health and disease is fundamental. This field of study could also become a valuable source of practical information applicable to other areas of oncology and immunotherapy.

El rol de la simulación en el aprendizaje de habilidades procedimentales en estudiantes de enfermería: historia y desafíos / History and challenges of clinical simulation in the learning of procedural skills by nursing students

Procedural skills are essential in the nursing profession and should be acquired during undergraduate training according to new regulations. Clinical simulation is a good alternative to teach such skills. During COVID pandemic, face-to-face learning activities were reduced to a minimum amount, thus hampering the use of clinical simulations. Since simulations should adapt to the new scenario, their virtual implementation appears as an alternative. The latter should become an important teaching tool while restrictions in mobility last. We herein review the evolution of clinical simulation as a teaching tool and to determine its future challenges.

[Results of the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis through hemiarthroplasty]. / Resultados del tratamiento de la artrosis glenohumeral primaria mediante hemiartroplastía.

INTRODUCTION: Glenohumeral osteoarthritis leads to a functional loss and a decrease in the quality of life of many patients that suffers it. Currently there is no agreement on the use of hemiarthroplasty or total arthroplasty as definitive treatment. The objective is to show the results of the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis through hemiarthroplasty in our service. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 14 patients (19 hemiarthroplasties) performed between 2004 and 2013 in patients diagnosed with primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis without glenoid morphological anomaly. We managed to collect data from eight patients (11 hemiarthroplasties), assessing functional status, pain, and performing activities of daily living using the Constant, ASES and DASH scores preoperatively and at five years of minimum follow-up (range 5-11 years), as well as related complications. The preoperative status was compared to the end of the follow-up. RESULTS: A significant improvement was found in all the parameters analyzed in the study (p. CONCLUSION: < 0.05). The average pain in EVA score decreased from 8.89 to 2.67. The ASES improved from 13.51 to 63. 51 half point. The Constant increase of 20.11 points to 65.11 points. The mean preoperative score in the DASH score was 73.68 and 28.30 postoperatively. The average survival of the implant was 81.82% in the seven years of average follow-up. Shoulder hemiarthroplasty obtains good functional results in the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis with few complications. The cause of the failure were glenoid erosion in all the cases.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La artrosis glenohumeral conlleva a una pérdida funcional y a una disminución de la calidad de vida de muchos pacientes. Actualmente, no existe consenso en cuanto al uso de la hemiartroplastía o la artroplastía total como tratamiento definitivo para este padecimiento. El objetivo es mostrar los resultados del tratamiento de la artrosis glenohumeral primaria mediante hemiartroplastía en nuestro servicio. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Revisamos 19 hemiartroplastías (14 pacientes) realizadas entre 2004 y 2013 en pacientes con artrosis glenohumeral primaria sin alteración morfológica glenoidea. Se recabaron los datos de ocho pacientes (11 hemiartroplastías), valorándose el estado funcional, el dolor y la realización de actividades de la vida diaria mediante las escalas Constant, ASES y DASH preoperatorias, a los cinco años de seguimiento mínimo (rango 5-11 años), así como las complicaciones presentadas. Se comparó el estado preoperatorio y al final del seguimiento. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una mejoría estadísticamente significativa (p. CONCLUSIÓN: < 0.05) en todos los parámetros analizados en el estudio. La media del dolor en la escala EVA disminuyó de 8.89 a 2.67. La escala ASES mejoró de 13.51 a 63.51 puntos de media. El Constant aumentó de 20.11 a 65.11 puntos. La puntuación media preoperatoria en la escala DASH fue de 73.68 y la postoperatoria de 28.30 puntos. La supervivencia media del implante fue de 81.82% a los siete años de seguimiento medio. Obtuvimos buenos resultados funcionales con la artrosis glenohumeral primaria, presentándose pocas complicaciones. La causa del fracaso fue la erosión glenoidea.

Resultados del tratamiento de la artrosis glenohumeral primaria mediante hemiartroplastía / Results of the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis through hemiarthroplasty

Resumen: Introducción: La artrosis glenohumeral conlleva a una pérdida funcional y a una disminución de la calidad de vida de muchos pacientes. Actualmente, no existe consenso en cuanto al uso de la hemiartroplastía o la artroplastía total como tratamiento definitivo para este padecimiento. El objetivo es mostrar los resultados del tratamiento de la artrosis glenohumeral primaria mediante hemiartroplastía en nuestro servicio. Material y métodos: Revisamos 19 hemiartroplastías (14 pacientes) realizadas entre 2004 y 2013 en pacientes con artrosis glenohumeral primaria sin alteración morfológica glenoidea. Se recabaron los datos de ocho pacientes (11 hemiartroplastías), valorándose el estado funcional, el dolor y la realización de actividades de la vida diaria mediante las escalas Constant, ASES y DASH preoperatorias, a los cinco años de seguimiento mínimo (rango 5-11 años), así como las complicaciones presentadas. Se comparó el estado preoperatorio y al final del seguimiento. Resultados: Se encontró una mejoría estadísticamente significativa (p < 0.05) en todos los parámetros analizados en el estudio. La media del dolor en la escala EVA disminuyó de 8.89 a 2.67. La escala ASES mejoró de 13.51 a 63.51 puntos de media. El Constant aumentó de 20.11 a 65.11 puntos. La puntuación media preoperatoria en la escala DASH fue de 73.68 y la postoperatoria de 28.30 puntos. La supervivencia media del implante fue de 81.82% a los siete años de seguimiento medio. Conclusión: Obtuvimos buenos resultados funcionales con la artrosis glenohumeral primaria, presentándose pocas complicaciones. La causa del fracaso fue la erosión glenoidea.

Abstract: Introduction: Glenohumeral osteoarthritis leads to a functional loss and a decrease in the quality of life of many patients that suffers it. Currently there is no agreement on the use of hemiarthroplasty or total arthroplasty as definitive treatment. The objective is to show the results of the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis through hemiarthroplasty in our service. Material and methods: We reviewed 14 patients (19 hemiarthroplasties) performed between 2004 and 2013 in patients diagnosed with primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis without glenoid morphological anomaly. We managed to collect data from eight patients (11 hemiarthroplasties), assessing functional status, pain, and performing activities of daily living using the Constant, ASES and DASH scores preoperatively and at five years of minimum follow-up (range 5-11 years), as well as related complications. The preoperative status was compared to the end of the follow-up. Results: A significant improvement was found in all the parameters analyzed in the study (p < 0.05). The average pain in EVA score decreased from 8.89 to 2.67. The ASES improved from 13.51 to 63. 51 half point. The Constant increase of 20.11 points to 65.11 points. The mean preoperative score in the DASH score was 73.68 and 28.30 postoperatively. The average survival of the implant was 81.82% in the seven years of average follow-up. Conclusion: Shoulder hemiarthroplasty obtains good functional results in the treatment of primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis with few complications. The cause of the failure were glenoid erosion in all the cases.

Direct visualization of the native structure of viroid RNAs at single-molecule resolution by atomic force microscopy.

Viroids are small infectious, non-protein-coding circular RNAs that replicate independently and, in some cases, incite diseases in plants. They are classified into two families: Pospiviroidae, composed of species that have a central conserved region (CCR) and replicate in the cell nucleus, and Avsunviroidae, containing species that lack a CCR and whose multimeric replicative intermediates of either polarity generated in plastids self-cleave through hammerhead ribozymes. The compact, rod-like or branched, secondary structures of viroid RNAs have been predicted by RNA folding algorithms and further examined using different in vitro and in vivo experimental techniques. However, direct data about their native tertiary structure remain scarce. Here we have applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image at single-molecule resolution different variant RNAs of three representative viroids: potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd, family Pospiviroidae), peach latent mosaic viroid and eggplant latent viroid (PLMVd and ELVd, family Avsunviroidae). Our results provide a direct visualization of their native, three-dimensional conformations at 0 and 4 mM Mg2+ and highlight the role that some elements of tertiary structure play in their stabilization. The AFM images show that addition of 4 mM Mg2+ to the folding buffer results in a size contraction in PSTVd and ELVd, as well as in PLMVd when the kissing-loop interaction that stabilizes its 3D structure is preserved.

Superficial sedimentary stocks and sources of carbon and nitrogen in coastal vegetated assemblages along a flow gradient.

Coastal vegetated ecosystems are major organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) sinks, but the mechanisms that regulate their spatial variability need to be better understood. Here we assessed how superficial sedimentary OC and TN within intertidal vegetated assemblages (saltmarsh and seagrass) vary along a flow gradient, which is a major driver of sediment grain size, and thus of organic matter (OM) content. A significant relationship between flow current velocity and OC and TN stocks in the seagrass was found, but not in the saltmarsh. OC and TN stocks of the saltmarsh were larger than the seagrass, even though that habitat experiences shorter hydroperiods. Mixing models revealed that OM sources also varied along the flow gradient within the seagrass, but not in the saltmarsh, showing increasing contributions of microphytobenthos (17-32%) and decreasing contributions of POM (45-35%). As well, OM sources varied vertically as microphytobenthos contribution was highest at the higher intertidal saltmarsh (48%), but not POM (39%). Macroalgae, seagrass and saltmarsh showed low contributions. Local trade-offs between flow current velocities, hydroperiod and structural complexity of vegetation must be considered, at both horizontal and vertical (elevation) spatial dimensions, for better estimates of blue carbon and nitrogen in coastal ecosystems.

Análisis epidemiológico del programa de vigilancia activa de Piscirickettsia salmonis del Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura de Chile.

Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative agent of piscirickettsiosis, a disease that causes significant economic losses in salmonid sea farms in Chile. The objective of this study was to determine and describe the geographical distribution, seasonality and time period when P. salmonis was first detected in farms studied under the active surveillance programme for piscirickettsiosis of the National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service of Chile (SERNAPESCA), which was conducted from January 2013 to March 2017. A 0.28% prevalence of piscirickettsiosis was determined in freshwater fish and one of 58.1% in sea farms. The prevalence of P. salmonis was 61.1% in the Aysén region, 59.8% in the Los Lagos region, 5.1% in the Los Ríos region and 3.0% in the Magallanes region. In Los Lagos and Aysén, eight clusters of sea farms were identified, in space and time, as having a positive diagnosis of P. salmonis, whereas, in Magallanes, none was identified, confirming the absence of horizontal transmission or spread of the agent in this geographical area. A seasonal variation was found in the monthly prevalence of P. salmonis, with increases in Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss in summer and autumn, and in Oncorhynchus kisutch in winter, spring and summer. It was determined that the average time required to detect the agent after fish had been transferred to the sea was 105 days (minimum, 7 days; maximum, 351 days), and no differences were found either between regions or species. Thus the results obtained from the active surveillance programme have helped to increase knowledge of the epidemiology of P. salmonis.

Piscirickettsia salmonis est l'agent étiologique de la piscirickettsiose, une maladie à l'origine de lourdes pertes économiques pour la filière de la salmoniculture marine du Chili. Les auteurs présentent les résultats d'une étude visant à déterminer et à décrire la distribution géographique, les variations saisonnières et le moment où P. salmonis est détectée pour la première fois dans les fermes salmonicoles couvertes par le programme de surveillance active de la piscirickettsiose mis en oeuvre par le Service national de la pêche et de l'aquaculture (Sernapesca) du Chili de janvier 2013 à mars 2017. Les taux de prévalence de la piscirickettsiose étaient de 0,28 % chez les poissons d'eau douce et de 58,1% dans les sites marins. Au niveau des régions, le taux de prévalence de P. salmonis était de 61,1 % à Aysén, de 59,8 % à Los Lagos, de 5,1 % à Los Ríos et de 3,0 % à Magallanes. À Los Lagos et à Aysén huit groupements de fermes salmonicoles marines ont été identifiés dans l'espace et le temps comme ayant été infectés par l'agent pathogène, tandis qu'à Magallanes aucune détection n'a eu lieu, ce qui confirme l'absence de transmission horizontale et de dissémination de l'agent pathogène dans cette zone géographique. La prévalence mensuelle de P. salmonis fait ressortir une variation saisonnière, avec une prévalence accrue en été et en automne chez Salmo salar et Oncorhynchus mykiss, et en hiver, au printemps et en été chez O. kisutch. Il a été établi que le laps de temps nécessaire pour détecter l'agent pathogène après le transfert en mer des poissons était de 105 jours en moyenne (minimum 7 jours, maximum 351 jours), moyenne non affectée par la région ou l'espèce. Ces résultats ont donc permis de mieux appréhender l'épidémiologie de l'agent pathogène grâce au programme de surveillance active.

Piscirickettsia salmonis es el agente causal de la piscirickettsiosis, enfermedad que causa importantes pérdidas económicas en los centros marinos de cultivos de salmónidos de Chile. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar y describir la distribución geográfica, la estacionalidad y momento de la primera detección de P. salmonis en los centros de cultivo estudiados en el programa de vigilancia activa de la piscirickettsiosis del Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura (Sernapesca) de Chile, que se llevó a cabo entre enero de 2013 y marzo de 2017. Se determinó una prevalencia de piscicrickettsiosis del 0,28% en peces de agua dulce y del 58,1% en centros marinos. En la región de Aysén, la prevalencia de P. salmonis fue del 61,1%, en Los Lagos, del 59,8%, en Los Ríos, del 5,1%, y en Magallanes, del 3,0%. En Los Lagos y Aysén, se identificaron ocho conglomerados de centros marinos, en el espacio y en el tiempo, con diagnóstico positivo del agente, en cambio, en Magallanes no se detectó, lo cual confirma la inexistencia de transmisión horizontal y de diseminación del agente en esta área geográfica. Se observó una variación estacional en la prevalencia mensual de P. salmonis, en la cual se comprueba un alza en verano y otoño en el caso de Salmo salar y Oncorhynchus mykiss, y en invierno, primavera y verano en el caso de O. kisutch. Se determinó que la media de tiempo necesario para la detección del agente desde la transferencia de los peces al mar era de 105 días (mínimo, 7; máximo, 351 días), y no se observaron diferencias entre regiones o especies. Así los resultados contribuyen a conocer la epidemiología del agente a través del programa de vigilancia activa.