Malformación vascular capilar y venosa en la mano. Reporte de caso de una extraña patología quirúrgica / Vascular capillary and venous malformation in the hand. Case report of a strange surgical pathology

Resumen Introducción: Las anomalías vasculares representan un amplio panorama de distintas lesiones donde los tumores son los más frecuentes. Las malformaciones vasculares suelen presentarse en etapas tardías de la vida secundarias al lento crecimiento y a los síntomas que padecen los pacientes. Debe de darse un manejo multidisciplinario donde el diagnóstico es la piedra angular. Los casos de malformaciones venosas o linfáticas suelen tratarse mediante la resección de la malformación en su totalidad. Presentación del caso clínico: Varón de 35 años de edad quién presenta aumento de volumen y dolor de 3 meses de evolución en la mano derecha. A la exploración física se observa una masa en la región tenar de dicha mano, con bordes bien definidos de aproximadamente 3 × 3 cm, no móvil, adherida a planos profundos, dolorosa a palpación, con hiperestesias en trayecto del nervio mediano. Se realizaron ultrasonido Doppler y resonancia magnética, los cuales sugirieron una lesión vascular. Se realizó exploración quirúrgica y se observó una lesión vascular adherida a las estructuras nerviosa y tendinosa, las cuales se liberaron y se extrajo la tumoración. Se envió la pieza quirúrgica a patología, que reportó hemangioma capilar y venoso. Conclusiones: Las malformaciones vasculares mixtas (venoso y capilar) en la mano son una entidad poco frecuente que requiere de un manejo quirúrgico preciso. Estas lesiones generan síntomas asociados al aumento de volumen, entre los que destacan: dolor, disminución del rango de movimientos. El tratamiento quirúrgico se asocia a una mejoría de los síntomas.

Abstract Introduction: Vascular anomalies in the hand represent a rare disease that needs an accurate diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment. One of the uncommon anomalies is the mixed vascular one. The diagnosis of these malformations is clinical but radiological studies such as magnetic resonance and Doppler ultrasound are mandatory. Once the diagnosis is made, surgery is the next and final step. Recurrence is rare when the entire tumor is resected. Clinical Case Study: A 35-year-old male presented with an increase in volume and pain of three months of evolution in the right hand. On physical examination, a mass in the righthand thenar region was observed, with well-defined edges of approximately 3 x 3 cm, not mobile, adhered to deep planes, painful to palpation, with hyperesthesias in the median nerve pathway. A magnetic resonance and a Doppler ultrasound were applied showing a well-circumscribed tumor. The patient underwent surgery and the whole vascular malformation was removed with no damage of neighbor structures. Pathology reported a venous and capillary hemangioma. Conclusions: Mixed vascular malformations in the hand are uncommon pathologies that require a correct diagnosis and a prompt surgical resolution. The most frequent symptoms associated with these tumors are: tenderness, pain and limitation in the movement of the hand. Surgical treatment is always recommended.

Relevancia del antecedente de absceso perirrenal en pacientes sometidos a nefrectomía simple retroperitoneal / Relevance of Perirenal Abscess in Patients undergoing Retroperitoneal Simple Nephrectomy

Las infecciones supurativas del riñón y del espacio perinefrítico son poco comunes, sin embargo, se asocian a una morbimortalidad elevada, afectando a ambos sexos por igual excepto los casos de absceso cortical que es 3 veces más común en el hombre que en la mujer. La incidencia se incrementa con la edad y habitualmente se asocia a uropatía obstructiva. Los abscesos renales representan 0,2% de todos los abscesos intraabdominales, de los cuales el 10% de los abscesos corticales rompen a través de la cápsula formando un absceso perinefrítico, el cual es difícil de manejar y conlleva un peor pronóstico, con una alta mortalidad a pesar de tratamiento quirúrgico oportuno

Supurative infections of the kidney and perinephritic space are rare, however, are associated with high morbidity and mortality, affecting both sexes equally except for cases of cortical abscess which is 3 times more common in men than in women. The incidence increases with age and is usually associated with obstructive uropathy. Renal abscesses represent 0.2% of all abscesses. intraabdominal, of which 10% of cortical abscesses break through the capsule forming a Perinephritic abscess, which is difficult to manage and leads to a worse prognosis, with high mortality despite prompt surgical treatment.

Ruido en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: el silencio en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos es la mejor terapia / Noise in the Intensive Care Unit: silence in the Intensive Care Unit is the best therapy / Barulho na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: o silêncio na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva é a melhor terapia

Resumen El ruido se define como cualquier sonido que produce un efecto fisiológico o psicológico indeseado en un individuo o grupo. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda que el ruido de fondo no exceda los 30 decibelios A (dBA). El ruido en los hospitales -y en particular, en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI)- excede los niveles recomendados, superando los 60 a 70 dBA. El ruido afecta tanto a los enfermos como al personal. Estudios han mostrado que el ruido en las UCI es un estresor físico, psicológico y social, y es un factor de riesgo para delirium. La implementación de procesos encaminados a combatir el ruido, la educación del personal y un adecuado diseño de las UCI son fundamentales para combatir este problema habitualmente infraestimado.

Abstract Noise is defined as any sound that may produce an undesired physiological or psychological effect in an individual or group. The World Health Organization recommends that the average background noise should not exceed 30 A weighted decibels (dBA). Noise in hospitals -and particularly, in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)- frequently exceeds these values. Noise levels measured in the ICU are mostly far beyond the recommended standards, and generally measure around 60-70 dBA. Noise affects both staff and patients. Studies have shown that noise in the ICU is a physical, psychological and social stressor, and it is an independent risk factor for delirium. Planned activities, staff education and proper design of ICUs may help combat this overlooked problem.

Resumo O ruído se define como todo som que produza um efeito fisiológico ou psicológico indesejado em um indivíduo ou em um grupo. A Organização Mundial da Saúde recomenda não exceder 30 decibéis (dB). O ruído nos hospitais e particularmente na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) excede esses valores. Os níveis de ruído medidos na UTI excedem os padrões recomendados e sobrepassam os 60-70 dB. O ruído afeta os funcionários e os pacientes. Estudos têm demonstrado que o ruído da UTI é um estressor físico, psicológico e social e é um fator de risco para o delírium. As atividades planejadas, a educação dos funcionários e o desenho adequado da UTI podem ajudar a combater este problema subestimado.

[Comparison of results of open simple nephrectomy secondary to lithiasis in patients with and without nephrostomy]. / Comparación de los resultados de la nefrectomía simple abierta secundaria a litiasis en pacientes con y sin nefrostomía.

BACKGROUND: Simple nephrectomy is the procedure of choice in the treatment of excluded kidneys. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare surgical results in open simple retroperitoneal nephrectomies in patients with and without nephrostomy. METHODOLOGY: 58 patients were analyzed. The demographic parameters of patients with nephrostomy were compared to patients without nephrostomy (age, gender, weight, lithium localization, transoperative variables (surgical time, transoperative bleeding) and postoperative variables (need for intensive care, need for transfusion, surgical wound infection and hospital stay days) RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found for the variables of operative bleeding (p=0.0442), surgical time (p=0.0093), hospital stay days (p=0.0040), and transfusion requirements (p=0.0170). There were no differences in the need for intensive care (p=0.6314), transoperative complications (p=0.7414) and surgical wound infection (p=0.2762). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a nephrostomy catheter in patients undergoing open simple nephrectomy leads to an increased risk of morbidity, with increased bleeding, surgical time, need for transfusion, and hospital stay days.

Infección por Fusarium en el paciente quemado. A propósito de cuatro casos / Fusarium infection in the burned patient. Apropos of four cases / Infecção por Fusarium no paciente queimado. A respeito de 4 casos

Resumen: Las quemaduras son un problema de salud pública y una de las presentaciones más graves del trauma. Los avances en el manejo del enfermo quemado grave han mejorado de manera significativa su supervivencia, lo que también ha condicionado un incremento en el riesgo y el número de infecciones micóticas. Las infecciones micóticas en el quemado se pueden presentar de manera aislada o asociadas a infección polimicrobiana. Fusarium es una especie fúngica ubicua que puede causar en el humano infecciones graves. Su principal forma de presentación clínica es la cutánea o superficial, pero en pacientes inmunocomprometidos, de los que destacan los enfermos con quemaduras graves, puede diseminarse y condicionar infección a diferentes órganos. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas y desenlace de una serie de enfermos quemados graves que presentó infección por Fusarium spp.

Abstract: Burns are a major public health problem and the most devastating form of trauma. Advances in burn care therapy have allowed patients with major thermal burns to survive longer, making fungal infections an increased likelihood. Fungi cause burn wound infection as part of monomicrobial or polymicrobial infections, fungemia, aggressive soft-tissue infections or opportunistic ones. Fusarium species are ubiquitous fungi and important pathogens recognized as agents of human mycotic infections. Frequently, superficial, deep-tissue involvement, and dissemination occur in immunocompromised hosts, specially burned patients. The aim of this paper is to describe the clinical, epidemiological features and outcomes of four burned patients who developed infection by Fusarium spp.

Resumo: As queimaduras são um problema de saúde pública e uma das apresentações mais graves do trauma. Os avanços no tratamento do paciente queimado grave melhorou significativamente a sobrevivência, que também condicionou um aumento no risco e número das infecções fúngicas. As infecções fúngicas no paciente queimado pode ocorrer de forma isolada ou associada com infecção polimicrobiana. Fusarium é uma espécie de fungos ubíquos que podem condicionar infecções graves em seres humanos. Sua principal manifestação clínica é a cutânea ou superficial, mas em pacientes imunocomprometidos, dos quais destacamos pacientes com queimaduras graves, a infecção pode disseminar-se pelo organismo. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a epidemiologia, manifestações clínicas e os resultados de uma série de pacientes com queimaduras graves que apresentaram infecção por Fusarium spp.

[Reconstruction of the ear in the burns patient]. / Reconstrucción auricular en el paciente quemado.

Face burns are a singular pathology with great functional and psychological impact in the patients suffering them. The ears play a fundamental role in personal interactions and damage to this organ results in physical and emotional distress. The reconstructive treatment of the burned ear is a challenge. Multiple procedures have been described to achieve success in the reconstruction of the burned ear; immediate reconstruction with autologous rib cartilage, secondary reconstruction, alloplastic material reconstruction, tissue expansion, skin grafts and also microvascular flaps are some of the most common procedures used in this patients. All these techniques focus on giving a natural appearance to the patient. Burns to the ears affect 30% of the patients with facial burns, they require an excellent treatment given by a multidisciplinary team.

[Elena de Cespedes: The eventful life of a XVI century surgeon]. / Elena de Céspedes. La azarosa vida de una cirujana del siglo XVI.

Throughout the history of surgery there have been exceptional cases of surgeons around the world. One of them is Elena/o of Cespedes. Born as a girl, this hermaphrodite dedicated all his life to acting as a man, doing jobs that were only for men such as a soldier, peasant, and surgeon. She was the first licensed surgeon in Spain and maybe in all Europe. She married a woman and then was tried for sodomy by the Spanish Inquisition commanded by inquisitor Lope de Mendoza. She was founded guilty and punished with 200 lashes and a 10-year service at a hospital, dressed as a woman.

[Andres Vesalio, Francisco Díaz, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and the birth of urology in the 16th Century]. / Andrés Vesalio, Francisco Díaz, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra y el nacimiento de la urología en el siglo XVI.

In the sixteenth century there were great advances in science, literature, and the arts. During this century, urology as a specialty was conceived, thanks to the contributions of Andreas Vesalius, anatomist and leading physician to the court of Charles V, and Dr. Francisco Diaz, a native of Alcala de Henares, surgeon and clinician. Dr. Diaz had a close relationship with Miguel de Cervantes, who at one point in his life suffered from renal colic. In his masterpiece "Re-Printed Treaty of all diseases of the kidneys, bladder and wattles of the Cock and Urina, divided into three books," of which the first book of urology is the History of Medicine, describes in detail the clinical and therapeutic aspects of urological diseases, known as the "bad stone" and urethral strictures known as "wattles", in addition to describing the different surgical techniques and the development of new instruments for urological procedures, which include the cisorio instrument and the Speculum pudendi. For the above, Dr. Francisco Diaz is considered the father of urology.

Síndrome de sepsis grave postesplenectomía secundario a meningococcemia / Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) syndrome secondary to meningococcemia

Resumen Los pacientes esplenectomizados o con hipoesplenia son susceptibles a desarrollar infecciones y sepsis grave. A esta entidad se le denomina sídrome de sepsis postesplenectomía (SSPE). Reportamos el caso de una paciente que presentó SSPE secundario a Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo CR7, 10 años después de practicársele esplenectomía por púrpura trombocitopénica idiopática. El SSPE tiene una elevada mortalidad, su evolución es fulminante, las manifestaciones son graves y el pronóstico es malo. Es fundamental que los pacientes esplenectomizados sean vacunados, reciban antibióticos profilácticos y atención médica ante cualquier manifestación de un proceso infeccioso. Es prioritario implementar una política de salud pública para el desarrollo de guías relacionadas al seguimiento de los pacientes esplenectomizados y sobre la profilaxis, diagnóstico y manejo del SSPE, y difundir entre los pacientes esplenectomizados y con disfunción esplénica así como al grupo médico tratante programas educacionales relacionados con esta enfermedad.

Abstract Patients with splenectomy or splenic dysfunction are likely to suffer from severe infections and sepsis. This syndrome is called overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI). We present the case of an adult who developed OPSI syndrome secondary to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup CR 7, ten years after being splenectomized due to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. OPSI syndrome has a high mortality. Its course is fulminating, the clinical symptoms are serious and the prognosis is poor. It is important for splenectomized patients to receive immunizations, antibiotic prophylaxis and seek medical attention at the earliest sign of minor infection. Public health politics should be implemented for the development of guidelines related to the monitoring of splenecto-mized patients and prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment of OPSI syndrome and make reliable information on this disease available to patients and physicians.

[Ultrasonographic evaluation of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath for medication of intracranial pressure: a case report]. / Evaluación ultrasonográfica del diámetro de la vaina del nervio óptico (DVNO) para la medición de la presión intracraneana (PIC): a propósito de un caso.

The main complication associated with acute brain injury is the elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In these patients, multimodal neurological monitoring has emerged as a fundamental tool in the intensive care unit, with the minimally invasive trend seen in recent years. We report the case of a patient in which ICP monitoring was based on the measurement of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath (DONS), a procedure that has shown a good correlation with the ICP, as well as a high specificity, sensitivity, and low cost.

[Hemolytic anemia secondary to the placement of a portosystemic stented shunt]. / Anemia hemolítica secundaria a la colocación de Stent transyugular intrahepático porto sistémico.

INTRODUCTION: portal hypertension and variceal hemorrhage are common complications of hepatic cirrhosis, both associated with a high morbimortality. Portal system decompression by the placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stented shunt, can reduce portal venus pressure and is effective controling complications of portal hypertension, like variceal hemorrhage and ascitis. The aim of this document is to describe a case of hemolytic anemia secondary to the placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stented shunt. CLINICAL CASE: patient with portal hypertension secondary to liver cirrosis was given a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stented shunt for recurrent variceal hemorrhage. After the procedure, hemoglobin decreased 2 g/dL, associated with reticulocitosis, hipohaptoglobinemia, elevated lactic dehydrogenase and indirect hyperbilirrubinemia with negative Coombs test. The peripheral blood smear showed abnormal erythrocytes, with the prevalence of schistocytes. The final diagnosis was hemolytic anemia secondary to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stented shunt. CONCLUSIONS: the hemolytic anemia secondary to Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Stented Shunt is a rare complication. Usually, it has a benign prognosis, and it is self-limited once the stent is endothelialized.

[Syndrome of abdominal compartment in trauma]. / Síndrome de compartimento abdominal en trauma.

BACKGROUND: the intra-abdominal hypertension is defined as an increase in intra-abdominal pressure more or equal as ≥ 12 mmHg and it is called as abdominal compartment syndrome when associates with any organ dysfunction. Its development in the patient with multiple trauma is the result of the mechanism of injury, aggressive resuscitation and/or surgical treatment. The goal of this investigation is to describe the monitoring and all decisions made based on the measurement of intra-abdominal pressure in a patient with multiple injuries that developed abdominal compartment syndrome. CLINICAL CASE: 21 years old male with multiple trauma who underwent damage control surgery with splenectomy, repair of liver injury and packaging. Intra-abdominal pressure monitoring showed progressive increase that was associated with cardiopulmonary dysfunction resistant to medical treatment so we decided to unpack, which reduced the intra-abdominal pressure and improved cardiopulmonary fitness. CONCLUSIONS: intra-abdominal hypertension / abdominal compartment syndrome significantly increases morbidity and mortality therefore the measurement of intra-abdominal pressure is a fundamental tool for early detection and timely management of this condition and its complications.

[Severe sepsis, septic shock and secondary multiple organ dysfunction in infection by Kluyvera ascorbata]. / Sepsis grave, choque séptico y disfunción orgánica múltiple secundaria a infección por Kluyvera ascorbata.

Kluyvera, a new genus of Enterobacteriaceae, is an emergent pathogen. Kluyvera species have been isolated from sputum, urine, stools, and blood. Kluyvera strains are infrequent but potentially dangerous pathogens in the immunocompetent or immunocompromised host due to their potential to provoke a wide range of infections and their ability to transfer extended spectrum beta lactamase genes. We herein report the case of a teenage male with severe sepsis and septic shock due to K. ascorbata.

[Cleft lobe sign. A curious clinical sign or an ischemic heart disease marker?]. / Signo del lóbulo hendido, curiosidad clínica o marcador de cardiopatía isquémica?

The majority of studies have demonstrated a correlation between diagonal earlobe creases sign with coronary artery disease and atheroscleosis. Diagonal earlobe creases run from the lower pole of the external meatus, diagonally backwards to the edge of the lobe at approximately 45. The objective of this paper is review the evidence related to this interesting clinical sign.

[Electrocardiographic abnormalities in left pneumothorax]. / Alteraciones electrocardiográficas en neumotórax izquierdo.

Pneumothorax is a frequent complication among patients under mechanical ventilation or undergoing various invasive procedures. Its prevalence in intensive care units ranges from 3% to 14%. The electrocardiographic abnormalities described in left pneumothorax include poor precordial R-wave progression, precordial T wave inversion, phasic QRS voltage variation. QRS voltage ratio (aVF/DI) greater than 2 has high sensitivity and specificity. Electrocardiographic changes are secondary to several factors including clockwise rotation axis of the heart, dilated right ventricle, posterior displacement of the mediastinum, hypoxemia, and decreased coronary blood flow. We here describe a patient with left pneumothorax whose electrocardiographic features successfully reversed upon pneumothorax resolving.

[Libman-Sacks endocarditis]. / Endocarditis de Libman-Sacks.

In 1924, Libman and Sacks described valvular lesions in patients with lupus erythematosus. Libman-Sacks valvular lesions are sterile fibrinous vegetations that preferentially develop at the left-sided heart valves. Reports of their prevalence range from 53 to 74%. Libman-Sacks endocarditis is associated with disease activity and antiphospholipid antibodies titer. Echocardiography is a useful tool for documenting valvular involvement and dysfunction as well as disease progression. Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in detecting Libman-Sacks endocarditis. This report describes the echocardiographic image of Libman-Sacks endocarditis in a patient with active lupus erithematosus.

Alteraciones electrocardiográficas en neumotórax izquierdo / Electrocardiographic abnormalities in left pneumothorax

El neumotórax es una complicación frecuente en los enfermos con ventilación mecánica sometidos a diferentes procedimientos invasivos. Su incidencia en las unidades de terapia intensiva es de 3 a 14 %. Las alteraciones electrocardiográficas descritas en neumotórax izquierdo incluyen pobre progresión de la onda R e inversión de la onda T en derivaciones precordiales y variación en el voltaje del complejo QRS. La relación aVF/DI del voltaje de QRS > 2 tiene elevada sensibilidad y especificidad. Los cambios electrocardiográficos se consideran secundarios a varios factores, incluyendo rotación horaria del eje longitudinal del corazón, dilatación de ventrículo derecho, desplazamiento posterior del mediastino, hipoxemia y disminución del flujo sanguíneo coronario. Describimos una paciente con neumotórax izquierdo cuyas manifestaciones electrocardiográficas revirtieron después de su resolución.

Pneumothorax is a frequent complication among patients under mechanical ventilation or undergoing various invasive procedures. Its prevalence in intensive care units ranges from 3% to 14%. The electrocardiographic abnormalities described in left pneumothorax include poor precordial R-wave progression, precordial T wave inversion, phasic QRS voltage variation. QRS voltage ratio (aVF/DI) greater than 2 has high sensitivity and specificity. Electrocardiographic changes are secondary to several factors including clockwise rotation axis of the heart, dilated right ventricle, posterior displacement of the mediastinum, hypoxemia, and decreased coronary blood flow. We here describe a patient with left pneumothorax whose electrocardiographic features successfully reversed upon pneumothorax resolving.

Endocarditis de Libman-Sacks / Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Libman y Sacks describieron por primera vez en 1924 la presencia de lesiones valvulares en enfermos con lupus eritematoso. La endocarditis de Libman y Sacks se caracteriza por vegetaciones estériles valvulares de predominio en las válvulas mitral y aórtica. Su prevalencia es de 53 a 74 %. Se asocia con actividad lúpica y presencia de anticuerpos antifosfolípido. La ecocardiografía, en especial la transtorácica, es el estudio de elección para el diagnóstico y seguimiento, así como para evaluar el involucro valvular. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la imagen ecocardiográfica de un enfermo con lupus eritematoso activo portador de endocarditis de Libman-Sacks.

In 1924, Libman and Sacks described valvular lesions in patients with lupus erythematosus. Libman-Sacks valvular lesions are sterile fibrinous vegetations that preferentially develop at the left-sided heart valves. Reports of their prevalence range from 53 to 74%. Libman-Sacks endocarditis is associated with disease activity and antiphospholipid antibodies titer. Echocardiography is a useful tool for documenting valvular involvement and dysfunction as well as disease progression. Transesophageal echocardiography is superior to transthoracic echocardiography in detecting Libman-Sacks endocarditis. This report describes the echocardiographic image of Libman-Sacks endocarditis in a patient with active lupus erithematosus.

[Epidemiological study of sepsis in Mexican intensive care units].

BACKGROUND: Consistent data about sepsis in Mexico are lacking. The objective of this epidemiological study is to better define the incidence, characteristics and outcome of sepsis in Mexican intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: This is a multicenter, transverse study performed in both private and public ICUs. Demographic data, comorbid diseases and clinical and laboratory data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: A total of 135 ICUs from 24 states of Mexico were studied. From 40,957 annual hospitalizations 11,183 were due to sepsis, which represented 27.3% of admissions to ICU. From 11,183 patients with sepsis, 3402 died, representing a mortality rate of 30.4%. The most frequent sepsis trigger was abdominal infection (47%) followed by pulmonary infection (33%), soft tissue infection (8%) and kidney infection (7%); 5% were from other sources (neurological, osteoarticular). From the isolated bacteria, 52% were gram negative, 38% gram positive and 10% fungal infection; 60% of the private hospital ICUs and 40% of public hospital ICUs applied the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (p<0.05). In 50% of each of the ICUs, they adhere to the campaign recommendations. Costs in septic patients are high. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents the high incidence of sepsis in Mexican ICUs, with high mortality rate and low adherence to Surviving Sepsis Campaign. Our data suggest that sepsis is a public health problem in Mexico.