[Maternity, eugenics, and syphilis in Spain during the first Franco regime, 1939-1950]. / Maternología, eugenesia y sífilis en España durante el primer franquismo, 1939-1950.

This article analyzes maternity in Social Assistance based on the demographic policy of the first Franco regime, influenced by eugenic thought. Considering that during the Franco regime the control of women's bodies became an essential tool of its biopolitics, the presence of eugenic ideas and practices around the health problem of syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis is discussed. The role of Social Assistance in the implementation of prenatal surveillance during pregnancy and the process of institutionalization and medicalization of childbirth in Spain is also analyzed.

En este artículo se analiza la maternología en Auxilio Social enmarcada en la política demográfica del primer franquismo, bajo la influencia del pensamiento eugenésico. Considerando que durante el franquismo el control del cuerpo de las mujeres se convirtió en una herramienta esencial de su biopolítica, se discute la presencia de ideas y prácticas eugenésicas en torno al problema sanitario de la sífilis en mujeres embarazadas y la sífilis congénita. Así mismo, se analiza el papel de Auxilio Social en la implantación de la vigilancia prenatal durante el embarazo y en el proceso de institucionalización y medicalización del parto en España.

Maternología, eugenesia y sífilis en España durante el primer franquismo, 1939-1950 / Maternity, eugenics, and syphilis in Spain during the first Franco regime, 1939-1950

Resumen En este artículo se analiza la maternología en Auxilio Social enmarcada en la política demográfica del primer franquismo, bajo la influencia del pensamiento eugenésico. Considerando que durante el franquismo el control del cuerpo de las mujeres se convirtió en una herramienta esencial de su biopolítica, se discute la presencia de ideas y prácticas eugenésicas en torno al problema sanitario de la sífilis en mujeres embarazadas y la sífilis congénita. Así mismo, se analiza el papel de Auxilio Social en la implantación de la vigilancia prenatal durante el embarazo y en el proceso de institucionalización y medicalización del parto en España.

Abstract This article analyzes maternity in Social Assistance based on the demographic policy of the first Franco regime, influenced by eugenic thought. Considering that during the Franco regime the control of women's bodies became an essential tool of its biopolitics, the presence of eugenic ideas and practices around the health problem of syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis is discussed. The role of Social Assistance in the implementation of prenatal surveillance during pregnancy and the process of institutionalization and medicalization of childbirth in Spain is also analyzed.

Factors related to quality of life of people living with HIV in Alicante, Spain. / Factores relacionados con la calidad de vida en personas que viven con el VIH en Alicante, España.

PURPOSE: To analyze the determinants that influence the health-related quality of life of people living with HIV in Alicante (Spain). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, which recruited 214 Spanish-speaking participants over 18 years of age living with HIV from an outpatient consulting office of the infectious diseases in a hospital in Alicante between 2013 and 2014. A self-administration sociodemographic survey and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36v2) was used to assess health-related quality of life. This questionnaire measures health on 8domains. RESULTS: 70% of the participants were male, 50% had CD4 cell count between 200-499 cells/mm3 and 20% were infected by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). For the 8SF-36v2 scales, the average scores were higher than 45. Men presented better scores than women; there were statistically significant differences in all the scales except for general health. Being co-infected with HCV and being unemployed or other situations other than having a job were significantly associated with a lower physical component summary, while being married or having a partner were significantly associated with a higher score in the mental component summary. CONCLUSION: The socioeconomic level and the presence of clinical factors such as HCV influence the scales of quality of life of physical health among adults living with HIV.

Web 2.0 Tools in the Prevention of Curable Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: The internet is now the primary source of information that young people use to get information on issues related to sex, contraception, and sexually transmitted infections. OBJECTIVE: The goal of the research was to review the scientific literature related to the use of Web 2.0 tools as opposed to other strategies in the prevention of curable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). METHODS: A scoping review was performed on the documentation indexed in the bibliographic databases MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, PsycINFO, Educational Resources Information Center, the databases of Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas in Spain, and the Índice Bibliográfico Español de Ciencias de la Salud from the first available date according to the characteristics of each database until April 2017. The equation search was realized by means of the using of descriptors together with the consultation of the fields of title register and summary with free terms. Bibliographies of the selected papers were searched for additional articles. RESULTS: A total of 627 references were retrieved, of which 6 papers were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The STDs studied were chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. The Web 2.0 tools used were Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. The 6 papers used Web 2.0 in the promotion of STD detection. CONCLUSIONS: Web 2.0 tools have demonstrated a positive effect on the promotion of prevention strategies for STDs and can help attract and link youth to campaigns related to sexual health. These tools can be combined with other interventions. In any case, Web 2.0 and especially Facebook have all the potential to become essential instruments for public health.

Is health a right for all? An umbrella review of the barriers to health care access faced by migrants.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesise the scientific evidence concerning barriers to health care access faced by migrants. We sought to critically analyse this evidence with a view to guiding policies. DESIGN: A systematic review methodology was used to identify systematic and scoping reviews which quantitatively or qualitatively analysed data from primary studies. The main variables analysed were structural and contextual barriers (health system organisation) as well as individual (patients and providers). The quality of evidence from the systematic reviews was critically appraised. From 2674 reviews, 79 were retained for further scrutiny, and finally 9 met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The structural barriers identified were the lack of health insurance and the high cost of drugs (non-universal health system) and organisational aspects of health system (social insurance system and national health system). The individual barriers were linguistic and cultural. None of the reviews provided a quality appraisal of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Barriers to health care for migrants range from entitlement in non-universal health systems to accessibility in universal ones, and determinants of access to the respective health services should be analysed within the corresponding national context. Generate social and institutional changes that eliminate barriers to access to health services is essential to ensure health for all.

Popularizing right food and feeding practices in Spain (1847-1950). The handbooks of domestic economy.

The aim of this paper is to analyze a sample of domestic economy handbooks in order to assess the popularization of correct food and feeding practices in Spain between 1847 and 1950. With this contribution, we wish to evaluate another factor that would influence the Spanish food transition. We are aware that this is a very indirect source, given the high levels of illiteracy among women in Spain during the last third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. A further factor to be considered is the low proportion of girls attending school. We have analyzed the handbooks published in three periods. The first ranges from the last third of the 19th century to the first decade of the 20th. These handbooks are considered in order to provide background for a comparison with the works published from 1900 onwards. The second period focuses on the 1920s and the 1930s. The last period covers the handbooks published after the Civil War under the monopoly of the Sección Femenina (women's section of the Falange). Over the years under consideration, recommendations underwent a progressive modification from the very simple leaflets used in the 19th century to the introduction of scientific factors into the teaching of domestic economy.The work of Rosa Sensat represented the beginnings of this trend. A further modernizing factor was the appearance of vitamins in some of the handbooks. After the war, the number of handbooks decreased and they were, in general, very poor. If we consider the content on vitamins, there was a lack or shortage of information in comparison with some of the books published in the same period outside the monopoly of the Sección Femenina. In conclusion, we can state that the repetition of recommendations on good feeding habits and the increase in girls attending school would exert a positive influence on the food transition of the Spanish population.