Information and consensus document for the detection and management of chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem worldwide that affects more than 10% of the Spanish population. CKD is associated with high comorbidity rates, poor prognosis and major consumption of health system resources. Since the publication of the last consensus document on CKD seven years ago, little evidence has emerged and few clinical trials on new diagnostic and treatment strategies in CKD have been conducted, apart from new trials in diabetic kidney disease. Therefore, CKD international guidelines have not been recently updated. The rigidity and conservative attitude of the guidelines should not prevent the publication of updates in knowledge about certain matters that may be key in detecting CKD and managing patients with this disease. This document, also prepared by 10 scientific associations, provides an update on concepts, clarifications, diagnostic criteria, remission strategies and new treatment options. The evidence and the main studies published on these aspects of CKD have been reviewed. This should be considered more as an information document on CKD. It includes an update on CKD detection, risk factors and screening; a definition of renal progression; an update of remission criteria with new suggestions in the older population; CKD monitoring and prevention strategies; management of associated comorbidities, particularly in diabetes mellitus; roles of the Primary Care physician in CKD management; and what not to do in Nephrology. The aim of the document is to serve as an aid in the multidisciplinary management of the patient with CKD based on current recommendations and knowledge.

Impact of uric acid levels on the risk of long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. / Influencia de los niveles de ácido úrico sobre el riesgo de mortalidad cardiovascular a largo plazo en pacientes con diabetes de tipo 2.

BACKGROUND: Hyperuricemia is associated to cardiovascular disease. However, the contribution of uric acid (UA) to cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of UA levels on the risk of cardiovascular mortality risk in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study on outpatients with T2DM. The clinical endpoint was cardiovascular death. Anthropometric, demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables were collected, including UA levels, urinary albumin excretion and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The independent contribution of UA levels to cardiovascular mortality was assessed using multivariate Cox regression models, progressively adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 452 patients with a mean age of 65.9 (SD 9.5) years were enrolled. Mean UA level was 4.2mg/dL. Quartiles of UA levels were Q1 < 3.3; Q2: 3.3-4.2; Q3: 4.3-5.1; Q4 > 5.1mg/dL. UA levels significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (Rho=-0.227; p<0.001). During a median follow-up time of 13 years, cardiovascular mortality rates were higher in Q4 of the UA distribution (Q1: 10.7; Q2: 11.7; Q3: 10.7; Q4: 21.6 per 1000 patient-years; p = 0.027). UA was a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the univariate analysis (HR1mg/dL = 1.30; p=0.002), but not in a multivariate analysis adjusted for urinary albumin excretion and eGFR (HR1mg/dL=1.20; p=0.12). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: High UA levels are associated to cardiovascular mortality in patients with T2DM. However, the role of UA may be mediated by impaired kidney function in patients with hyperuricemia.