The role of superb micr ole of superb microvascular imaging in detecting low-gr ascular imaging in detecting low-grade inflammation among adults and those with chronic kidney disease: A preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: Pathophysiologic changes associated with chronic inflammation occur with aging and more prominently in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and an association between chronic inflammation and muscle wasting has been identified. The microcirculation is extremely sensitive to the inflammatory process and actively participates in it. In a healthy adult, angiogenesis is a strictly controlled and rare occurrence. However, aberrant angiogenesis and the development of new tiny blood vessels are known in chronic inflammatory diseases. Superb microvascular imaging (SMI) is a noninvasive technique that can evaluate tiny vessels with low blood flow and provide quantitative data. Our goal was to detect increased blood flow secondary to low-grade chronic inflammation in micro-circulation in the rectus femoris (RF) muscle using SMI. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 30 patients with CKD, 30 adults without CKD or other chronic illnesses, and 32 young healthy volunteers. This study was conducted in our university hospital between March and December 2021. The RF cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured, and vascular index (VI) values were obtained using SMI. All three groups' RF-CSA and VI values were compared. RESULTS: Although there was no statistically significant difference in RF-CSAs between the groups, the VI values of all three groups were statistically different (p < 0.001). The median (min-max) VI values were 0.90 (0.60-1.30), 0.50 (0.20-1.0), and 0.30 (0.10-0.50) for the CKD, adult control, and young healthy groups, respectively. The VI significantly differentiated patients with CKD from all other patients and the adult control group. When a cutoff value of 6.5 was used for the VI in detecting increased blood supply in RF muscle in patients with CKD, the accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 93.5%, 85.3%, and 98.3%, respectively. DISCUSSION: SMI can detect increased blood supply caused by low-grade inflammation in the RF muscle.

Nondipping heart rate and associated factors in patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Nondipping heart rate (NHR) is a condition reported to be associated with cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality recently. We aimed to search whether there is difference among hypertensive patients with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD) in terms of NHR pattern and the factors associated with NHR in patients with CKD. METHODS: The study included 133 hypertensive patients with normal kidney functions, 97 hypertensive patients with predialysis CKD, and 31 hypertensive hemodialysis patients. Heart rate, blood pressure and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured by 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitorization. NHR was defined as a decrease of less than 10% at night mean heart rate when compared with daytime values. RESULTS: NHR pattern was established as 26.3% in non-CKD hypertensive group, 43.3% in predialysis group and 77.4% in dialysis group. Among patients with CKD, when NHR group was compared with dipper heart rate group, it was seen that they were at older age, there were higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and more female sex, and while the value of urea, creatinine, phosphorus, intact parathyroid hormone, and PWV were significantly higher, the value of hemoglobin, albumin and calcium were significantly lower. By multivariate analysis, hemoglobin [odds ratio (OR) 0.661; 95% CI 0.541-0.806; p < 0.001] and PWV (OR 1.433; 95% CI 1.107-1.853; p = 0.006) were established as independent determinants of NHR pattern. CONCLUSIONS: NHR pattern is significantly more frequently seen in hypertensive CKD patients than in hypertensive patients with non-CKD. Anemia and increased arterial stiffness are seen independently associated with NHR in CKD patients.

How should procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels be interpreted in haemodialysis patients?

BACKGROUND: Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are used most widely in the diagnosis/treatment of bacterial infections. These are not infection-specific and may also show increases in other inflammation-causing cases. AIM: To establish a new cut-off value for PCT and CRP to eliminate confusion in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections in haemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: A total of 1110 patients, 802 with undocumented infection and 308 with documented infection, was included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 802 patients with undocumented infection had a mean CRP value of 12.2 ± 9.6 mg/dL and a mean PCT value of 0.51 ± 0.96 ng/mL and the 308 patients with documented infection had a mean CRP value of 125.9 ± 83.3 mg/dL and a mean PCT value of 13.9 ± 26.9 ng/mL at the time of admittance. In HD patients, the cut-off values for CRP was determined as 19.15 mg/dL and for PCT as 0.685 ng/mL in the presence of infection. The use of these two parameters in combination (CRP ≥19.15 mg/dL and PCT ≥ 0.685 ng/mL) was found to have 95% positive predictive value (PPV) and 93% negative predictive value (NPV) for the diagnosis of infectious diseases in HD patients. When CRP ≥100 mg/dL and PCT ≥5 ng/mL, this was found to have 100% PPV and 94% NPV for the diagnosis of sepsis in HD patients. CONCLUSION: We specified PCT and CRP cut-off values with high PPV and NPV for revealing the presence of bacterial infection and sepsis in HD patients.

Central arterial characteristics of gout patients with chronic kidney diseases.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between central blood pressure, arterial stiffness parameters and renal function parameters in gout patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and without CKD. METHODS: The study enrolled 48 gout patients and 32 control subjects. Central blood pressure, arterial stiffness parameters and renal function parameters in gout patients were investigated. The vascular measurements were performed with an arteriograph. RESULTS: Of the gout patients, 40.1% had CKD. The 24-h pulse pressure (PP) (P < 0.001), central systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P < 0.001), central diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < 0.001), cardiac output (CO) (P < 0.001) and peripheral resistance (P = 0.004) were significantly higher in the all patients with gout compared to healthy control subjects. Moreover, when the gout patients with and without CKD were compared, the gout patients with CKD had higher 24-h PP (P = 0.009), 24-h augmentation index standardized to a heart rate of 75 beats per min (AIx@75) (P < 0.023), daytime PP (P = 0.001), daytime AIx@75 (P = 0.027), and nighttime PP (P = 0.035) than the gout patients without CKD. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, gout patients with CKD had worse and more emphasized evidence of arterial stiffness than gout patients without CKD. Further investigations with large sample sizes are needed to evaluate the effect of CKD on the arterial stiffness of gout patients.

Non-dipping blood pressure patterns and arterial stiffness parameters in patients with Behcet's disease.

Behcet's disease is a multisystemic vasculitis involving veins and arteries of various sizes. Non-dipping status, augmentation index and pulse wave velocity are important determinants of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. We investigated the non-dipping status and arterial stiffness in patients with Behcet's disease. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the vascular parameters of 96 patients with Behcet's disease (53% female) and 60 age- and sex-matched control subjects. The non-dipping status and arterial distensibility were assessed using a Mobil-O-Graph Arteriograph, an automatic oscillometric device. In total, 65.6% of 96 patients were systolic non-dippers, and 34.4% exhibited high augmentation indices. Ten percent of the control subjects were systolic non-dippers, and 11.7% exhibited high augmentation indices. Nocturnal decreases in systolic blood pressure correlated with central systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, as well as nocturnal decreases in diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, non-dipper patients with Behcet's disease exhibited higher nocturnal cardiac outputs than did dipper patients with Behcet's disease. Augmentation index correlated negatively with C-reactive protein and correlated positively with both 24 h and nocturnal peripheral resistance, as well as 24 h pulse wave velocity. The patients with high augmentation indices exhibited lower creatinine clearance, as well as lower nocturnal cardiac outputs, higher 24 h peripheral resistance and higher 24 h pulse wave velocities. Non-dipping status and arterial stiffness may exacerbate the harmful cardiovascular effects of the other. In addition to conventional risk factors, non-dipping status and arterial stiffness should be examined during the follow-up evaluations of patients with Behcet's disease.

Ultrasound validation of Trendelenburg positioning to increase internal jugular vein cross-sectional area in chronic dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Trendelenburg positioning (TP) is a common approach used during internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation. No evidence indicates that TP significantly increases the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the IJV or decreases the overlap between the carotid artery (CA) and the IJV in dialysis patients. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the TP on the CSA of the right IJV and on its relationship to the CA. METHODS: Thirty-seven consecutive hemodialysis patients older than 18 years of age were enrolled. We measured the CSA of the right IJV and overlap rate (at end-expiration at the level of the cricoid cartilage) between the CA and the IJV in two positions: State 0, table flat (no tilt), with the patient in the supine position; State T, in which the operating table was tilted to 15° of TP. RESULTS: Data were collected for all of the 37 patients enrolled in the study. The change in CSA and overlap between the CA and the IJV from the supine to the TP was not significantly different. The CSA was paradoxically decreased in 11 of 37 patients when changed from State 0 to State T. CONCLUSIONS: TP does not significantly increase the CSA of the right IJV or decrease the overlap between the CA and the IJV in dialysis patients. In fact, in some patients, it reduces the CSA. Therefore, the use of the TP for IJV cannulation in dialysis patients can no longer be supported.

Renal effects of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in diabetic and non-diabetic patients: a study with urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and serum cystatin C.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cardiac surgery and diabetes are major causes of acute kidney injury (AKI). We aimed to investigate the value of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum cystatin C, as early biomarkers for prediction of AKI in diabetic and non-diabetic adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS: 15 non-diabetic and 15 diabetic adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery were enrolled. Peri-operative clinical and laboratory variables were recorded. Urinary NGAL, serum cystatin C, serum creatinine (Cre) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated. RESULTS: AKI was detected in 4 patients in non-diabetic group and 12 patients in diabetic group. Urinary NGAL levels of diabetic and non-diabetic patients and serum cystatin C levels of diabetic patients exceed upper normal limits or cutoff values much earlier than BUN and Cre. cystatin C levels of non-diabetic patients remain unchanged. Cystatin C and NGAL levels of patients meeting AKI criteria and NGAL levels of patients not meeting AKI criteria exceeded upper normal limits or cut off values much earlier in than BUN and Cre. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of cystatin C level in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients may reveal AKI earlier than NGAL and BUN. In diabetic patients, measurement of urinary NGAL and serum cystatin C levels may indicate AKI signs earlier than BUN and Cre.

An uncommon presentation of Sjögren's syndrome and brucellosis.

We describe herein a case of hypokalemia due to proximal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and Fanconi's syndrome (FS) and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with DIC - a rare complication of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and brucellosis. The interesting feature of this case was the presentation with severe hypokalemia, causing acute flaccid quadriparesis with cardiac arrest which is extremely rare. The patient was a 48-year-old woman who suffered cardiopulmonary arrest an hour after hospitalization. Analysis of a blood sample obtained before her cardiopulmonary arrest yielded surprising results: laboratory investigations showed profound hypokalemia (1.1 mEq/L) with renal K wasting, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap, hypophosphatemia with hypouricemia, glucosuria, and proteinuria. A diagnosis of RTA and FS were made. On the seventh day, she looked acutely ill, temperature 38.8 °C and pale, and her physical examination revealed purpuric skin lesions on both legs. The serum antibrucella titration agglutination test was found to be 1 of 160 positive with a nosocomial infection. The clinical and laboratory findings were consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). She was unable to concentrate her urine and so a diagnosis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) was reached. A thorough survey for the cause of FS, RTA and NDI revealed that she had xerophthalmia and xerostomia accompanied by high anti-Ro antibody, positive Schirmer test, confirming the diagnosis of SS.

The relationship between the antioxidant system, oxidative stress and dialysis-related amyloidosis in hemodialysis patients.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with several complications that are partly due to excess amounts of reactive oxygen species and/or decreased antioxidant activity. Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA) has also been linked to increased oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the antioxidant system, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), various biochemical parameters and shoulder amyloidosis, in hemodialysis patients. We studied 107 non-diabetic chronic dialysis patients. The SOD levels correlated with right and left biceps tendon thickness (r = -0.219, P = 0.048 and r = -0.236, P = 0.031, respectively), MDA (r = -0.429, P = 0.000) and albumin levels (r = -0.319, P = 0.001). MDA levels correlated with right and left biceps thickness (r = 0.291, P = 0.006 and r = 0.337, P = 0.001, respectively) and ß2 microglobulin levels (r = 0.455, P = 0.000). We also identified the statistically significant relationships between MDA levels and supraspinatus tendon thickening (greater than 7 mm) and right and left biceps tendon thickness (P = 0.022, P = 0.040 and P = 0.005, respectively). Our data suggest the complex relationship between antioxidants and oxidative stress and further support the roles of oxidative stress and antioxidants in DRA.

Assessment of arterial stiffness in female and male gout patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between central blood pressures (BP), pulse wave velocity (PWV) meaurements, and biochemical parameters in female and male gout patients and controls. This study included 12 (23.5%) females and 39 (76.5%) males with gout disease. 24-hour diastolic BP, day diastolic BP and day diastolic exceeding limit value were higher in male gout patients than female gout patients. In male gout patients, more prominent inflammatory changes in the vascular wall may be an explanation for the result of this our study, because history of hypertension and smoking habits were frequent in this group.

Findings of multidimensional instruments for determining psychopathology in diabetic and non-diabetic hemodialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to expand the research on psychiatric complications of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), as well as to examine the prevalence of a broad range of psychopathology in diabetic and non-diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: One hundred nineteen HD patients were invited to enter the cross-sectional study. To assess quality of life, quality of sleep, mental status and depression and anxiety symptoms, the 36-item Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Mini-Mental State Examination and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, respectively, were used. RESULTS: The mean age of all patients was 56.9±16.1 years; 54 (45.4%) were female. In the diabetic patients group, 84.8% of the patients had low MCS scores, and 89.2% patients had low PCS scores; 73.9% were poor sleepers; 63.0% had cognitive decline; 62.0% patients were depressive symptoms; and 28.3%had symptoms of anxiety. When comparing the diabetic and non-diabetic patients, the diabetic patients had lower role-emotional, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency scores. CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating a standard assessment and, eventually, treatment of psychopathologic symptoms into the care provided to diabetic and hemodialysis patients might improve quality of life and sleep, depressive symptoms and, reduce mortality risk.

Are sleep and life quality of family caregivers affected as much as those of hemodialysis patients?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the quality of sleep, quality of life, and anxiety and depression symptoms reported by hemodialysis (HD) patients and family caregivers of HD patients. METHODS: The study included 142 pairs of HD patients and their caregivers. To assess quality of sleep, quality of life, and anxiety and depressive symptoms, the 36-item Short Form, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, respectively, were used. RESULTS: For the patients, 73.9% were poor sleepers. Low Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores were found in 89.1% and 76.3% of HD patients, respectively. For the caregivers, 88% were poor sleepers. Low PCS and MCS scores were found in 62% and 70.4% of the caregivers, respectively. Mean PSQI scores, subjective sleep quality scores, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, sleep disturbance, use of sleep medications, and daytime dysfunction scores of the caregivers were significantly higher than the scores of the HD patients (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers of dialysis patients experience adverse effects on their quality of sleep and quality of life. Educational, social, and psychological support interventions should be considered to improve their ability to cope.

Plasma BNP, a useful marker of fluid overload in hospitalized hemodialysis patients.

Hospitalization for intercurrent illness frequently disrupts the nutritional status of hemodialysis (HD) patients and jeopardizes the dry weight prescription. We report in this study the evolution of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), blood pressure and body weight in hospitalized patients and the relationship between BNP plasma level and nutritional and inflammation parameters. We have studied 42 patients requiring hospitalization (F/M: 18/24; 72.5 ± 12.5 years old; 19/42 with diabetes). The plasma BNP levels at baseline, during hospitalization (BNP-Hosp), and in the recovery phase were compared. Predialysis and postdialysis blood pressure and postdialysis body weight were recorded and compared. BNP-Hosp increased significantly when compared with BNP levels at baseline, from 421 ± 647.2 pg/mL to 1584 ± 1584.4 pg/mL (P < 0.0001). Brain natriuretic peptide decreased from 1223 ± 1342.1 pg/mL during hospitalization to 616 ± 892.1 pg/mL after discharge (P = 0.005). The BNP-Hosp was positively correlated with C-reactive protein (P = 0.003) and negatively correlated with serum prealbumin (P = 0.0001) and albumin (P = 0.0001). The postdialysis body weight prescription decreased from 71.0 ± 15.7 kg at baseline to 70.5 ± 15.4 kg during hospitalization and to 67.8 ± 14.4 kg 4 months after discharge (P = 0.0032). Our study displays clearly the significant changes of plasma BNP levels occurring during intercurrent events. Fluid overload triggered by inflammation-associated catabolism and the lag time for dry weight adjustment is the cause of this finding. Hence, plasma BNP level may be used as a marker of fluid overload in patients with intercurrent events and may allow efficient dry weight adjustment. We cannot rule out an effect of inflammation on BNP synthesis.

The relationship between glutathione peroxidase and bioimpedance parameters in nondiabetic hemodialysis patients.

There is growing evidence from experimental and clinical studies that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of malnutrition. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels as a marker of antioxidant status and the nutritional status assessed by bioimpedance analysis (BIA). Ninety-seven nondiabetic stable outpatient uremic adults undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD) were recruited for this study. Impedance measurements were performed using a multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer after dialysis. GPx levels correlated with intracellular water (ICW) (r = 0.341, P = 0.011), ICW/total body weight (r = 0.320, P = 0.017), lean body mass (r = 0.300, P = 0.026) and total body cell mass (r = 0.339, P = 0.011). When patients were divided into two groups according to mean GPx levels (83.9 U/gr hemoglobin), the patients with higher GPx (GPx > 83.9 U/gr hemoglobin) had higher albumin (P = 0.038), lean body mass (P = 0.026), ICW (P = 0.011), and total body cell mass (P = 0.011) compared with those with lower GPx (GPx ≤ 83.9 U/gr hemoglobin). Furthermore, in the patients with higher GPx, body fat; extracellular water/total body water; illness marker and body fat mass index were lower than other group. In conclusion, our results reveal correlation indicating a relationship between antioxidant status (as measured by GPx) and nutritional status as assessed by BIA in nondiabetic HD patients.

Effects of thrice weekly nocturnal hemodialysis on arterial stiffness.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we compared the changes in arterial stiffness in chronic hemodialysis patients treated with 8-h vs. 4-h thrice weekly in-center hemodialysis. METHODS: Sixty prevalent chronic hemodialysis patients assigned to 8-h nocturnal in-center thrice weekly HD (NHD) and 60 control cases assigned to 4-h thrice weekly conventional HD (CHD) were followed for one year. Radial-carotid pulse wave velocity, augmentation index and echocardiography were performed at baseline and 12th month. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 49±11 years, 30.8% were female, 27.5% had diabetes mellitus and mean dialysis vintage was 57±47 months. Baseline demographical, clinical and laboratory parameters were similar between groups. During a mean follow-up of 15.0±0.1 months, blood pressure remained similar in both groups while the number of mean daily anti-hypertensive substances decreased in the NHD group. In the NHD group, time-averaged serum phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus product were lower than the CHD group. Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index decreased in the NHD group (from 11.02±2.51 m/s to 9.61±2.39 m/s and from 28.8±10.3% to 26.2±12.1%; p=0.008 and p=0.04, respectively). While augmentation index increased in the CHD group (28.0±9.4 to 31.0±10.7%, p=0.02), pulse wave velocity did not change. Subendocardial viability ratio and ejection duration improved in the NHD group (from 135±28 to 143±25%, p=0.01 and from 294±34 ms to 281±34 ms, p=0.003, respectively), accompanied by regression of left ventricular mass index. In multiple stepwise linear regression analyses, NHD was associated with improvements in augmentation index, ejection duration and subendocardial viability ratio. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that arterial stiffness is ameliorated by implementation of longer hemodialysis sessions.

Vapocoolant spray vs lidocaine/prilocaine cream for reducing the pain of venipuncture in hemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study.

OBJECTIVE: Patients undergoing hemodialysis are repeatedly exposed to stress and pain from approximately 300 punctures per year to their arteriovenous fistula. This study was designed to measure pain associated with venepuncture during AVF cannulation and to compare the effectiveness of ethyl chloride vapocoolant spray, topical eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) cream and placebo in controlling pain caused by venepuncture of arteriovenous fistula patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. METHODS: This randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, included 41 patients undergoing conventional hemodialysis three times a week. First intervention was conducted as baseline pain assessment (control). In the three consecutive dialysis sessions, every patient randomly received 1) ethyl chloride vapocoolant spray, 2) EMLA, or 3) placebo cream before venepuncture. Pain perception was recorded by patients immediately after cannulation on a 0-100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). p<0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: VAS scores presented a marked inter-individual variation during venepuncture. EMLA application resulted in significantly lower total pain scores compared to control and all other interventions (p<0.05). No patient experienced severe pain with EMLA or vapocoolant. The patients reported less moderate and severe pain with EMLA, and vapocoolant spray compared to control and placebo interventions. Moderate and severe pain scores were similar between EMLA and vapocoolant spray (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Venipuncture for AVF cannulation causes mild to moderate pain in hemodialysis patients. Although local application of EMLA is more effective than in preventing venepuncture pain, ethyl chloride vapocoolant is as effective as EMLA for preventing mild to moderate puncture pain in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Comparison of nutritional parameters among adult and elderly hemodialysis patients.

AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional biochemical parameters, prealbumin levels, and bioimpedance analysis parameters of adult and elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study included 50 adult HD patients (42.0 % female). Nutritional status was assessed by post-dialysis multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (BIA), serum prealbumin and other nutritional biochemical parameters. RESULTS: Mean age of patients was 57.4±15.1 years (range: 30-83 years) and mean dialysis duration was 68.3 ± 54.5 months (range: 3-240 months). When the patients were divided into two groups according to age of patients (<65 and ≥65), prealbumin (p=0.003), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p=0.000), serum creatinine (p=0.013), albumin (p=0.016), protein catabolic rate per normalized body weight (nPCR) (p=0.001), intracellular water (ICW)/total body weight (0.003) , body fat mass (p00.000), lean body mass (p=0.031), lean dry mass (p=0.001), illness marker (p=0.005), basal metabolism (p=0.007), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.028), body fat mass index (BFMI) (p=0.000), fat free mass index (FFMI) (p=0.040) values were significantly different between the groups. In the elderly patients (age ≥65), body fat mass, illness marker, BMI, BFMI were higher compared to adult patients (age <65). Additionally, in the elderly patients, prealbumin, BUN, creatinine, albumin, nPCR, ICW/ total body weight, lean body weight, lean dry weight, basal metabolism and FFMI were lower than adult patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that BFMI were higher, albumin, prealbumin, nPCR and lean body mass and FFMI were lower in elderly patients compared to adults. These results imply that elderly HD patients may be prone sarcopenic obesity and may require special nutritional support.

Factors related to pulse wave velocity and augmentation index in chronic hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) are early markers of atherosclerotic vascular changes and also have been shown to be predictive of cardiovascular disease and total mortality. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between PWV and AIx-HR75, which is the corrected form of AIx according to a heart rate of 75 beats/min, echocardiographic parameters and biochemical parameters in chronic hemodialysis (HD) patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: AIx-HR75 and PWV were measured in 556 HD patients by applanation tonometry using the SphygmoCor device. RESULTS: The mean PWV and AIx-HR75 values of the study group were 10.2 ± 2.4 and 28.4 ± 10.2 m/s. A positive correlation was found between PWV and AIx-HR75 (r = 0.214, p = 0.000). AIx-HR75 correlated with age (r = 0.093, p = 0.028), body surface area (BSA) (r = -0.194, p = 0.000), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (r = 0.335, p = 0.000), pulse pressure (PP) (r = 0.212, p = 0.000), cardiothoracic index (r = 0.155, p = 0.016), and presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (r = 0.152, p = 0.001). PWV correlated with MAP (r = 0.208, p = 0.000), PP (r = 0.098, r = 0.021), left ventricular mass (r = 0.105, p = 0.023), and predialysis sodium level (r = -0.105, p = 0.023). In the multivariate analyses, PWV was associated with MAP (t = 3.78, p = 0.000), presence of diabetes (t = 3.20, p = 0.001), and predialysis sodium level (t = -2.06, p = 0.040), and AIx-HR75 was associated with age (t = 2.48, p = 0.014), female sex (t = 3.98, p = 0.000), BSA (t = -2.15, p = 0.033), and MAP (t = 7.02, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: There is a strong association between MAP and arterial stiffness parameters in HD patients. We feel that efficient control of blood pressure could lead to reduced arterial stiffness in HD patients.

Prevalence of nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the patients undergoing hemodialysis and evaluation of risk factors and laboratory parameters.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to determine the nasal carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus and risk factors in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: One hundred eighty-four HD patients were evaluated. A second sample was taken from the subjects, the wipe samples of whom were isolated as S. aureus. And subjects whose second samples' results were the same were deemed as S. aureus carriers. RESULTS: Fifty-two (28.3%) patients were identified as S. aureus carriers. In the control group, S. aureus carriage has been found out as 14.9% in 116 healthy subjects. The isolation rate of S. aureus has been found statistically significantly high in the age group of 41-61 years. But, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolation ratio has been statistically high in the group over the age of 61 years. Sepsis history and gastrointestinal system disease development is closely related to bacterial isolation. MRSA isolation ratios have been found high in chronic lung disease patients, diabetic patients, patients with infection history, and patients with impaired general state of health. The carriage ratios have been found higher in the patients who are settled in urban areas, are subjected to dialysis for more than 10 years, and are hospitalized in the past year. However, the difference between the other groups is not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: S. aureus carriage must be screened on regular intervals in HD patients. Nasal S. aureus carriage follow-up and treatment is a process that will protect patients from more severe clinical pictures.

Endobronchial metastases from extrathoracic malignancies.

Endobronchial metastases (EBM) from extrapulmonary malignant tumors are rare. The most common extrathoracic malignancies associated with EBM are breast, renal and colorectal carcinomas. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical, radiographic and bronchoscopic aspects of patients with EBM who were diagnosed between 1992 and 2002. Data about patients' clinical conditions, symptoms, radiographic and endoscopic findings, and histopathological examination results were investigated. EBM was defined as bronchoscopically visible lesions histopathologically identical to the primary tumor in patients with extrapulmonary malignancies. We found 15 cases with EBM. Primary tumors included breast (3), colorectal (3), and renal (2) carcinomas; Malignant Melanoma (2); synovial sarcoma (1), ampulla of Vater adenocarcinoma (1), pheochromocytoma (1), hypernephroma (1), and Hodgkin's Disease (1). The most common symptoms were dyspnea (80%), cough (66.6%) and hemoptysis (33.3%). Multiple (40%) or single (13.3%) pulmonary nodules, mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy (40%), and effusion (40%) were the most common radiographic findings. The mean interval from initial diagnosis to diagnosis of EBM was 32.8 months (range, 0-96 months) and median survival time was 18 months (range, 4-84). As a conclusion, various extrapulmonary tumors can metastasize to the bronchus. Symptoms and radiographic findings are similar with those in primary lung cancer. Therefore, EBM should be discriminated from primary lung cancer histopathologically. Although mean survival time is usually short, long-term survivors were reported. Consequently, treatment must be planned according to the histology of the primary tumor, evidence of metastasis to other sites and medical status of the patient.