Iron-catalyzed C-H/N-H activation by triazole guidance: versatile alkyne annulation.

Iron-catalyzed C-H/N-H functionalizations were achieved by the aid of modular triazole amides. The alkyne annulation allowed for the expedient synthesis of valuable isoquinolone scaffolds with high levels of chemo-, site- and regio-selectivities.

[Distribution of capsular types and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae causing infections in Argentina]. / Distribución de tipo capsular y sensibilidad antimicrobiana de Streptococcus agalactiae productores de infecciones en Argentina.

Streptococcus agalactiae is an endogenous bacterium that has emerged in the last 20 years as an etiological agent in both neonatal and perinatal infections, and in immunocompromised patients. The differentiation of the capsular polysaccharide, the presence of surface proteins c, X, R, and molecular methods allow classification in serotypes and genotypes. This identification is a useful tool for epidemiological purposes and virulence studies in this bacterium. The objective of this work was to study the serotypes and the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates recovered from invasive diseases in different areas of Argentina. In the analyzed sample a fair predominance of Ia and III serotypes was recovered, followed by II and IV serotypes. All the isolates were found to be sensitive to penicillin. A 6% of resistance to erythromycin and a 4.5% to clindamycin were detected. In three of the isolates, constitutive MLS phenotype (resistance to macrolides, lincosamins and streptogramins) was founded, while in the remaining one, inducible MLS phenotype was detected. These results stress the importance of conducting a surveillance of the prevalent serotypes in our country with the goal of future prevention of this disease with an effective vaccine. The knowledge of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile will be also important to obtain therapeutic success in the treatment.

Distribución de tipo capsular y sensibilidad antimicrobiana de Streptococcusagalactiae productores de infecciones en Argentina / Distribution of capsular types and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae causing infections in Argentina

Streptococcus agalactiae es una bacteria colonizante que ha emergido en los últimos años como causante de infecciones neonatales, perinatales y en pacientes con compromiso inmunológico. La caracterización del polisacárido capsular, de las proteínas de superficie (c, X, R), así como el análisis de marcadores moleculares, permiten su clasificación en serotipos y genotipos. Esto resulta de utilidad para fines epidemiológicos y para estudios de virulencia de la bacteria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer los serotipos prevalentes y la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de aislamientos provenientes de procesos infecciosos en pacientes de distintas zonas de Argentina. En la muestra analizada se obtuvo predominio de los serotipos Ia y III, seguido de II y IV. Todas las cepas resultaron sensibles a penicilina. Se observó 6% de resistencia a eritromicina y 4,5% a clindamicina. En 3 de las cepas se detectó fenotipo MLS (resistencia a macrólidos, lincosaminas y estreptograminas) constitutiva y en una cepa, resistencia MLS inducible. Los resultados logrados en este estudio destacan la importancia de efectuar un relevamiento de los serotipos más frecuentes en nuestro país en vistas a la prevención de esta infección con una vacuna que realmente sea eficaz, como así también el conocimiento de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana para lograr éxito terapéutico en los tratamientos.

Streptococcus agalactiae is an endogenous bacterium that has emerged in the last 20 years as an etiological agent in both neonatal and perinatal infections, and in immunocompromised patients. The differentiation of the capsular polysaccharide, the presence of surface proteins c, X, R, and molecular methods allow classification in serotypes and genotypes. This identification is a useful tool for epidemiological purposes and virulence studies in this bacterium. The objective of this work was to study the serotypes and the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates recovered from invasive diseases in different areas of Argentina. In the analyzed sample a fair predominance of Ia and III serotypes was recovered, followed by II and IV serotypes. All the isolates were found to be sensitive to penicillin. A 6% of resistance to erythromycin and a 4.5% to clindamycin were detected. In three of the isolates, constitutive MLS phenotype (resistance to macrolides, lincosamins and streptogramins) was founded, while in the remaining one, inducible MLS phenotype was detected. These results stress the importance of conducting a surveillance of the prevalent serotypes in our country with the goal of future prevention of this disease with an effective vaccine. The knowledge of the antimicrobial susceptibility profile will be also important to obtain therapeutic success in the treatment.

Long-term histopathologic findings in tooth germs autotransplantation. Analysis of a series.

Tooth germ autotransplantation, a surgical technique based upon extraction of a germ followed by reimplantation in the same individual, is indicated in tooth agenesis or loss as an alternative to traditional methods of treatment. The success of autotransplantation relies on several factors, and clinical studies indicate that results are excellent if correct surgery is carried out. This work offers a morphological contribution to the understanding of post-transplantation changes of the pulp, periodontal ligament and root cementum.

[Diffuse pulmonary ossification and diabetes mellitus. An association not previously described]. / Ossificazione polmonare diffusa e diabete mellito. Un'associazione non descritta.

Diffuse pulmonary ossification is a relatively rare, well recognized condition, of which a number of reports exist in the literature. While the histologic picture of diffuse pulmonary ossification, with its nodular and dendritic forms, is well know, the pathogenesis is not yet fully clarified; a number of diseases have been claimed to be responsible for, or associated to diffuse pulmonary ossification, but the association with diabetes mellitus is so far undescribed. That's why we report this case, along with the discussion of some pathogenetic hypotheses and differential diagnosis.

Collagenous spherulosis of the breast. Case report.

We report a case of collagenous spherulosis of the breast, a very rare underinvestigated lesion which must not be misinterpreted as a malignant epithelial tumour, such as adenoid cystic or signet-ring cell intraductal carcinoma, on histologic slides. The lesion is typically found in association with benign proliferative breast diseases. Prognosis is excellent.

[Pheochromocytoma and sudden death: a case of hyperacute myocardial ischemia]. / Feocromocitoma e morte improvvisa: un caso di ischemia miocardica iperacuta.

Pheochromocytoma is the most frequent cause of adrenal sudden death, which is the unique sign in 1.5% of cases. After a short review of the literature, we report a case of a 36 years old asymptomatic woman, who died suddenly and unexpectedly while receiving preoperative treatment. Gross examination did not allow to reveal any cause of death. Microscopy revealed signs of acute myocardial ischemia, in the lack of any coronary and catecholaminic heart disease. Azan-Mallory trichromic stain was found to be necessary in revealing myocardial lesions. A plausible death pathway is the following: a single catecholaminic peak might have induced myocardic vessel spasm, which in turn could be responsible for a lethal arrhythmia; the dramatic pressure drop can be the effect of pump failure or of a paradoxical disproportionate beta stimulation.

[A case of anatomo-clinical diagnosis of balloon cell melanoma metastasis]. / Un caso di diagnosi anatomo-clinica di melanoma a cellule balloniformi su metastasi.

The authors present a case of balloon cell melanoma which was not diagnosed on the skin. The diagnosis was later carried out both on matter from pleural effusion and on lymph node metastases. The cytological examination of the fluid obtained from pleural effusion revealed the presence of abundant neoplastic cells belonging probably to a malignant epithelial lung tumor. Despite several diagnostic examinations no evidence of a neoplastic lesion in the lungs was found. Later histology on metastatic axillary lymph nodes revealed a tumor with the features of a balloon cell melanoma. Immunohistochemical stains revealed a strong S-100 positivity. The patient underwent surgical treatment, but died 2 months later. The balloon cell melanoma is a rare variety of melanoma interpreted by several authors as the expression of a degenerative process caused by the immunological defence of the subject, combined with therapy. This hypothesis is supported by the evidence of high survival rates in some cases. So the importance of an early detection of the malignancy must be stressed once again, in order to avoid missing diagnoses on any skin lesion, though appearing benign to the naked eye.

Flow cytometric studies in spontaneous abortions. Applications in the medico-legal practice.

In the medico-legal practice differential diagnosis between spontaneous and non-spontaneous abortion is important because causes of pregnancy wastage are often obscure and, moreover, spontaneous abortion is more common than accidental or voluntary. In all the cases in which the cause of abortion is not otherwise detectable and especially in cases of discovery of fetal adnexa, it is necessary to investigate genetic causes. Recently, DNA flow cytometric analysis has been applied in determining the genetic causes of spontaneous abortions. Among karyotypic abnormalities, flow cytometric analysis on paraffin embedded material can detect only polyploidies (triploidy and tetraploidy). Trisomies, monosomies and structural anomalies cannot be detected. In our study we tried to establish whether flow cytometry could be useful in determining the genetic cause of spontaneous abortions, in the lack of any other detectable cause. Histologic examination and flow cytometric analysis were performed on a series of 395 consecutive spontaneous abortions. Histologic examination allowed the detection of a molar pattern in about 9% of cases. DNA flow cytometric analysis showed diploidy in 346 (87.59%) cases, triploidy in 37 (9.36%) cases and tetraploidy in 12 (3.03%) cases. Combined microscopic and flow cytometric analysis revealed abnormalities in 17.5% of cases. A non-diploid pattern is more frequent in molar cases (P less than 0.001). Flow cytometry seems to be interesting in forensic pathology, as it allows the detection of some frequent genetic abnormalities in dead tissues and cells, when other techniques are no longer practicable.

Relationship between histologic features, DNA flow cytometry, and clinical behavior of squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx.

Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content was done on 133 primary squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx. Overall, 76 tumors (57.1%) were not diploid (aneuploid or tetraploid). The DNA index (DI) was calculated and grouped into three levels. Fifty-seven cases had a DI in a range of 1.85 to 2.15 (44 diploid and 13 tetraploid). The cases were grouped in relation to ploidy, proliferative index, and the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system. Every group was analyzed with respect to survival rate. Ploidy was related to histocytologic grade. In well-differentiated tumors (G1) survival rates at 48 months were 41.7% in diploid cases and 27.7% in nondiploid ones (relative risk [RR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89, 4.52). In NO cases that underwent surgery, survival rates at 48 months were, respectively, 81.8% and 49.2% (RR, 5.07; 95% CI, 0.76, 33.93). These results suggest that ploidy may be a new independent parameter of prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. This is useful in clinical practice because it allows the clinician to recognize those cases with poorer prognosis among the early tumors at a stage where other prognostic parameters are not yet available.