Meniscal Extrusion: A Critical Analysis Review.

➢: Pathologic meniscal extrusion can compromise meniscal function, leading to increased contact forces in the tibiofemoral compartment and the acceleration of osteoarthritic changes. ➢: Extrusion is typically defined as radial displacement of ≥3 mm outside the tibial border and is best diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging, although ultrasonography has also demonstrated encouraging diagnostic utility. ➢: Surgical management of meniscal extrusion is based on the underlying etiology, the patient's symptom profile, the preexisting health of the articular surface, and the risk of future chondral injury and osteoarthritis.

Relative Efficacy of Intra-articular Injections in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In younger patients and those without severe degenerative changes, the efficacy of intra-articular (IA) injections as a nonoperative modality for treating symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA)-related pain while maintaining function has become a subject of increasing interest. PURPOSE: To assess and compare the efficacy of different IA injections used for the treatment of knee OA, including hyaluronic acid (HA), corticosteroids (CS), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), with a minimum 6-month patient follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines using the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar. Mean or mean change from baseline and standard deviation for outcome scores regarding pain and function were recorded at the 6-month follow-up and converted to either a 0 to 100 visual analog scale score for pain or a 0 to 100 Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score for function. A frequentist network meta-analysis model was developed to compare the effects of HA, CS, PRP, PRGF, and placebo on patient-reported outcomes. RESULTS: All IA treatments except CS were found to result in a statistically significant improvement in outcomes when compared with placebo. PRP demonstrated a clinically meaningful difference in function-related improvement when compared with CS and placebo due to large effect sizes. Studies evaluating outcomes of PRGF reported significant improvement when compared with placebo due to large effect sizes, whereas a potential clinically significant difference was detected in the same comparison parameters in pain evaluation. With regard to improvements in pain, function, and both combined, PRP was found to possess the highest probability of efficacy, followed by PRGF, HA, CS, and placebo. CONCLUSION: PRP yielded improved outcomes when compared with PRGF, HA, CS, and placebo for the treatment of symptomatic knee OA at a minimum 6-month follow-up. Further investigations evaluating different IA and other nonoperative treatment options for patients with knee OA are warranted to better understand the true clinical efficacy and long-term outcomes of nonsurgical OA management.

Influence of Fatty Infiltration on Hip Abductor Repair Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence supports surgical intervention for hip abductor tears; however, the influence of fatty infiltration (FI) on outcomes after repair remains uncertain and has been addressed only in small case series. PURPOSE: To clarify the relationship between FI and surgical outcomes for hip abductor tears. STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. FI severity was assessed by Goutallier-Fuchs (G-F) grade. The relationship between FI and improvement in Harris Hip Score (HHS)/modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain was examined with mixed-effects metaregression. Outcomes with open and endoscopic techniques were also compared. RESULTS: A total of 4 studies (206 repairs in 201 patients) were eligible. High-grade FI was associated with significantly less improvement in HHS/mHHS than both no FI (6.761 less; 95% CI, 3.983-11.570; P = .002) and low-grade FI (7.776 less; 95% CI, 2.460-11.062; P < .001) but did not significantly influence VAS score (P > .05). Controlling for FI severity, we found no significant difference in HHS/mHHS improvement between open versus endoscopic repair (P > .05 at each level), but open repair resulted in significantly greater improvement in VAS score for every G-F grade (all P < .005). CONCLUSION: Surgical intervention for symptomatic hip abductor tendon tears improved outcomes as reflected by change in HHS/mHHS; however, the presence of high-grade FI resulted in less improvement. FI severity did not influence VAS scores for pain. Although no differences were found between open and endoscopic repairs in terms of FI-adjusted improvement in HHS/mHHS, open repairs resulted in significantly greater pain relief at each FI level.

Evidence-based Risk Stratification for Sport Medicine Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Orthopaedic practices have been markedly affected by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the ban on elective procedures, it is impossible to define the medical urgency of a case solely on whether a case is on an elective surgery schedule. Orthopaedic surgical procedures should consider COVID-19-associated risks and an assimilation of all available disease dependent, disease independent, and logistical information that is tailored to each patient, institution, and region. Using an evidence-based risk stratification of clinical urgency, we provide a framework for prioritization of orthopaedic sport medicine procedures that encompasses such factors. This can be used to facilitate the risk-benefit assessment of the timing and setting of a procedure during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Síndrome de fricción femoroacetabular: tratamiento artroscópico. Resultados a mediano plazo, complicaciones y fallas / Femoroacetabular friction syndrome: arthroscopic treatment. Middle-term results, complications and failures

El éxito de la artroscopía de cadera en el tratamiento del síndrome de fricción femoroacetabular (SFFA) ha sido reportado por múltiples autores. Sus indicaciones se han ido extendiendo, provocando un incremento sustancial en el número de complicaciones. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar retrospectivamente los resultados clínicos-radiológicos de la artroscopía de cadera en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de SFFA, haciendo énfasis en las complicaciones y en las causas de falla.Se analizaron pacientes con un seguimiento mínimo de tres años. Se clasificó la severidad del desgaste articular y daño condral con la escala de Tönnis y Outerbridge, respectivamente.Se utilizaron los scores de Harris Hip (HHS) y de Resultados de Cadera (HOS, por sus siglas en inglés). La evaluación subjetiva fue medida a través de la Escala Visual Análoga del dolor (EVA). La serie quedó conformada por ciento catorce pacientes: cincuenta y seis (49%) de sexo masculino y cincuenta y ocho de sexo femenino con una edad promedio de 42.5 (17 ­ 59). El score de Harris registró un incremento significativo luego de la cirugía (71.06 ± 5.68 versus 87.11 ± 5.89; p<0.05). El score subjetivo de EVA demostró un descenso estadísticamente significativo (6.55 ± 1.27 versus 1.84 ± 1.42; p<0.05). El HOS evidenció valores de 91 y 87.8% con respecto a las actividades de la vida diaria y al deporte. Hubo ocho complicaciones menores (7.01%) y tres conversiones a artroplastia (2.63%).La artroscopía de cadera constituye una herramienta efectiva como técnica de preservación articular, con índices de satisfacción cercanos al 90%. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Hip arthroscopy success for treatment of Femoro-Acetabular Impingement (FAI) has been well reported over the past decade.The indications of this procedure have increased over the past years, as well as complications. The purpose of this study was to assess of clinical-radiological outcomes of hip arthroscopy in adults over 50 years old with FAI, and their complications. We evaluated patients with a minimum of 3-years follow up. The presence of Pincer and/or CAM deformity was registered by analyzing anteroposterior and lateral x-rays. Articular and chondral damage severity was assessed with Tönnis and Outerbridge classifications, respectively. Objective analysis was performed using Harris Hip Score (HHS) and Hip Outcome Score (HOS). Subjective evaluation was made using Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS). Our study included one hundred fourteen patients: fifty-six (49%) was male and fifty-eight (51%) females with a mean of 42.5 years. We observed significant increase in HHS after surgery (71.06 ± 5.68 versus 87.11 ± 5.89; p<0.05). VAS demonstrated a statistically significant decrease (6.55 ± 1.27 versus 1.84 ± 1.42; p<0.05). HOS score yielded values of 91% for daily living activities and 87.8% for sports. We observed three patients that required conversion to total hip arthroplasty (2.64%).Hip Arthroscopy is a highly effective tool as joint preservation technique, being able to achieve rates up to 90%, both for daily living activities and sports, after surgery. Level of Evidence: IV