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INTRODUCTION: Inflammation is one of the main causes of impaired health in livestock and some of its processes weaken animal productivity and impact human health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of echinacea extract (cichoric acid - CA) on yak peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), inflammatory-related factors, and the toll-like receptor (TLR)4 signalling pathway induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in these PBMCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Yak PBMCs were co-cultured with LPS and CA in vitro. The proliferative activity of cells was detected using the cell-counting kit-8 method, the optimal stimulation concentration of LPS was selected, the effect of CA on the content of inflammation-related factors was evaluated using an ELISA kit, and the mRNA expression of these factors was detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: CA inhibited the inflammatory response of yak PBMCs induced by LPS. CA inhibited gene and protein expression of key nodes of the TLR4 signalling pathway in yak PBMCs. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that CA has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on yak PBMCs via the TLR4 pathway.
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Remote sensing monitoring of alpine grassland nutritional status is a key factor of grassland reasonable utilization, also a difficulty for dynamic vegetation monitoring. The present paper studies the correlations between vegetation nutrition and hyperspectral data. The results showed that two band ratio models have a significant correlation with biomass, air-DM, P, CF, and CP. MAXR models have a significant correlation with most of nutrition index when selected wavebands equaled five. On the whole, the MAXR model precedes two band ratio models. Using MAXR models to estimate air-DM, P and CF can obtain higher accuracy.