RESUMO
A major concern in membrane-based water purification system is generation of huge concentrate stream and wastage of water. A typical Reverse osmosis (RO) or Nanofiltration (NF) system generates 20-25% reject containing high amount of dissolved salts and other contaminants. Contrary to popular belief, this reject water cannot be used without removing the contaminants or cannot be discharged anywhere. Main goal of this project is to find a cheapest and green way for treatment of RO/NF reject. Algal evaporation technique was explored in laboratory scale, to find its suitability for treatment of chloride-rich membrane reject in actual scenario and based on the results obtained, a pilot plant of 48KL was established on Hooghly Met Coke division (HMC), Tata Steel. Particular species of microalgae was selected, to take up minerals from reject water. There are several types of bacteria and symbiotic algae associated with selected micro algae survive in high TDS. A unique slope roof system, connected with algae growth tank, helps in efficient evaporation of water ensuring a Zero discharge. A markedly improved performance was achieved when algal evaporation followed solar evaporation. A total evaporation of 11 L/m2/day was observed, which was almost five times faster than Solar evaporation.
Algae based evaporation technology was explored to find its suitability for treatment of high chloride-based membrane reject. Specific Species of microalgae, which can take up minerals from reject water was selected.Based on algal evaporation, a pilot plant of 48 KL was established on Hooghly Met Coke division (HMC), Tata Steel India site.Rate of evaporation 11 L/m2/day was observed, which was almost five times faster than solar evaporation.
Assuntos
Microalgas , Purificação da Água , Biodegradação Ambiental , Osmose , Rios , Água , Purificação da Água/métodosRESUMO
Currently, polymer thin films embedded with metal nanoparticles provided the suitable microenvironment for biomolecules immobilization retaining their biological activity with desired orientation, to facilitate electron transfer between the immobilized enzymes and electrode surfaces, better conformation and high biological activity, resultant in enhanced sensing performance. This article reviews focus on various methods for brief discussion of fabrication of metal nanoparticles-polymer hybrid materials and their applications in different electrochemical biosensors. The performance of hybrid materials based electrochemical biosensor can be improved by synergic properties of the metal nanoparticles and polymer network with biomolecules interface via engineering of morphology, particle size, effective surface area, functionality, adsorption capability and electron-transfer properties. These attractive features to hybrid materials are expected to find applications in a new generation of miniaturized, smart biochip devices.
