Risk Factors for Plate Infection, Exposure, and Removal in Mandibular Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: Mandibular plate reconstruction (MPR) is often indicated after tumor ablation, osteoradionecrosis excision, and traumatic bone loss to restore oral functionality and facial cosmetics. There are limited analyses identifying risk factors that lead to plate infection (PIn), exposure, and removal ("plate complications"). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic tertiary medical center. METHODS: Patients who underwent MPR from 2013 to 2022 were identified. Risk factors for plate complications were analyzed based on demographic, clinical, intraoperative, and postoperative factors. Multivariable analysis was conducted with logistic regression. Survival analysis was conducted with a Cox model. RESULTS: Of the 188 patients analyzed, 48 (25.5%) had a plate complication [infection: 22 (11.7%); exposure: 23 (12.2%); removal: 35 (18.6%)]. Multivariate analysis revealed predictive associations between at least 1 plate complication and the following variables: smoking status, soft tissue defect size, number of plates, average screw length, and various postoperative complications. Other associations approached the threshold for significance. Prior and adjuvant radiation therapy, type of free flap, stock versus custom plates, and perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis regimens were not associated with plate complications. No plate complication was independently associated with lower overall survival. PIn (hazard ratio, HR: 7.99, confidence interval, CI [4.11, 15.54]) and exposure (HR: 3.56, CI [1.79, 7.08]) were independently associated with higher rates of plate removal. CONCLUSION: Plate complications are relatively common after MPR. Smoking history, specific disease characteristics, hardware used during surgery, and postoperative complications may help identify higher-risk patients, but additional larger-scale studies are needed to validate our findings and resolve discrepancies in the current literature.

Preoperative Circulating Tumor HPV DNA and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Disease.

Importance: The utility of preoperative circulating tumor tissue-modified viral human papillomavirus DNA (TTMV-HPV DNA) levels in predicting human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OPSCC) disease burden is unknown. Objective: To determine if preoperative circulating tumor HPV DNA (ctHPVDNA) is associated with disease burden in patients with HPV+ OPSCC who have undergone transoral robotic surgery (TORS). Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study comprised patients with HPV+ OPSCC who underwent primary TORS between September 2021 and April 2023 at one tertiary academic institution. Patients with treatment-naive HPV+ OPSCC (p16-positive) and preoperative ctHPVDNA levels were included, and those who underwent neck mass excision before ctHPVDNA collection were excluded. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was the association of increasing preoperative ctHPVDNA levels with tumor size and lymph node involvement in surgical pathology. The secondary outcome was the association between preoperative ctHPVDNA levels and adverse pathology, which included lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, or extranodal extension. Results: A total of 70 patients were included in the study (65 men [93%]; mean [SD] age, 61 [8] years). Baseline ctHPVDNA levels ranged from 0 fragments/milliliter of plasma (frag/mL) to 49 452 frag/mL (median [IQR], 272 [30-811] frag/mL). Overall, 58 patients (83%) had positive results for ctHPVDNA, 1 (1.4%) had indeterminate results, and 11 (15.6%) had negative results. The sensitivity of detectable ctHPVDNA for identifying patients with pathology-confirmed HPV+ OPSCC was 84%. Twenty-seven patients (39%) had pathologic tumor (pT) staging of pT0 or pT1, 34 (49%) had pT2 staging, and 9 patients (13%) had pT3 or pT4 staging. No clinically meaningful difference between detectable and undetectable preoperative ctHPVDNA cohorts was found for tumor size or adverse pathology. Although the median preoperative ctHPVDNA appeared to be higher in pT2 through pT4 stages and pN1 or pN2 stages, effect sizes were small (pT stage: η2, 0.002 [95% CI, -1.188 to 0.827]; pN stage: η2, 0.043 [95% CI, -0.188 to 2.600]). Median preoperative log(TTMV-HPV DNA) was higher in active smokers (8.79 [95% CI, 3.55-5.76]), compared with never smokers (5.92 [95% CI, -0.97 to 1.81]) and former smokers (4.99 [95% CI, 0.92-6.23]). Regression analysis did not show an association between tumor dimension or metastatic lymph node deposit size and preoperative log(TTMV-HPV DNA). After univariate analysis, no association was found between higher log(TTMV-HPV DNA) levels and adverse pathology. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, preoperative ctHPVDNA levels were not associated with disease burden in patients with HPV+ OPSCC who underwent TORS.

Transoral robotic surgery with free flap reconstruction: Functional outcomes of 241 patients at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal malignancy optimizes oncologic outcomes while preserving functionality. This study identifies patterns of functional recovery after TORS with free flap reconstruction (FFR). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study at a tertiary care center of patients with primary oropharyngeal tumors treated with TORS with FFR between 2010 and 2022. Patients were categorized into: adjuvant chemoradiation or radiation, or no adjuvant therapy (NAT). Functional outcomes were measured by functional oral intake scale (FOIS). RESULTS: 241 patients were included. FOIS declined at first postoperative appointment (median = 7.0 to 2.0, IQR = [7.0, 7.0], [2.0, 4.0]), and progressively improved to 6.0 (5.0, 6.0) after 1 year, with NAT having the highest FOIS (7.0, p < 0.05). Predictors of poor long-term FOIS included RT and hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) involvement (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: TORS with FFR leads to good long-term function with minimal intake restrictions. Radiation therapy and CN XII involvement increase risk of worse functional outcomes.

Flap-based Closure of Acquired Tracheoesophageal Fistulas.

Iatrogenic tracheoesophageal fistulae management and repair are difficult to manage with few resourced describing management and repair. Two cases are presented describing the approach to and repair of a tracheoesophagea fistula; one with a free flap and one with local flap reconstruction. Both cases utilized allograft material to maintain separation between the alimentary and repiratory tracts. Laryngoscope, 134:3761-3764, 2024.

Orbital resection by intranasal technique (ORBIT): A new classification system for reporting endoscopically resectable primary benign orbital tumors.

BACKGROUND: The Cavernous Hemangioma Exclusively Endonasal Resection (CHEER) staging system has become the gold standard for outcomes reporting in endoscopic orbital surgery for orbital cavernous hemangiomas (OCHs). A recent systematic review demonstrated similar outcomes between OCHs and other primary benign orbital tumors (PBOTs). Therefore, we hypothesized that a simplified and more comprehensive classification system could be developed to predict surgical outcomes of other PBOTs. METHODS: Patient and tumor characteristics as well as surgical outcomes from 11 international centers were recorded. All tumors were retrospectively assigned an Orbital Resection by Intranasal Technique (ORBIT) class and stratified based on surgical approach as either exclusively endoscopic or combined (endoscopic and open). Outcomes based on approach were compared using chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. The Cochrane-Armitage test for trend was used to analyze outcomes by class. RESULTS: Findings from 110 PBOTs from 110 patients (age 49.0 ± 15.0 years, 51.9% female) were included in the analysis. Higher ORBIT class was associated with a lower likelihood of gross total resection (GTR). GTR was more likely to be achieved when an exclusively endoscopic approach was utilized (p < 0.05). Tumors resected using a combined approach tended to be larger, to present with diplopia, and to have an immediate postoperative cranial nerve palsy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic treatment of PBOTs is an effective approach, with favorable short-term and long-term postoperative outcomes as well as low rate of adverse events. The ORBIT classification system is an anatomic-based framework that effectively facilitates high-quality outcomes reporting for all PBOTs.

Association of Head and Neck Anatomic Zones with Microvascular Reconstruction Outcomes.

Background: Head and neck free flap survival relies on adequate tissue perfusion from the external carotid artery (ECA), and vessel length is inversely proportional to blood flow rate. Objective: Investigate whether distance from the ECA (as a proxy for pedicle vessel length) predicts flap survival or complications. Methods: Retrospective review of free flaps performed at three academic centers from 9/2006 to 8/2021. Flaps were categorized by distance from the ECA: orbit and above (zone 1), maxilla to parotid (zone 2), and mandible and below (zone 3). Secondary analysis assessed flap outcomes stratified by average historical pedicle length. Results: A total of 2,369 flaps were identified in zones 1 (n = 109), 2 (n = 1878), and 3 (n = 382). Rates of flap failure (4.9%) and perioperative complications (36.3%) did not differ by zone or pedicle length. Zone 3 flaps, most commonly located in the larynx and hypopharynx, had significantly higher rates of fistula and infection. Conversely, 30-day readmission rates were significantly lower in patients with zone 2 flaps (p < 0.001). Rates of all other complications did not differ significantly between zones. Conclusions: Proximity to mucosal anatomic sites was a more powerful predictor of free flap viability than pedicle length or ECA proximity.

Post-operative Monitoring for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction in the Era of Resident Duty Hour Restrictions: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing 2 Monitoring Protocols.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether 2 different methods of post-operative head and neck free flap monitoring affect flap failure and complication rates. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 803 free flaps performed for head and neck reconstruction by the same microvascular surgeon between July 2013 and July 2020 at 2 separate hospitals within the same healthcare system. Four-hundred ten free flaps (51%) were performed at Hospital A, a medical center where flap checks were performed at frequent, scheduled intervals by in-house resident physicians and nurses; 393 free flaps (49%) were performed at Hospital B, a medical center where flap checks were performed regularly by nursing staff with resident physician evaluation as needed. Total free flap failure, partial free flap failure, and complications (consisting of wound infection, fistula, and reoperation within 1 month) were assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between Hospitals A and B when comparing rates of total free flap failure, partial free flap failure, complication, or re-operation (P = .27, P = .66, P = .65, P = .29, respectively). There were no significant differences in urgent re-operation rates for flap compromise secondary to thrombosis and hematoma (P = .54). CONCLUSIONS: In our series, free flap outcomes did not vary based on the degree of flap monitoring by resident physicians. This data supports the ability of a high-volume, well-trained, nursing-led flap monitoring program to detect flap compromise in an efficient fashion while limiting resident physician obligations in the age of resident duty hour restrictions.

Institutional analysis of intra- and post-operative tracheostomy management for risk reduction.

Objectives: Determine variability in intra- and post-operative management of tracheostomies (trachs) at our institution as existing literature suggests that trachs are a frequent trigger for airway-related emergencies. Catalyze the development of an institution-wide protocols for trach care. Methods: A 39-question online survey was sent to 55 providers who perform open and percutaneous trachs at three of the hospitals within our large, urban, academic medical center. These providers were identified by surveillance of the operating room schedules for 1 year. Results: The survey was completed by 40 of the 53 eligible providers (75.5%). Response rate by question varied. Respondents included members of all departments that perform trachs at our institution (Otorhinolaryngology, Trauma Surgery, Thoracic Surgery, General Surgery, Cardiovascular Surgery and Interventional Pulmonology).While most responses demonstrated uniformity in practice, notable variations included the following: 80% of percutaneous trach providers stated that morbid obesity was not a contraindication to performing a trach outside of the operating room (n = 20) while 58% of open trach providers stated that morbid obesity was a contraindication; only 35% of open trach providers perform a Bjork flap (n = 350). The survey also identified significant variability in practice with regards to timing of trach suture removal. Discussion: Lack of uniformity was identified in several practices related to intra- and post-operative tracheostomy care. Results did, however, trend toward consensus in many areas. The results are being used to establish a more consistent approach to tracheostomy management across our institution to ensure standardization of practice amidst the rapidly evolving practices of trach placement. Implications for practice: With ongoing evolution in the methods of trach placement and its management, the concepts put forth here will be a resource for health care providers at other institutions to consider intra-institutional analysis and establishment of practice standardization.

Financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an academic otolaryngology department.

Objective: To quantify the financial impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on an academic otolaryngology department. Methods: A year-over-year comparison was used to compare department revenue from April 2020 and April 2021 as a percentage of baseline April 2019 activity. Results: At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020, total department charges decreased by 83.4%, of which outpatient clinic charges were affected to the greatest extent. One year into pandemic recovery, department charges remained down 6.7% from baseline, and outpatient clinic charges remained down 9.9%. The reduction in outpatient clinic charges was mostly driven by a decrease in in-office procedure charges. Conclusion: Given that precautions to mitigate the risk of viral transmission in the health care setting are likely to be long-lived, it is important to consider the vulnerabilities of our specialty to mitigate financial losses going forward.

A benchmark for oncologic outcomes and model for lethal recurrence risk after transoral robotic resection of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers.

OBJECTIVES: Increasing use of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is likely to impact outcomes for HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs). We aimed to describe oncologic outcomes for a large HPV+ OPSCC cohort after TORS and develop a risk prediction model for recurrence under this treatment paradigm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 634 HPV+ OPSCC patients receiving TORS-based therapy at a single institution were reviewed retrospectively to describe survival across the entire cohort and for patients suffering recurrence. Risks for distant metastatic recurrence (DMR) and locoregional recurrence (LRR) were modeled using multivariate logistic regression analyses of case-control sub-cohorts. RESULTS: 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival were 91.2% and 86.1%, respectively. 5-year overall survival was 52.5% following DMR and 83.3% after isolated LRR (P = .01). In case-control analyses, positive surgical margins were associated with DMR (adjusted OR 5.8, CI 2.1-16.0, P = .001), but not isolated LRR, and increased DMR risk 4.2 fold in patients with early clinical stage disease. By contrast, LRR was associated with not receiving recommended adjuvant therapy (OR 13.4, CI 6.3-28.5, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study sets a benchmark for oncologic outcomes from HPV+ OPSCC after TORS-based therapy. Under this treatment paradigm, margins are relevant for assessing lethal recurrence risk during clinical trial design and post-treatment surveillance.

Metastatic Meningioma of the Neck: A Case Report and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Although meningiomas are the most common central nervous system neoplasms, extracranial metastases are exceedingly rare. There are even fewer reports of metastatic meningiomas to the neck. METHODS: We described a patient with multiply recurrent orbital meningioma with metastasis to the neck found incidentally during neck exploration for composite resection and free tissue reconstruction. We performed a systematic review for all records pertaining to metastatic meningiomas to the cervical regions. RESULTS: We found 9 previous reports of cervical metastatic meningiomas. Almost all cases underwent extensive local resection. There was no evidence of an association between the histological grade of the tumor and risk of metastasis to the neck. Cervical lymph node dissemination is more common in patients presenting after previous primary tumor resection. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of a neck mass, our findings suggest that metastatic meningioma should be included in the differential diagnosis, especially in patients with previous resections.

Anterolateral thigh osteomyocutaneous flap in head and neck: Lessons learned.

BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding iatrogenic femur fracture may deter adoption of the anterolateral thigh osteomyocutaneous (ALTO) flap as an alternative reconstructive technique for large composite defects of the head and neck. We describe the evolution of our experience with this flap and the lessons learned in femur management. METHODS: Records from a prospective database (July 2009-January 2020) were reviewed to identify patients with composite osseous free tissue reconstructions. Venous thromboembolic events (VTE), femur fracture, estimated blood loss (EBL), procedure time, blood transfusions, and length of stay (days) were compared for ALTO flaps prior to and after the adoption of intramedullary fixation protocol. RESULTS: ALTO represented 10.5% (n = 23) of total osseus (n = 219) flaps. For large composite reconstructions with either ALTO flap, double flap (n = 2), or subscapular mega flaps (n = 14), ALTO flaps were most frequently used (59%, n = 23/59). There were no differences in operative time prior to and after implementation of prophylactic fixation [median (range): 5.4 (1.7-19.2) vs. 5.8 (1.7-15.0), p = .574]. Additionally, there were no differences in VTE, femur fracture, EBL, blood transfusion, or length of stay (p > .05) with adoption of prophylactic intramedullary fixation. CONCLUSIONS: The ALTO flap represents a useful tool to consider in the armamentarium of reconstructive options for large through and through defects of the head and neck. In our experience, the ALTO flap is a reasonable alternative to subscapular or double flap reconstructions and especially in the setting of unusable fibular flaps or when bone need exceeds that available from the scapula.

Sex-based differences in outcomes among surgically treated patients with HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Sex differences in surgically treated HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma are not defined due to the low number of affected women. We explored the oncologic outcomes of men and women with p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carinoma treated with primary surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer treated with surgery and pathology guided adjuvant therapy from 2007 to 2017. Primary end point was recurrence-free and overall survival. RESULTS: Of 468 men (86.7%) and 72 women (13.3%), women presented more often with clinical N0 nodal disease (25% vs 12.2%). There were no differences in adverse pathologic features or T stage, although women were more likely to present with N0 disease (16.7% vs 10%), less N2 disease (6.9% vs 17.7%, p = 0.03), and more stage I disease (88.9% vs 75%). As a result, women were more likely to undergo surgery alone (30.6% vs 14.1%) while men were more likely to require adjuvant radiation therapy (47.2% vs 36.1%). Four women (5.6%) and 30 men (6.4%, p = 0.8) died during follow-up. Multivariate analysis controlling for age, sex, treatment, and pathologic stage demonstrated no differences in overall survival between men and women. There were no differences in recurrence-free or overall survival between men and women at two and five years. CONCLUSIONS: Although women undergoing transoral robotic surgery for HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma may have less advanced disease, upfront surgery with pathology-guided adjuvant therapy produces similar oncologic results in men and women while accounting for disease burden.

Sialendoscopy for sialodocholithiasis following submandibular gland excision: six variations on a theme.

Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive technique that facilitates the diagnosis and treatment of sialolithiasis. This case series presents the novel use of sialendoscopy to treat sialodocholithiasis in six patients with a non-functional or surgically absent submandibular gland by a single surgeon at the University of Pennsylvania Health System between March 2013 and December 2019. The four female and two male patients had a median age of 56 years and mean follow-up of 16.2 months (range 1-44.5). All stones were successfully removed using sialendoscopy, and in 5 patients a combined approach was utilized. All patients remain asymptomatic at last clinical follow-up. We conclude that sialendoscopy is a viable, minimally invasive method for managing sialodocholithiasis in patients with prior submandibular gland excision or atretic gland. It is also useful as an assistive tool when approaching complex transcervical or transoral procedures in previously instrumented patients.

Definitive tumor directed therapy confers a survival advantage for metachronous oligometastatic HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer following trans-oral robotic surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prognostic significance of oligometastatic versus polymetastatic disease in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), and to evaluate the impact of definitive tumor directed therapy on the survival outcomes for patients with oligometastatic disease when compared to systemic therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study of patients with HPV-associated OPSCC who developed distant metachronous metastatic disease after undergoing initial primary surgical management from 2008 to 2017. We classified patients based on the extent of metastatic disease [Oligometastatic (≤5 metastases) and polymetastatic (>5 metastases)], and the initial treatment of metastatic disease [definitive tumor directed therapy (all metastases treated with surgery or radiotherapy) versus upfront systemic therapy]. RESULTS: Among 676 patients undergoing primary surgical management for HPV-associated OPSCC, 39 patients (5.8%) developed metastases after a median follow-up of 29.6 months (range 4.5-127.0). Of the 34 metastatic patients who met study criteria, 26 (76.5%) were oligometastatic and 8 (23.5%) were polymetastatic. Oligometastatic patients had improved median overall survival (OS) compared to polymetastatic patients (47.9 vs. 22.7 months, p = 0.036). For oligometastatic patients, definitive tumor directed therapy was associated with an improved median progression free survival (not reached vs 6.13 months, p = 0.001) and median OS (not reached vs 40.7 months, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: In a cohort of patients surgically treated for HPV-associated OPSCC, metachronous metastatic disease was uncommon and, in most cases, considered oligometastatic. Oligometastasis portends a favorable prognosis and definitive tumor directed therapy may be associated with improved overall survival in these patients. Future multi-institutional efforts are warranted to further demonstrate the impact of definitive tumor directed therapy on disease outcomes.

Oncologic outcomes of transoral robotic surgery for HPV-negative oropharyngeal carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Patients with human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) continue to experience disappointing outcomes following chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and appreciable morbidity following historical surgical approaches. We aimed to investigate the oncologic outcomes and perioperative morbidity of a transoral robotic surgery (TORS) approach to surgically resectable HPV-negative OPSCC. METHODS: Retrospective analysis HPV-negative OPSCC patients who underwent TORS, neck dissection and pathology-guided adjuvant therapy (2005-2017). RESULTS: Fifty-six patients (91.1% stage III/IV) were included. Three-year overall survival, locoregional control, and disease-free survival were 85.5%, 84.4%, and 73.6%, respectively (median follow-up 30.6 months, interquartile range 18.4-66.6). Eighteen (32.1%) patients underwent adjuvant radiotherapy and 20 (39.3%) underwent adjuvant CRT. Perioperative mortality occurred in one (1.8%) patient and hemorrhage occurred in two (3.6%) patients. Long-term gastrostomy and tracheostomy rates were 5.4% and 0.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The TORS approach for resectable HPV-negative OPSCC can achieve encouraging oncologic outcomes with infrequent morbidity.

Survival and toxicity in patients with human papilloma virus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer receiving trimodality therapy including transoral robotic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Patients with oropharyngeal cancer who undergo transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and have high-risk features generally receive adjuvant chemoradiotherapy or trimodality therapy (TMT). The notion that TMT leads to high toxicity is largely based on studies that included human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative cancers and/or nonrobotic surgery; we sought to describe outcomes in HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (HPV + OPSCC) undergoing TORS-TMT. METHODS: In consecutive patients with HPV + OPSCC receiving TMT at an academic center from 2010 to 2017, survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology, and toxicities were ascertained via chart review. RESULTS: In our cohort of 178 patients, 5-year survival was 93.6%. Feeding tube rates were 25.8% at therapy completion and 0.7% at 1 year. Rates of grade ≥ 3 kidney injury, anemia, and neutropenia in cisplatin-treated patients were 2.7%, 3.4%, and 11.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HPV + OPSCC who underwent TORS-TMT had excellent survival and low rates of toxicity and feeding tube dependence. These outcomes compare favorably to historical cohorts treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy.

Oncologic and survival outcomes for resectable locally-advanced HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer treated with transoral robotic surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether up-front trans-oral robotic surgery (TORS) for clinically-staged locally-advanced human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancer is associated with oncologic and survival outcomes comparable to early-stage (cT1/T2) tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 628 patients with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer who underwent up-front TORS from 2007 to 2017. Patients were stratified into two cohorts based on early-stage (cT1/2) versus locally-advanced (cT3/4) tumor at presentation. RESULTS: We identified 589 patients who presented with early-stage tumors, and 39 patients with locally-advanced tumors. Of these, 73% of patients required adjuvant radiation, and 33% required adjuvant chemoradiation. There was no significant difference in the administration of adjuvant radiation or chemoradiation between the two cohorts. Patients in the locally-advanced disease cohort were significantly more likely to have Stage II/III disease by clinical and pathologic criteria by American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition criteria (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in 5-year overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS) based on Kaplan-Meier survival estimates between the two cohorts (p = 0.75, 0.6, respectively), with estimated OS of 91% at 5 years, and estimated RFS of 86% at 5 years across the study population. CONCLUSIONS: Up-front TORS offers favorable survival outcomes for appropriately selected locally-advanced cases of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer. Furthermore, up-front TORS is comparably effective in allowing avoidance of adjuvant therapy, particularly chemotherapy, in both cT1/T2 and locally-advanced HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer. In the absence of clear technical contraindication to surgery, cT3/T4 classification should not be considered an absolute contraindication to surgery.

Value of Intensive Care Unit-Based Postoperative Management for Microvascular Free Flap Reconstruction in Head and Neck Surgery.

Importance: Although routine postoperative care for microvascular free flap reconstruction typically involves admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), few studies have investigated the effect of postoperative care setting on clinical outcomes and institution cost. Objectives: To determine the value of non-ICU-based postoperative management for free tissue transfer for head and neck surgery, in terms of clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a retrospective cohort study of two groups of adults who underwent vascularized free tissue transfer from October 2013 to October 2017 at an academic tertiary care center and community-based hospital, respectively. Postoperative management differed such that the first group recovered in a protocol-driven non-ICU setting and the second group was cared for in a planned admission to the ICU. A single surgeon performed all tissue harvest and reconstruction at both centers. Main Outcomes and Measures: Descriptive statistics and cost analyses were performed to compare clinical outcomes and total surgical and downstream direct cost to the institution between the two patient groups. Categorical variables were compared using χ2 test where appropriate. Results: Among a total of 338 patients who underwent microvascular free flap reconstruction for head and neck surgical defects, there was no significant difference in patient characteristics such as demographics, comorbidities, history of surgical resection, prior free flap, and locoradiation between the postoperative ICU cohort (n = 146) and protocol-driven non-ICU cohort (n = 192). There were 16 patients in the non-ICU group who spent >3 days in the ICU postoperatively secondary to patient comorbidities and patient care priorities. Still, the average ICU length of stay was 7 days (interquartile range [IQR] 6-9 days) for the planned ICU cohort versus 1 day (IQR 0-1) for the non-ICU group (p < 0.00001). There was no difference in operative variables such as donor site, case length, or total length of stay, and postoperative management in the ICU versus non-ICU setting resulted in no significant difference in terms of flap survival, reoperation, readmission, and postoperative complications. However, average cost of care was significantly higher for patients who received ICU-based care versus non-ICU postoperative care. Specifically, room and board were 239% more costly for the planned ICU care group than the non-ICU setting (p < 0.00001). Conclusions and Relevance: This study demonstrates that postoperative management after vascularized free tissue transfer in a non-ICU setting is equivalent to standard ICU-based management, in terms of clinical outcomes, while being less costly.