Identification and physical localization of useful genes and markers to a major gene-rich region on wheat group 1S chromosomes.

The short arm of Triticeae homeologous group 1 chromosomes is known to contain many agronomically important genes. The objectives of this study were to physically localize gene-containing regions of the group 1 short arm, enrich these regions with markers, and study the distribution of genes and recombination. We focused on the major gene-rich region ("1S0.8 region") and identified 75 useful genes along with 93 RFLP markers by comparing 35 different maps of Poaceae species. The RFLP markers were tested by gel blot DNA analysis of wheat group 1 nullisomic-tetrasomic lines, ditelosomic lines, and four single-break deletion lines for chromosome arm 1BS. Seventy-three of the 93 markers mapped to group 1 and detected 91 loci on chromosome 1B. Fifty-one of these markers mapped to two major gene-rich regions physically encompassing 14% of the short arm. Forty-one marker loci mapped to the 1S0.8 region and 10 to 1S0.5 region. Two cDNA markers mapped in the centromeric region and the remaining 24 loci were on the long arm. About 82% of short arm recombination was observed in the 1S0.8 region and 17% in the 1S0.5 region. Less than 1% recombination was observed for the remaining 85% of the physical arm length.

A biomechanical study of normal functional wrist motion.

Nineteen normal adults were studied by a uniaxial electrogoniometer to determine the range of wrist motion required to accomplish 15 activities of daily living. Activities for personal care requiring placing the hand at various locations on the body were accomplished by motion of 10 degrees of flexion to 15 degrees of extension. Other necessary activities, such as eating, drinking, using a telephone, and reading, were accomplished by motion of 5 degrees of flexion to 35 degrees of extension. Thus, the optimum functional motion for the wrist to accomplish most activities is from 10 degrees of flexion to 35 degrees of extension. This data helps to provide an objective basis for evaluation of wrist disability, position of arthrodesis, functional motion provided by arthroplasties, and aid in the development of wrist prostheses.