The prognostic value of including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the definition of metabolic syndrome.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) affects over one third of the US adult population. Despite its close association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the traditional definition of MetS does not account for the presence of NAFLD. The present study thus aims to evaluate the inclusion of NAFLD in the diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome on its accuracy of capturing individuals with metabolic dysregulation and its prediction of adverse events. METHODS: Data collected from NHANES between 1999 and 2018 was analysed. Clinical characteristics and outcomes between individuals with metabolic syndrome from both the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (MetS) and the study's proposed diagnostic criteria (MetS2) were evaluated. Outcomes in both groups were evaluated with multivariate analyses, and further subgroup analysis on individuals matched with Coarsened Exact Matching was performed. RESULTS: Of 46,184 individuals included, 32.54% and 40.54% fulfilled MetS and MetS2 criteria respectively. Considering NAFLD in the definition of metabolic syndrome, a further 8.00% (n = 3694) were included. MetS was significantly associated with all-cause (HR: 1.184, 95% CI: 1.110-1.263, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (SHR: 1.288, 95% CI: 1.233-1.347, p < 0.001), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). MetS2 was similarly associated with all-cause (HR: 1.175, 95% CI: 1.088-1.269, p < 0.001), CVD mortality (SHR: 1.283, 95% CI: 1.245-1.323, p < 0.001) and MACE. CONCLUSION: Inclusion of NAFLD allows for identification a greater proportion of the population with metabolic risk. This allows for early intervention and potential to lift some burden off the global healthcare system.

The impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors on blood pressure: a meta-analysis and metaregression of 111 randomized-controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: Multiple trials on sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors have been performed recently demonstrating blood pressure (BP) reduction benefits in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of different SGLT inhibitors on BP in both patients with and without diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and SCOPUS) were searched on 4 November 2021 for articles published from 1 January 2000 up to 21 November 2021, for studies evaluating the BP effects of SGLT inhibitors. Pair-wise meta-analysis and random effects metaregression models were utilized. RESULTS: In total, 111 studies examining SBP (108 studies, 104 304 patients) and/or DBP (82 studies, 74 719 patients) were included. In patients with diabetes, the random effects model demonstrated SGLT inhibitor produced a mean reduction in SBPs of -3.46 mmHg (95% confidence interval: -3.83, -3.09) compared with placebo. There were no statistically significant changes in BP among patients without diabetes. Drug response relationship was not observed in SGLT inhibitors and BP, except for Canagliflozin and DBP. CONCLUSION: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and combined sodium-glucose cotransporter 1/2 inhibitors produced small reductions in BP in patients with diabetes.

Hybrid PET/CT and PET/MRI imaging of vulnerable coronary plaque and myocardial scar tissue in acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Following an acute coronary syndrome, combined CT and PET with 18F-NaF can identify coronary atherosclerotic plaques that have ruptured or eroded. However, the processes behind 18F-NaF uptake in vulnerable plaques remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten patients with STEMI were scanned after 18F-NaF injection, for 75 minutes in a Siemens PET/MR scanner using delayed enhancement (LGE). They were then scanned in a Siemens PET/CT scanner for 10 minutes. Tissue-to-background ratio (TBR) was compared between the culprit lesion in the IRA and remote non-culprit lesions in an effort to independently validate prior studies. Additionally, we performed a proof-of-principle study comparing TBR in scar tissue and remote myocardium using LGE images and PET/MR or PET/CT data. From the 33 coronary lesions detected on PET/CT, TBRs for culprit lesions were higher than for non-culprit lesions (TBR = 2.11 ± 0.45 vs 1.46 ± 0.48; P < 0.001). Interestingly, the TBR measured on the PET/CT was higher for infarcted myocardium than for remote myocardium (TBR = 0.81 ± 0.10 vs 0.71 ± 0.05; P = 0.003). These results were confirmed using the PET/MR data (TBR = 0.81 ± 0.10 for scar, TBR = 0.71 ± 0.06 for healthy myocardium, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the potential of 18F-NaF PET/CT imaging to detect vulnerable coronary lesions. Moreover, we demonstrated proof-of-principle that 18F-NaF concurrently detects myocardial scar tissue.

Long-term Outcomes of Medical Therapy Versus Coronary Revascularisation in Patients with Intermediate Stenoses Guided by Pressure Wire.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to examine the long-term clinical outcomes of coronary fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a real-world population in an Asian tertiary centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent FFR measurement for intermediate coronary lesions in our centre from June 2002 to December 2009 were enrolled. A threshold of FFR ≤0.75 was used for revascularisation. All the patients were prospectively followed-up for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) of death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularisation (TVR) and stent thrombosis. RESULTS: Based on FFR measurement, 368 (57%) patients were treated medically while 278 (43%) underwent revascularisation. At a mean follow-up duration of 29.7 ± 16 months, 53 (14.4%) patients in the medical therapy group and 32 (11.5%) patients in the revascularised group experienced MACE (P = 0.282). There were no statistical differences in all the clinical endpoints between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Medical therapy based on FFR measurement is associated with low incidences of MACE at long-term follow-up.