Practice Algorithm of Rotational Thromboelastometry-Guided (ROTEM-Guided) Bleeding Management in Liver Transplantation.

Liver transplantation (LT) is frequently complicated by coagulopathy associated with end-stage liver disease, which is often multifactorial and associated with hemostatic disturbances affecting both the procoagulant and anticoagulant systems. This rebalanced coagulation system may lead to bleeding diathesis or increased clot formation. Conventional coagulation tests cannot reflect these complex changes because they can only illustrate deficiencies in the procoagulant system. Viscoelastic tests such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) have been used in LT and have shown useful for detecting coagulopathy and guiding transfusions. Implementation of ROTEM-guided bleeding management algorithms has proven effectiveness in reducing bleeding, transfusion needs, complication rates, and healthcare costs in LT. This document is intended to provide a practice algorithm for the management of major bleeding and coagulopathy during LT and to encourage adaptation of the guidelines to individual institutional circumstances and resources.

Lidocaine induces epithelial­mesenchymal transition and aggravates cancer behaviors in non­small cell lung cancer A549 cells.

The effects of clinically relevant concentrations of lidocaine on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and associated lung cancer behaviors have rarely been investigated. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of lidocaine on EMT and its related phenomena, including chemoresistance. Lung cancer cell lines (A549 and LLC.LG) were incubated with various concentrations of lidocaine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or both to test their effects on cell viability. Subsequently, the effects of lidocaine on various cell behaviors were assessed in vitro and in vivo using Transwell migration, colony-formation and anoikis-resistant cell aggregation assays, and human tumor cell metastasis in a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model quantitated by PCR analysis. Prototypical EMT markers and their molecular switch were analyzed using western blotting. In addition, a conditioned metastasis pathway was generated through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Based on these measured proteins (slug, vimentin and E-cadherin), the molecules involved and the alteration of genes associated with metastasis were predicted. Of note, clinically relevant concentrations of lidocaine did not affect lung cancer cell viability or alter the effects of 5-FU on cell survival; however, at this dose range, lidocaine attenuated the 5-FU-induced inhibitory effect on cell migration and promoted EMT. The expression levels of vimentin and Slug were upregulated, whereas the expression of E-cadherin was downregulated. EMT-associated anoikis resistance was also induced by lidocaine administration. In addition, portions of the lower CAM with a dense distribution of blood vessels exhibited markedly increased Alu expression 24 h following the inoculation of lidocaine-treated A549 cells on the upper CAM. Thus, at clinically relevant concentrations, lidocaine has the potential to aggravate cancer behaviors in non-small cell lung cancer cells. The phenomena accompanying lidocaine-aggravated migration and metastasis included altered prototypical EMT markers, anoikis-resistant cell aggregation and attenuation of the 5-FU-induced inhibitory effect on cell migration.

Onset Time of Lumbar Erector Spinae Plane Block Compared with Its Thoracic Counterpart: Case Reports.

The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5) is a novel technique, first published in 2016, which was found to be effective in both acute and chronic pain control. The mechanism of action and spread of local anesthetic of the ESPB at the lumbar region are thought to differ from those of the thoracic ESPB; however, the difference in onset time has never been evaluated. As for the onset of lumbar ESPBs, we presented three cases: two received lumbar ESPBs (one with chronic low back pain and one with acute postoperative hip pain), and the third one with chronic back pain received a thoracic ESPB. We administered 30 mL of 0.3% ropivacaine in all three patients, but the analgesic effect did not reach its maximum until 3 and 1.5 h, respectively, in the lumbar ESPB cases. On the contrary, the thoracic ESPB case experienced noticeable pain relief within 30 min. The onset time was considerably longer than that reported in earlier reports on ESPBs, and the lumbar ESPB achieved its peak effect much later than the thoracic ESPB using the same formula of local anesthetic. While the delayed-onset lumbar ESPB may have some drawbacks for treating acute postoperative pain, it still could produce significant analgesia, once it took effect, when given to patients suffering from hip surgery with large incisions and intractable low back pain. The current data suggested that the onset time of a lumbar ESPB may be delayed compared with its thoracic counterpart. Therefore, the local anesthetic formula and injection timing should be adjusted for a lumbar ESPB when applied in the perioperative period to make the onset of the analgesic effect coincide with the immediate postoperative pain. Without this concept in mind, clinicians may consider a lumbar ESPB to be ineffective before it takes effect, and consequently treat the patients inadequately with this technique. Future randomized controlled trials should be designed according to our observations to compare lumbar ESPB with its thoracic counterpart regarding onset time.

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha: Implications of Anesthesia on Cancers.

Cancer remains a major public health issue and a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advancements in chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, surgery is the mainstay of cancer treatment for solid tumors. However, tumor cells are known to disseminate into the vascular and lymphatic systems during surgical manipulation. Additionally, surgery-induced stress responses can produce an immunosuppressive environment that is favorable for cancer relapse. Up to 90% of cancer-related deaths are the result of metastatic disease after surgical resection. Emerging evidence shows that the interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) not only play decisive roles in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis but also have profound effects on therapeutic efficacy. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a pleiotropic cytokine contributing to both physiological and pathological processes, is one of the main mediators of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis in the TME. Because TNF-α signaling may modulate the course of cancer, it can be therapeutically targeted to ameliorate clinical outcomes. As the incidence of cancer continues to grow, approximately 80% of cancer patients require anesthesia during cancer care for diagnostic, therapeutic, or palliative procedures, and over 60% of cancer patients receive anesthesia for primary surgical resection. Numerous studies have demonstrated that perioperative management, including surgical manipulation, anesthetics/analgesics, and other supportive care, may alter the TME and cancer progression by affecting inflammatory or immune responses during cancer surgery, but the literature about the impact of anesthesia on the TNF-α production and cancer progression is limited. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge of the implications of anesthesia on cancers from the insights of TNF-α release and provides future anesthetic strategies for improving oncological survival.

Motor-Sparing Effect of Adductor Canal Block for Knee Analgesia: An Updated Review and a Subgroup Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Based on a Corrected Classification System.

OBJECTIVE: Discrepancies in the definition of adductor canal block (ACB) lead to inconsistent results. To investigate the actual analgesic and motor-sparing effects of ACB by anatomically defining femoral triangle block (FTB), proximal ACB (p-ACB), and distal ACB (d-ACB), we re-classified the previously claimed ACB approaches according to the ultrasound findings or descriptions in the corresponding published articles. A meta-analysis with subsequent subgroup analyses based on these corrected results was performed to examine the true impact of ACB on its analgesic effect and motor function (quadriceps muscle strength or mobilization ability). An optimal ACB technique was also suggested based on an updated review of evidence and ultrasound anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We systematically searched studies describing the use of ACB for knee surgery. Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched with the exclusion of non-English articles from inception to 28 February 2022. The motor-sparing and analgesic aspects in true ACB were evaluated using meta-analyses with subsequent subgroup analyses according to the corrected classification system. RESULTS: The meta-analysis includes 19 randomized controlled trials. Compared with the femoral nerve block group, the quadriceps muscle strength (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.33, 95%-CI [0.01; 0.65]) and mobilization ability (SMD = -22.44, 95%-CI [-35.37; -9.51]) are more preserved in the mixed ACB group at 24 h after knee surgery. Compared with the true ACB group, the FTB group (SMD = 5.59, 95%-CI [3.44; 8.46]) has a significantly decreased mobilization ability at 24 h after knee surgery. CONCLUSION: By using the corrected classification system, we proved the motor-sparing effect of true ACB compared to FTB. According to the updated ultrasound anatomy, we suggested proximal ACB to be the analgesic technique of choice for knee surgery. Although a single-shot ACB is limited in duration, it remains the candidate of the analgesic standard for knee surgery on postoperative day 1 or 2 because it induces analgesia with less motor involvement in the era of multimodal analgesia. Furthermore, data from the corrected classification system may provide the basis for future research.

Prospective Observational Study after Eversion Carotid Endarterectomy with Ultrasound-Guided Deep-Intermediate Cervical Plexus Blockade.

(1) Introduction: The aim was to describe the anesthetic and surgical technique of eversion carotid endarterectomy performed under intermediate-deep cervical block with sedation, and to analyze the intraoperative and postoperative results. (2) Material and Methods: Thirty cases of unilateral eversion carotid endarterectomy (n = 30), performed between 2019-2020 in a tertiary center under intermediate-deep ultrasound-guided cervical plexus block and sedation, were prospectively observed and analyzed. Hemodynamic (blood pressure, heart rate) and neurological (cerebral oximetry) variables were measured in four intraoperative phases: at the beginning of the operation, prior to carotid clamping, after unclamping and at the end of the operation. We assessed acute postoperative pain in a numerical rating scale at 6, 12 and 24 h, early and 30-day complications, and length of stay. (3) Results: Baseline mean arterial pressure values were 100.4 ± 18 mmHg, pre-clamping 95.8 ± 14 mmHg, post-clamping 94.9 ± 11 mmHg, and at the end of the operation 102.4 ± 16 mmHg. Cerebral oximetry values were 61.7 ± 7/62.7 ± 8, 68.5 ± 9.6/69.1 ± 11.7 and 68.1 ± 10/68.1 ± 10 for the left and right hemispheres at baseline, pre- and post-clamping, respectively. The pain assessment showed a score less than or equal to 3. The incidence of residual nerve block, early complications, and major complications in the first 30 days was 40%, 16.7% and 3.3%, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The combination of intermediate-deep cervical plexus block and low-dose sedation is an effective and safe alternative in awake eversion carotid endarterectomy.

Correction: Yeoh et al. Pericapsular Nerve Group Block and Iliopsoas Plane Block: A Scoping Review of Quadriceps Weakness after Two Proclaimed Motor-Sparing Hip Blocks. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1565.

In the original publication [...].

Comparison of 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with midazolam during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy under procedural analgesia and sedation: A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Until now, target-controlled infusion of remifentanil with midazolam for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy has not been described. Here, we investigate 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with intermittent bolus midazolam for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy under procedural analgesia and sedation. METHODS: A prospective, randomized controlled trial including patients who received a transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy between February 2019 and January 2021 was conducted. Group 1 and Group 2 were respectively administered an initial effect-site concentration of remifentanil of 1.0 ng/mL and 2.0 ng/mL by a target-controlled infusion pump with Minto model. In both groups, maintenance of the effect-site concentration of remifentanil was adjusted upward and downward by 0.5 ng/mL to keep patient comfort with acceptable pain (remaining moveless), and mean arterial pressure and heart rate within baseline levels ±â€…30%, and using intermittent bolus midazolam to keep the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale between 2 and 4. The primary outcome was to determine which effect-site concentration of remifentanil provide adequate patient comfort with acceptable pain (remaining moveless) during the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients in Group 1 and 40 patients in Group 2 were eligible for analysis. Most parameters were insignificantly different between Group 1 and Group 2, except Group 1 having higher peripheral oxygen saturation while probe insertion compared with Group 2. Group 2 patients had less intraoperative movements affecting the procedure (2 vs 18; P < .001), and less total times of target-controlled infusion pump adjustment (0 [0-1] vs 1 [0-3], P < .001) compared with group 1. However, group 1 patients had less apnea with desaturation (peripheral oxygen saturation < 90%; 0 vs 9, P = .002) and less remifentanil consumption (94.9 ±â€…25.5 µg vs 106.2 ±â€…21.2 µg, P = .034) compared to Group 2. CONCLUSION: In transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, target-controlled infusion with remifentanil Minto model target 2.0 ng/mL with 3 to 4 mg midazolam use provided sufficient analgesia and sedation, and appropriate hemodynamic and respiratory conditions.

Pericapsular Nerve Group Block and Iliopsoas Plane Block: A Scoping Review of Quadriceps Weakness after Two Proclaimed Motor-Sparing Hip Blocks.

Iliopsoas plane (IP) is a fascial plane deep to the iliopsoas complex that can serve as a potential space for the injection of local anesthetics to selectively block the articular branches of femoral nerve and accessory obturator nerve to the anterior hip capsule. Two highly similar ultrasound-guided interfascial plane blocks that target the IP, pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block and iliopsoas plane block (IPB), were both designed to achieve motor-sparing sensory block to the anterior hip capsule. However, the most recent evidence shows that PENG block can cause 25% or more of quadriceps weakness, while IPB remains the hip block that can preserve quadriceps strength. In this scoping review of quadriceps weakness after PENG block and IPB, we first performed a focused review on the complicated anatomy surrounding the anterior hip capsule. Then, we systematically searched for all currently available cadaveric and clinical studies utilizing PENG block and IPB, with a focus on quadriceps weakness and its potential mechanism from the perspectives of fascial plane spread along and outside of the IP. We conclude that quadriceps weakness after PENG block, which places its needle tip directly deep to iliopsoas tendon (IT), may be the result of iliopectineal bursal injection. The incidental bursal injection, which can be observed on ultrasound as a medial fascial plane spread, can cause bursal rupture/puncture and an anteromedial extra-IP spread to involve the femoral nerve proper within fascia iliaca compartment (FIC). In comparison, IPB places its needle tip lateral to IT and injects just one-fourth of the volume of PENG block. The current evidence, albeit still limited, supports IPB as the true motor-sparing hip block. To avoid quadriceps weakness after PENG block, a more laterally placed needle tip, away from the undersurface of IT, and a reduction in injection volume should be considered. Future studies should focus on comparing the analgesic effects and quadriceps function impairment between PENG block and IPB.

Pancreatic Cancer and Microenvironments: Implications of Anesthesia.

Pancreatic malignancy is a lethal neoplasm, as well as one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality, having a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 10%. The average life expectancy of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer does not exceed six months. Although surgical excision is a favorable modality for long-term survival of pancreatic neoplasm, metastasis is initially identified in nearly 80% of the patients by the time of diagnosis, making the development of therapeutic policy for pancreatic cancer extremely daunting. Emerging evidence shows that pancreatic neoplastic cells interact intimately with a complicated microenvironment that can foster drug resistance, metastasis, or relapse in pancreatic cancer. As a result, the necessity of gaining further insight should be focused on the pancreatic microenvironment contributing to cancer progression. Numerous evidence reveals that perioperative factors, including surgical manipulation and anesthetics (e.g., propofol, volatile anesthetics, local anesthetics, epidural anesthesia/analgesia, midazolam), analgesics (e.g., opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tramadol), and anesthetic adjuvants (such as ketamine and dexmedetomidine), might alter the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression by affecting perioperative inflammatory or immune responses during cancer surgery. Therefore, the anesthesiologist plays an important role in perioperative management and may affect surgical outcomes. However, the literature on the impact of anesthesia on the pancreatic cancer microenvironment and progression is limited. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the implications of anesthesia in the pancreatic microenvironment and provides future anesthetic strategies for improving pancreatic cancer survival rates.

Parameters of Iliopsoas Plane Immediately Caudal to the Indirect Tendon of Rectus Femoris in Axial Plane Measured on Magnetic Resonance Images in an Adult Eastern Asian Population.

The iliopsoas plane (IP) is a fascial plane deep to the iliopsoas complex and is the target of several novel ultrasound-guided analgesic interventions for hip. Currently, limited information is known about its parameters. From the pelvic magnetic resonance (MR) images of an adult Eastern Asian population (n = 49), the IP width, depth, and needle-beam angle in the axial plane immediately caudal to the level of indirect tendon of rectus femoris (RF) were found to be 10.7 ± 1.6 mm, 48.5 ± 15.5 mm, and 84.2 ± 8.2 degrees, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the age categories for IP width, and older patients seemed to have wider IP. Our data may provide applications for the technical modification of ultrasound-guided iliopsoas plane block (IPB) in acute hip pain management and the future development of ultrasound-guided single-needle-entry radiofrequency neuroablation in chronic hip pain management.

Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Injection of Botulinum Toxin, Ozone, and Lidocaine in Piriformis Syndrome.

Background: Piriformis syndrome (PS) is a painful musculoskeletal condition characterized by a deep gluteal pain that may radiate to the posterior thigh and leg. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of ozone and BTX to lidocaine injection in treating piriformis syndrome that was resistant to medication and/or physical therapy. Study design: Between November 2018 and August 2019, we involved eighty-four subjects diagnosed with piriformis syndrome in a double-blinded, prospective, randomized comparative study to receive an ultrasound-guided injection of lidocaine (control group), botulinum toxin A, or local ozone (28 patients each group) in the belly of the piriformis muscle. Pain condition evaluated by the visual analog score (VAS) was used as a primary outcome, and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) as a secondary outcome, before, at one month, two months, three months, and six months following the injection. Results: The majority (58.3%) of patients were male, while (41.7%) were female. At one month, a highly significant decrease occurred in VAS and ODI in the lidocaine and ozone groups compared to the botulinum toxin group (p < 0.001). At six months, there was a highly significant decrease in VAS and ODI in the botulinum toxin group compared to the lidocaine and ozone groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Botulinum toxin may assist in the medium- and long-term management of piriformis syndrome, while lidocaine injection and ozone therapy may help short-term treatment in patients not responding to conservative treatment and physiotherapy.

Comparison of 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with midazolam during percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty under monitored anesthesia care: A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Until now, target-controlled infusion of remifentanil with midazolam in percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty for dysfunctional hemodialysis fistulas has not been described. Here, we investigate 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with intermittent bolus midazolam for percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty under monitored anesthesia care. METHODS: A prospective, randomized controlled trial including patients who received a percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty between March 2019 and March 2021 was conducted. Group 1 and Group 2 were, respectively, administered an initial effect-site concentration of remifentanil of 1.0 and 2.0 ng/mL by a target-controlled infusion pump with Minto model. In both groups, maintenance of the effect-site concentration of remifentanil was adjusted upward and downward by 0.5 ng/mL with intermittent bolus midazolam to keep the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale between 2 and 4, mean arterial pressure and heart rate at baseline levels ±â€Š30%, and patient comfort (remaining moveless). The primary outcome was to determine the appropriate effect-site concentration of remifentanil for the procedure in terms of patient comfort (remaining moveless), hemodynamic conditions, and adverse events. Secondary endpoints included the total dosage of anesthetics and total times of target-controlled infusion pump adjustments. RESULTS: A total of 40 patients in Group 1 and 40 patients in Group 2 were eligible for analysis. Most parameters were insignificantly different between 2 groups, except Group 1 having higher peripheral oxygen saturation, while local anesthetic injection compared with Group 2. In addition, Group 1 patients had less apnea with desaturation (peripheral oxygen saturation < 90%; 0 vs 6, P = .034), less remifentanil consumption (189.65 ±â€Š69.7 vs 243.8 ±â€Š76.1 µg, P = .001), but more intraoperative movements affecting the procedure (14 vs 4; P = .016), total times of target-controlled infusion pump adjustment [2 (1-4) vs 1 (1-2), P < .001] compared with Group 2. CONCLUSION: In percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty for dysfunctional hemodialysis fistulas, target-controlled infusion with remifentanil Minto model target 2.0 ng/mL with 3 to 4 mg midazolam use provided appropriate hemodynamic conditions, sufficient sedation and analgesia, and acceptable apnea with desaturation.

Optimal effect-site concentration of propofol for tracheal suctioning during emergence from ophthalmic surgery.

In ophthalmic surgery, coughing during emergence from general anesthesia may have a detrimental effect on intraocular pressure. Tracheal suction during emergence may elicit this reflex. The optimal effect-site concentration (EC) of propofol to prevent triggering of the cough reflex during tracheal suctioning is unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the optimal EC of propofol for tracheal suctioning during emergence in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery.Twenty-one patients were enrolled, all of them American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II non-smokers undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Anesthesia was induced and maintained under total intravenous anesthesia using target-controlled infusion. During emergence from general anesthesia, tracheal suction was performed at different propofol concentrations as required for Dixon's up-and-down method with a step size of 0.2 µg/ml. A propofol concentration at which the cough reflex was not triggered during tracheal suctioning was considered successful.The EC50 of propofol for tracheal suction without cough was 1.4 µg/ml and the EC95 was 1.6 µg/ml.Tracheal suction may be accomplished without triggering the cough reflex when the propofol effect-site concentration is higher than 1.6 µg/ml.

Propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia is associated with better survival than desflurane anesthesia in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma surgery.

Previous researches have shown that anesthesia can affect the outcomes of many kinds of cancer after surgery. Here, we investigated the association between anesthesia and patient outcomes after elective open intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma surgery.This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who received elective open intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma surgery between January 2005 and December 2014. Patients were grouped according to the anesthesia received, that is, propofol or desflurane anesthesia. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed and survival curves were constructed from the date of surgery to death. After propensity matching, univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to compare hazard ratios for death. Subgroup analyses were performed for tumor node metastasis staging and postoperative metastasis and recurrence.A total of 34 patients (21 deaths, 62.0%) with propofol anesthesia and 36 (31 deaths, 86.0%) with desflurane anesthesia were eligible for analysis. After propensity matching, 58 patients remained in each group. In the matched analysis, the propofol anesthesia had a better survival with hazard ratio of 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.94, P = .032) compared with desflurane anesthesia. In addition, subgroup analyses showed that patients under propofol anesthesia had less postoperative metastases (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.15-0.88; P = .025), but not fewer postoperative recurrence formation (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval 0.46-2.93; P = .746), than those under desflurane anesthesia in the matched groups.In a limited sample size, propofol anesthesia was associated with better survival in open intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma surgery. Prospective and large sample size researches are necessary to evaluate the effects of propofol anesthesia on the surgical outcomes of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma surgery.

Propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia is associated with better survival than desflurane anaesthesia in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that anaesthetic technique can affect outcomes of cancer surgery. We investigated the association between anaesthetic technique and patient outcomes after elective hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-centre cohort study of patients who received elective hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma from January 2005 to December 2014. Patients were grouped according to propofol or desflurane anaesthesia. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed and survival curves were constructed from the date of surgery to death. After propensity matching, univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to compare hazard ratios for death. Subgroup analyses were performed for tumour-node-metastasis staging and distant metastasis and local recurrence. RESULTS: A total of 492 patients (369 deaths, 75.0%) with desflurane anaesthesia and 452 (139 deaths, 30.8%) with propofol anaesthesia were eligible for analysis. After propensity matching, 335 patients remained in each group. In the matched analysis, propofol anaesthesia had a better survival with hazard ratio of 0.47 (95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.59; P<0.001). Subgroup analyses also showed significantly better survival in the absence of distant metastasis (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.60; P<0.001) or local recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.34; P<0.001) in the matched groups. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol anaesthesia was associated with better survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients who underwent hepatectomy. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the effects of propofol anaesthesia on surgical outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Effects of intraoperative propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia on postoperative pain in spine surgery: Comparison with desflurane anesthesia - a randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: As reported, patients experience less postoperative pain after propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). In the present study, we investigated the postoperative analgesic effects between propofol-based TIVA and desflurane anesthesia after spine surgery. METHODS: Sixty patients were included who received (surgical time >180 minutes) lumbar spine surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either TIVA (with target-controlled infusion) with propofol/fentanyl-based anesthesia (TIVA group) or desflurane/fentanyl-based anesthesia (DES group), titrated to maintain Bispectral Index values between 45 and 55. All patients received patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with fentanyl for postoperative pain relief. Numeric pain rating scale (NRS) pain scores, postoperative fentanyl consumption, postoperative rescue tramadol use, and fentanyl-related side effects were recorded. RESULTS: The TIVA group patients reported lower NRS pain scores during coughing on postoperative day 1 but not day 2 and 3 (P = .002, P = .133, P = .161, respectively). Less fentanyl consumption was observed on postoperative days 1 and 2, but not on day 3 (375 µg vs 485 µg, P = .032, 414 µg vs 572 µg, P = .033, and 421 µg vs 479 µg, P = .209, respectively), less cumulative fentanyl consumption at postoperative 48 hours (790 µg vs 1057 µg, P = .004) and 72 hours (1210 µg vs 1536 µg, P = .004), and total fentanyl consumption (1393 µg vs 1704 µg, P = .007) when compared with the DES group. No difference was found in rescue tramadol use and fentanyl-related side effects. CONCLUSION: Patients anesthetized with propofol-based TIVA reported less pain during coughing and consumed less daily and total PCA fentanyl after lumbar spine surgery.

Baicalein attenuates neuropathic pain and improves sciatic nerve function recovery in rats with partial sciatic nerve transection.

BACKGROUND: Modulating the inflammatory response to nerve injury may provide therapeutic opportunities by aborting the neurobiological alterations that support the development of persistent pain. Baicalein, a 12-lipoxygenase inhibitor, has anti-inflammation properties. It also demonstrates anti-inflammatory functions by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced barrier disruption, expression of cell adhesion molecules, and adhesion and migration of leukocytes. The aim of the present study was to assess the possibility of early treatment of neuropathic pain via the systemic injection of baicalein in rats with left partial sciatic nerve transection (PST). METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into Sham, Vehicle, and Baicalein groups. The Vehicle and Baicalein rats underwent PST, whereas the Sham rats were not transected. Baicalein was administered 20 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 7 days after PST and after behaviour tests. After PST, rats developed mechanical and cold allodynia, and impaired sciatic nerve function. RESULTS: Baicalein attenuated mechanical and cold allodynia and improved sciatic nerve function after PST. Baicalein significantly inhibited the expression of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and IL-1ß on days 14 and 28, and attenuated the activation of astrocytes in the L4-5 spinal cord less than day 28 after PST. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that early and multiple doses of systemic baicalein attenuated neuropathic pain and improved sciatic nerve function by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and attenuating the activation of astrocytes in the spinal cord.